Journal of sustainable studies

The study focuses on psychological empowerment and its relationship to the values of citizenship among university students, as well as measuring the two variables separately, and finding a difference in them at the level of the variables of gender and specialization. To achieve this, the measures of psychological empowerment and citizenship values were applied to a sample of students at Al-Nahrain University, which consistedof (200) male and female students. The results were that there was a direct, statistically significant correlation between psychological empowerment and citizenship values, and there were differences in (gender) in the psychological empowerment and citizenship values variable in favor of males, and there were no differences for those with specialization (scientific - humanitarian) in the variables of psychological empowerment and citizenship values. Some were developed. Recommendations in light of this.

The fourth century AH witnessed scientific and cultural development in various fields of knowledge, and literature had a large share of it, including prose, including the art of maqamat. This art was invented and famous for first by Badi’ al-Zaman al-Hamdhani and he wrote his book in it (Maqamat of Badi’ al-Zaman al-Hamdhani), and his maqamat included different literary genres. Such as poetry, stories, proverbs, and Kadiya, which added a new vision to his maqamat, different from the traditional texts. It added a special aesthetic that left an impact on the mind of the recipient. All of his maqamat included poetic texts that contributed multiple functions in serving the narrative text of the maqamat, artistically and creatively.

Biochar is one of the materials that is added to the soil as a soil improver and to increase its fertility. It is prepared from branches, plant remains, and wood and exposed to high heat in different ways. The results showed that its use in the soil of the Western Region, which is characterized by its inability to retain water and its low content of organic matter and nutrients, contributed to reducing the apparent and true density rates on the one hand. It also worked to increase the porosity and moisture content at field capacity and ready water and reduced the water conductivity and also improved From the soil content of organic matter and a decrease in the degree of reaction and calcium carbonate.

It suffers from a global problem of providing services, especially drinking water services, which is a global phenomenon that appears only in ready-made areas, especially since water is the most important natural resource that humans need , This study came with the aim of shedding light on potable water in the city of Nasiriyah and working to solve the problems it faces through available official evidence, as the city is supplied with water from 11 water complexes in addition to its share of the Unified Nasiriyah Water Project and the Nasiriyah Water Project Number One , The researcher adopted the method of field study and sources and references to obtain evidence and information related to drinking water supply services, The research was divided into three axes. The first axis dealt with the theoretical framework of the research, while the second axis dealt with the potable water sector and its impact on the future of water in light of increasing growth and population size, as for the third axis, it dealt with the problems facing the potable water sector. The researcher reached a number of conclusions related to the study, including that the amount of water produced does not meet the population’s need at the present time. Likewise, population projections for the year 2035 indicate the inability of water projects and complexes to meet the population’s need in the current production capacity remained.

This research Knowing to Effect using strategy Paraphrasing in subject Social of Operational definition in achievement female pupils of fifth primary class, The research has formed (80) be havioural aims and she has prepared teaching plans for the subject materials which will be taught in the experiment. She has prepared learning post-test in Social test consisted of (30) items ,after ensuring of its correctness to be examined by a group of referees . While stability was known by using Spirmann - Prawn equation, which have value , the experiment ended. The different in the statistical sign at the level (0.05) between the medium for the females (pupils)which studied by using the strategy Paraphrasing of Operational in achievement and the control group has studied with a traditional method. In the light of the results the researcher reached to , she recommended with :
1- using strategy effect Paraphrasing of Operational teaching Social.
2-Holding training courses for effect Paraphrasing of Operational.
In order to accomplish the sides of the research, the researcher suggests the following:
1- Practicing studies on other classes in Social.
2- Practicing studies in Paraphrasing of Operational on the variables other like developing of Creativity thinking.

The presence of AL-shia in Baghdad has been since its founding, and the migration of AL-shia to it increased after it included the shrines of Imams Musa bin Jaafar and Muhammad Al-Jawad (peace be upon them). Well-known scholarly families migrated to it, such as the Yaqtin family and the Al-Nubakhti family, and the Baghdad Hadith School emerged from its founding, where some of the companions of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) began narrating hadiths in it, and then the migration of hadith scholars to it successively continued until some historians counted approximately five in it. Thousands of Scholar.
The founding of the Baghdad School goes back to the efforts of Sheikh Al-Mufid, as he was the one who laid the first building blocks for the scientific edifice based on the thought of the ahl albayt (peace be upon them). Sheikh Al-Mufid studied with more than fifty sheikhs, the most prominent of whom were Ibn Qulwayh and Sheikh Al-Saduq, and among his most prominent students were Sheikh Al-Tusi and Al-Sayyid Al-Radi and Al-Murtada, and the school of Sheikh Al-Mufid was known for its reliance on reason and the application of thought in understanding legal texts in general, and combining them with reason in the process of deducing legal rulings and doctrinal issues.

