Philosophy Journal

Contemporary Western thought was interested in researching the origins of religion and the emergence of religion and the spiritual experience of man, after which his spiritual attitude towards his creator and the manifestations of this creator in the universe, nature and man. About scholars of epics, legends and superstitions in ancient human thought. Thus, I found it appropriate to study a contemporary pragmatist philosopher who wrote, wrote and studied religion and his deep spiritual experience, and its upbringing, the philosopher William James (1842-1910(.

The research aims to investigate the continuity and discontinuityconcepts which accompanied the science and philosophy of mathematic. Then the research focused on the new philosophical view for mathematics which appropriate with the great transformations for establishment the discipline of numbers, especially irrational and imaginary numbers . After the preface to the research, the research\'s sections came as follow:
Section ( 1 ): \"Dialectics of geometry and arithmetic\", in line with the philosophical debate between continuity and discontinuity, the central theme to explain this problem.
Section(2 ): \"Kingdom of numbers\", to follow up the construction of the discipline of arithmetical numbers, to analysis the philosophical problem faced it, and to reach the line of real numbers which caused the problems of irrational and imaginary numbers.
Section(3 ) : \"Problem of irrational numbers\", which by its solution, the debate of interference between continuity and discontinuity reached to its end, and paved the way for solving the puzzle of imaginary numbers.
Section ( 4 ): \"Paradox of the imaginary number\", to know what we mean by the imaginary number and the depth of its problematic .
Section( 5 ): \"Solving the puzzle of imaginary numbers\", which was accompanied by a new philosophical vision of the complementary between arithmetic and geometry.
Section( 6 ) : \"Simulation of the nature to the imaginary numbers\" to reach that the natural existence is possibly written according to a symbolization of the compound numbers which emerge from the imaginary numbers

The issue of prediction is one of the complicated closed issues due to divergence and difference in dealing with it. Validity is considered one of the important criterion to followed and matched with reality, So Carl was different with the situations for what he stated the falsifiable and searching what disprove issues and remarks and keeping away of supporting or what confirm the theory. Popper found that prediction is one of the principles leads to decidedness and the possibility to read remarks and come up with a low that interpret progress and development function in Natural and Social Sciences.

Philosophical Biography and The most prominent features of the philosopher
The research dealt with the philosophical biography and divided it into three sections preceded by a preface and followed by a conclusion.
The introduction of the concept of biography and its types and their relation to philosophy, clarifying the vocabulary of the title of the research.Then I dealt with the first subject history biography of literature and philosophy In which I adapted the features of this art using the historical method in monitoring its gradation from old to modern Pointing out the most important developments in terms of quantity and quality.
The second section is presented by describing and analyzing the two models of the philosophical biography of the great philosophers.
Abu Bakr al-Razi and Ibn Sina with the use of the comparative approach in the balance between them and the third section of the most important features of the general. The philosopher tried to deduce this through biography and then the conclusion included the most important results of research.

Muhammad Iqbal is one of the most prominent contemporary Muslim thinkers.The philosophy of the self ‘Khudi’ that he worked to develop has a great impact on modern Islamic thought. In his study of religious thought, Iqbal focuses on transforming the human perspective in order to be engaged in the love of the infinite. Religious experience, according to Iqbal, is a situation of awareness that cannotbe clarified. It is only a sense of acknowledgement, which is the content that cannot be conveyed. In this article, I argue that Muhammad Iqbal has shed light on religious experience in Islam, and his contribution in this field is very important to understand this part of religious thought in Islam.

This modest study, one of the outlets through which we have questioned the extent of the impact of Western and Oriental studies and orientalism in the writings of Arkoun?
And what impact does it also have in its ruling on heritage, and its analysis of the issues of the Arab Islamic nation?
Keywords: Arkoun, Heritage, Orientalism, Humanity.

The law is not the only regulator of social life and not able to be so alone, but rather accompanied by the community-endorsed systems represents in the values and principles underlying the idea of commitment, which makes it appropriate for the human being, moral comes in the very beginning of that system. Although the law is profoundly different from morals in terms of ends in which each seeks to achieve, the fact that entails differences in other aspects, there are strong and solid relationship between legal rules and moral rules, in which the first depends to a certain extent on a moral basis, as moral values guarantees the acts providing a collective acceptance to the rule. This paper found that if the legal rules containing a content morally supported or fully justified they become worthy of respect, commendable, and exempted from justification, Anything that is not morally justified and does not reflect the ethical standards is not considered as ethical law, so that any negligence towards moral obligations is destructive to the existing system. When legislators control and identify moral rules which must be followed in the society and blend it with the law, then the law shall be a source of embodiment of morals after it was the source of the

20th century philosophers, philosophers and thinkers such as Susser, Pierce, Husserl, Heidegger, and Dreda are responsible for the study and continuous analysis of the intellectual heritage and its classification in the various types of cognitive science that fall under the terms of thought and philosophy. Modern theories, which have been followed by branches of different sciences, and have a great interest in the dialogue of texts, and inspired by the intellectual and aesthetic values inherent in the depths, and from these trends, highlight the theory of semiotics as the most important methods that have a comprehensive and its view of things \"as signs\", everything in the universe e And a sign, an understanding that explains all aspects of the universe and life withinsigns.