The Ottoman view of society is based on the origins of Islamiclaw, the traditions of the Turkish tribes and what they inherited from previous Islamic countries or benefited from mixing with the Byzantines. According to this view, society and class are necessary for humanity.During the reign of Sultan Murad III (1574-1595 AD), the Ottoman Empire witnessed in its social structure, both vertically and horizontally in its private and public classes, a clear diversity in Ottoman society, between its various components of the rural population and the urban population, which in turn differed in customs and traditions, and this attempts to The research demonstrates the features of this social structure on which this state relied during his reign.

Ulrich Beck tackled political philosophy and expressed it through multiple aspects, including globalization and modernity. He established principles and concepts for each of them, as he defined the concepts of globalization with different aspects, including: (the state, power, economy, market and ecology).
Beck was interested in the factors influencing the concept of globalization through the spread of networks of regional and global mutual relations, the global community, the lack of awareness of risks and appropriate work sites in the global environment, and the new global cultural industry.
Ulrich Beck looked at the modernist reversal and sees that the reason for its occurrence is the control of industrial modernity over nature, which led to unforeseen and already known consequences such as: (the global risk society, the global moment - a global world, the problem of ecology, the tragic turn to individualism).

This research deals with the collection of Zuhair Ibn Abi Salma (520 - 609 AH) with a stylistic study of his poetic dictionary, a study that takes the data of modern criticism, to rely on the language and its tools, in order to reveal the stylistic phenomena that distinguish the poet. This dictionary was studied by examining the most frequent semantic fields in the poetry of Zuhair bin Abi Salma. They are: (the field of the body - the field of time and space - the field of astronomy - the field of animals and birds). The research monitored his use of these fields for his various purposes, revealing the poet’s philosophy, his vision of the world, and his culture through its various uses.

The research examined linguistic criticism, especially semantic criticism, in the literary battles that took place between poets in the twentieth century, in order to shed light on them and show the most important The semantic phenomena that the poets noticed in their battles, and they considered them the basic criterion in their criticism, including the phenomenon of synonymy. They criticized those who use Synonymous words in context One linguist considered this usage a stylistic and linguistic weakness, indicating the repetition of the same word, The other issue that the research focused on was the issue of the use of strange and abandoned words, which is one of the semantic phenomena that occurred in Our Arabic language has been around since ancient times, and it had a great share among linguists and lexicographers. They set the rules and regulations that Help to use and know it. The researcher sought to read this criticism critically and closely by referring to linguistic dictionaries and semantic books. To prove the validity of criticism or not, and to know the most important critical standards that poets adopted in their criticism, and what they used? Which they rely on, as they enter the abyss of money and wade into its sea, and was that their main purpose? It is to serve the language and defend it in good faith, and with sound intent, far from detracting from others. Because criticism is a human work that is subject to error, misreading, and misinterpretation; Therefore, it is amenable to the second reading; To correct his mistake and correct his path.
This research was a reading of the reading presented by the poets in their criticism, and a search into the areas of reading and tracking and extrapolating the phenomenon with criticism. Description and analysis; Because criticism is in constant need of another criticism to explore its secrets, read its lines, and investigate its evidence.
I sought to support the research with Qur’anic and poetic evidence. To prove what we are aiming for in this critical reading: To be based on scientific foundations and linguistic evidence.

This research deals with Russian diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire and its results during the period (1816-1856), that is, from the time Count Karl Robert Nesselrode assumed the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs until the issuance of the decisions of the Paris Conference in 1856, indicating the nature of the treaties and conferences that Russia concluded, whether with the Ottoman Empire or with other countries. The study was divided into four chapters: the first chapter dealt with Russia’s foreign policy towards the Ottoman Empire since Nesselrode assumed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until the Verona Conference was held (1816-1822), and the second chapter explained Russian diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire since The St. Petersburg Protocol was held until the Straits Agreement was concluded (1826-1841), while the third chapter explained Russian diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire from the visit of Tsar Nicholas I to London until the secret conference was held (1844-1852). As for the fourth chapter, it explained Russian diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire. During the Crimean War (1853-1856(.

The Americans desire to gain the Assyrians friendship was great and Very important ,and their officials expressed this on many occasions, and they were striving hardly to achieve their political interests and therefore they considered the issue of aid and support one of the important ways that would meet the ambitions and interests.
The involvement of the Assyrians themselves helped them in this in the first great war, there were powerless hardships and woes as they entered the neutral Persia at the time, and how the diseases Killed
alarge number of them due to hunger thirst heat and lost of sancuary, Then They organized their fighters and settled in the Persian regions of (Urmia and salams to meet the attoman army marching toward east to der troy them and the Possibility of protecting themselves with losses despite the conditions anal intensity of the fighting from the ottoman .
The Kurdish tribes and their New Iranian Neighbors and after that that were forced to leave the regions of Urmuan and salams With drawn them towards the south to obtien help from the allies after the Russian withdrawal from Northern Iran, and this is precisely where American connection them began as organizations, bodies and relief committees began to arrive Successively in the areas of the Assyrians and provide what Support could be provided to them.

The aim of this study is to diagnose the difficulties of using modern teaching strategies in teaching science material for intermediate classes from the teachers\' point of view, and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher followed descriptive research method, and the research community consisted teachers of science material in high schools, intermediate schools affiliated to general directorates of education in Baghdad Rusafa Governorate the first, second, and third , and due to the lack of an appropriate tool ready to collect information, and appropriate data for research purposes, the researcher prepared the same tool, which included the following field (teachers, students, textbooks, administration and supervision, school environment) , and based on the answers of the research sample, an open questionnaire was prepared which included(41), A paragraph, it was distributed in its final form to the basic research sample, which numbered (167) teachers distributed among (72) schools, and, the research reached a set of results, including most of them do not know modern teaching strategies, the large number of students the intensity of the knowledge content of the textbook, and according to the results of the research, a number of recommendations and proposals were presented.

The research seeks to prepare a proposed conception of the curriculum of sociology in the third grade according to the elements of the curriculum, but in light of the dimensions of sustainable development, then identify the effectiveness of the developed curriculum and the development of life skills in it when the target group, to show the expected intention in achieving the goals, and rely on building a list of dimensions of sustainable development to be included in the curriculum of sociology, As well as the analysis tool for the content of the book, which comes according to the proposed dimensions, and measure the process of inclusion in the analyzed book by dividing the three main dimensions, namely "the environmental dimension, the social dimension, and the economic dimension" and referring to the sub-indicators, then the researcher concludes the study by preparing a measure of life skills in the target sample, and this shows us the results that can be summarized as follows:
1. The curriculum of the subject of sociology prepared for the third grade of the intermediate, It did not have the three dimensions of sustainable education.
2. The difference in the statistical significance at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group for both applications pre, and post-wave ...

The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a proposed program formulated according to the mental thinking strategy in academic achievement and developing generative thinking skills among second-year middle school students in history.
The study adopted the experimental method with partial control by adopting two experimental and control groups, each consisting of (32) students. The experimental group was taught the first academic unit of the second semester of the history course according to the strategy of stimulating mental thinking, while the control group was taught in the traditional method.
The results of the study showed that employing the strategy of stimulating mental thinking led to an increase in the academic achievement of second-year middle school students in history, and also led to an increase in their scores on the generative thinking skills test.

Human world entails different syndromes marked by different signs and symptoms which are often associated with certain disease or disorder. Tourette syndrome is a condition characterized by the presence of repeated motions or undesired noises (tics) that are difficult to manage. The study deals with the form of Ellie Terry's novel Forget Me Not (2017); it highlights the fictional techniques the novelist utilizes in order to reflect on Tourette syndrome. According to this context, the study adopts the framework of disabled literature that fosters the fictional and real experiences of "Othered" individuals. It argues that Terry's novel speaks about and for disabled individuals and thus utilizes certain fictional strategies in terms of narration, characterization, portrayal of characters, nature of conflict, and structure so as to achieve this aim. The study aims at introducing Tourette syndrome in relation to disabled literature, it further aims at answering the question of how the form of the novel goes hand in hand with its content. The study follows a structural approach that examines the text as a whole system constituted of different layers.