The current research aims at exploring the spiritual religious struggle in university students, in addition to knowing the differences in spiritual struggle among males and females. However, a random proportional sample has been selected from the colleges of the university of Al-Mosul from the residents of Al-Mosul city that consists of (330) male and (270) female students, where the total number is (600) students. The instrument of this research is represented by the scale (Exline and pargment2013 ) which is translated into Arabic. However, the psychometric properties of the scale have been ascertained, such as the discriminitory power, the factorial validity, and the correlational relationships, which all proved the validity of the scale. The items of the scale are (26) whereas its reliability is (0.76 ). Consequently, the results show that the level of the spiritual religious struggle is statistically less than the hypothetical means. In addition to that, the results show that there are no significant differences among males and females. However, the results are explained in the light of the adopted theory. Finally, the researcher has put forward a number of recommendations and suggestions.

the research aims at achieving the following objectives :
1-Identifying the level of moral disengagement of employees.
2- Identifying the level of shame of employees .
3– Identifying correlational relationship between moral disengagement and shame of employees .
the researcher has reviewed a number of theories that attempted to interpret the concepts of moral disengagement and shame. The researcher has adopted the Bandura(1986) theory .
After using researcher statistical methods, the following results have been achieved :-
1-There is a low level of moral disengagement among the employees.
2- There is a low lovel of shame among employees .
3 –There is a significant positive correlational relationship between moral disengagement and shame among employees .
Based on current research results, the researcher has presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The Arab community represents one of the world\'s most diverse and diverse societies in terms of religion, sex, color, race, blood, and tribe, horizontal and vertical divisions. The \"mosaic\" somehow influenced the idea of Arab unity, but not all experiences or stages, It does not constitute a general rule, often accompanied by cases of colonialism, occupation, tyranny, dictatorship and the absence of democratic logic, which constitutes a great burden on the Arab country state, especially the feudal and influential religion and tribe as the greatest influence and the strongest activity throughout the history of the modern Arab state. What is the impact of social diversity on the modern Arab state and the emergence of other sub-questions, such as: Did social diversity help to tear apart national unity or, conversely, can religion be a distinguishing factor for countries or a gateway to social cohesion? The tribe remained influential values on the future and destiny of the modern Arab state.

The main issue related to the problem of research is touching on an important dimension of the lack of balance between the individual abilities and the decisions taken by the individual. Parents are likely to make decisions about their children and often can not properly assess the abilities of their children and fit them in the line of exaggeration or underestimating the abilities of their children. These factors lead to the lack of children to acquire the skills necessary to meet their future life, which affects their mental and social maturity, so the current research aimed to identify the decision-making in adolescents and adults in terms of difference according to the variables of generosity and gender Aa (male _anat).

- There are stereotypical negative ideas and misconceptions which are reflected in reducing the importance of the role of vocational schools in the development of societies through lack of interest in the mental potential of students and trying to develop and discover them by the family and school, which represent the basis of the educational pyramid through the advanced stages of education and this problem and the consequent other problems As a link between cause and effect need to be a serious pause by specialists, especially in the field of psychological and educational to develop methods of advancement and treatment and differentiation between the implications and the basic components on which to base, especially mental processes And the readiness for change, development and creativity, where they found that most of the students in vocational schools are low-level students who are looking for a certificate in order to get a job and they see that vocational schools with methodological materials easy compared to other schools without thinking to choose what suits With their desires and mental and physical abilities and without thinking that they are creative in their specialties and this gives the attribute of intellectual stalemate and low motivation towards creativity, and so the process of creativity is lost so students need an important segment in the community, which form the basis of him where the goal of the current research to The level of creative thinking according to the green hat hypothesis of the de Bono theory for students of vocational schools in the province of Kirkuk The researchers chose a sample of (150) hundred and fifty students from the sample of the original community of schools degrading and the number of males (57) students and the number of female (75) The results show that the respondents have a higher creative thinking than the average. This result explains, according to De Bone theory, that professional school students have considerable experience in processing information and employing it to create new and practical development within their professional competencies that need analysis and understanding And Turkish The researchers presented a set of recommen