The current research aims to identify: linguistic competencies and social intelligence among students in Arabic language departments, and to determine the relationship between them. Therefore, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach based on knowing the relationship between two variables, and the number of sample members reached (150) students, from the fourth stage of the Arabic Language Department, Ibn Rushd College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Baghdad, for the academic year (2023-2024), and in order to achieve Objectives of the research: The researcher adopted the linguistic competencies test for the university level (by Dakhel and Abdullah 2024), and adopted the social intelligence measure (by Al-Maghazi 2005). After extracting the psychometric properties of the two tools, the researcher applied them to the research sample and used statistical treatments appropriate to the research. The results showed for the first objective that there was a difference between The average grades of the students in the research sample in linguistic competencies, and it appeared that the research sample had linguistic competencies. The results for the second goal showed that there was a difference between the average grades of the students in the research sample in social intelligence, and it appeared that the research sample had social intelligence. As for the third goal, it showed The results show that there is a direct relationship between linguistic competencies and social intelligence, and they positively affect the individual’s possession of them. In light of the research results, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and proposed a number of prop

The present research is aimed at determining the level of environmental awareness and the level of natural intelligence of university students and the relationship between them. In this research, the associated descriptive research curriculum was adopted by a sample of 146 students in the fourth cycle of the chemistry department for the school year 2023–2024 for morning and evening studies (65%) of society, selected randomly. To verify the research objective, the researchers built two tools to achieve the desired results. The first was an environmental awareness measure to measure the level of environmental awareness among university students, and the second was a natural intelligence measure to measure the level of natural intelligence of university students after calculating the bathymetric properties of the two scales. The data were statistically treated using the portfolio (SPSS-22) for statistical analysis. It was found that there was a statistically significant correlation at the level of sign (0.05) between the average scores of students in the research sample for the benefit of the virtual average environmental awareness measure and the natural intelligence measure, indicating a weakness in the level of environmental awareness and the natural intelligence of students.

One of the poets of the pre-Islamic period is Antara bin Shaddad. He is regarded as one of the most well-known Arab novelists and Nabataean poets. Especially when it comes to his beloved Abla, Antara is renowned for his exquisite and powerful poetry that exudes a strong sense of spirit and persuasive style.
A number of components that support persuasion are what define Antara's persuasive poetic style. His poetry captivates the reader with vivid imagery and powerful language, transporting them to the world of poetry and the events it portrays. Antara deftly highlights emotions and sensations while expressing his point through metaphors and similes.
Antara's poetry exhibits a remarkable proficiency with rhythm and harmony. His poetry has a lovely tone and an obvious rhythm because of the way he evenly and harmoniously divides words and rhymes. The story of Abla and the events that surround her is particularly engaging to the reader because of this frequent distribution.
Antara writes poetry that is full of intriguing details and anecdotes, particularly his chivalry and passion. His captivating tales and realistic, expressive descriptions of the events' specifics evoke empathy in the reader and leave them feeling touched and moved. He also highlights his vision and persuades the audience of the power of his words by employing dramatic characters and circumstances.
Ultimately, it can be concluded that the use of powerful language and captivating imagery, combined with rhythm, harmony, and the telling of captivating tales, are what give Antara bin Shaddad's poetry its persuasive style. Together, these components persuade readers and listeners of his thoughts and feelings and help them to feel impacted and sympathetic.
One of the great works of ancient Arabic literature, Antara bin Shaddad's poetry is regarded as a representation of bravery and salvation. The poems that are credited to Antara bin Shaddad are composed of pre-Islamic poetry and were later translated into Arabic by poets with expertise in the genre.
The critical style found in the poetry of Antara bin Shaddad is distinguished by a number of features. First of all, it is straightforward and honest in its expression of feelings, which makes it simple and spontaneous. Secondly, it speaks about life, love, and courage in a profound and powerful way that moves people's hearts and arouses their emotions.
Poet Antara bin Shaddad is regarded as courageous and heroic. His love story for Abla bint Ma'bad is the main subject of his poems. He conveys in his poems his abiding love for Abla as well as his bravery in taking on obstacles and facing his detractors. Antara describes his emotions and conscience in his poems by utilizing metaphorical language and imagery.
The poetry of Antara Bin Shaddad is the subject of multiple facets of literary criticism. The focus of the criticism is on analyzing the poems' rhetorical and poetic structures, as well as their word choice, similes, and meanings. Evaluation criteria also include the poet's capacity to effectively communicate the reader's emotions and sentiments.
An invaluable resource for researching ancient Arabic literature and understanding the beliefs, practices, and customs of that time period is Antara bin Shaddad. These poems are regarded as one of the cornerstones of classical Arabic poetry and are highly valued by critics and scholars. The critical tone of Antara bin Shaddad's poetry showcases the beauty of Arabic language and its capacity to convey ideas and emotions in a profound and impactful manner.

The study of symbolic violence and social media revealed how the use of social media affects the spread and embodiment of symbolic violence, and the repercussions of this relationship on the individual and society, as well as how these means are used to spread violent symbols, images, videos, and texts, which affect culture and social behaviors, and the manifestations of their negative effects on victims on the ground At the psychological, social and economic levels, one of the implications of these effects is the creation of a climate dominated by tension, rivalry and violence between individuals, as understanding this bilateral relationship is considered a vital and effective matter for developing systematic protocols to address the dangers of this phenomenon and limit its inhuman impact on societies in the age of cyberspace or the age of the information revolution.

Arbitration is one of the important means that the contracting parties resort to in all contracts, especially in foreign investment contracts, to resolve disputes that may arise, and this is due to the many advantages it has that are compatible with the nature of foreign investment contracts, so it reduces the fears of our investors. It follows from this that I guarantee the impartiality of the decision taken to resolve the dispute through the guarantee of not favoring the interest of the host country for the investment at the expense of the interest of the foreign investor, and on the other hand, arbitration is characterized by secrecy, which leads to the avoidance of damage to their position and reputation in the field of economic activity, in addition to Speed in deciding the dispute, which leads to saving time.
Also, the foreign investor insists on arbitration due to the specificity of the investment contracts in terms of the parties, currently, although the host country for the investment is a single party to the contract with the foreign investor, they are nevertheless an unusual party in terms of the sovereign advantages that they enjoy and enable them, in addition to the possibility of disturbing the economic balance of the violation contract. Also, with the neutrality that must be available to the national judicial authority, which can be submitted to the dispute in the event of its origin, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the foreign investor adheres to the condition of consolidation due to the fear of the state\\\\'s adherence to judicial immunity, since the state enjoys its independence and sovereignty, making them equal to The other state has judicial immunity, which overrides the national judiciary of another state, regarding disputes in which the state is a party.

Autism is considered one of the modern diseases affecting human societies in general and our society in particular, as this disease has repercussions and is a real challenge for the family and all its members because of the repercussions this disease has on the family and its members. Try to study this to know the repercussions of the life of autism on the control of family members, from In order to reach a clear and clear vision for France through which ideas, mechanisms and visions for solutions and scientific treatments can be developed, to support the Iraqi family and the institutions and bodies concerned with such a social and humanitarian problem...
The research was clearly chosen, consisting of (80) families, distributed among four autism centers, from each center (20) families. The study yielded a set of results, conclusions, and recommendations.

Interpretation scholars differed in the interpretation of verse 23 of Surat Al-Anbiya, and two trends emerged in its interpretation, The first trend: that inferred from the verse that God does not act for a purpose or purpose, and The second trend: that inferred from the verse that God’s actions are justified and that He acts for wisdom. The researcher adopts the saying of the philosophers: God has no purpose for his actions except Himself, for His essence is His purpose.
By studying the context of the verse, the researcher concluded that it came to prove the lordship of God, and he took God’s questioning of His servants as evidence of His lordship, and His questioning and holding them accountable as evidence that they are owned servants and not gods

This study intends To investigate the classroom management style open adopted by the students of the primary classes depart ment in the Eductional College Diayla centre the chosen Sample of the study involves (75)male and Female students To achiev the objective of the study the researcher followed the steps of the descriptive method Based on the Scale of classroom management set by the Havahisha and Khwalidah (2009) ,the dat a has been collected and procedures using a number of statistical procedures At the end ,the study proves that the researched sample have a high level of classroom management it also ends up py drawing conclusion,re commend ation and giving suggestions.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of guidance, and the light of care, our Master Muhammad, and upon his pure family and honorable companions, and..
Societal custom has become necessary to be regulated by systems that individuals are accustomed to in order to achieve ideal care by concerned and specialists There is no doubt that the most perfect and exemplary system is the moderate Islamic legal system and the intermediate legal rule. Islamic jurisprudence is the one that carries the banner of justice and is far from the many differences, conflicts and divisions that tear everyone apart. Frameworks and principles Through research and study of ancient and modern books of jurists, we found the term (theory of jurisprudence), this new and important term for a society that is almost far from lofty values and principles, so we decided to do a modern study entitled ((Theory of Social Jurisprudence and its Role in Achieving Peace and Social and Economic Standards)) I divided this research into an introduction, which includes the importance of the topic, the reason for choosing it, the objectives of the research, the necessity of research, preparation, three sections, a conclusion, references, and an index of the topic, as follows:
The first section: The concept of social jurisprudence theory, and it contains four demands:
The second topic: The role of jurisprudence in society, and the ruling based on the existence of the theory of social jurisprudence, and it has two requirements: The third section: sections of social jurisprudence, and its relationship to family jurisprudence, and it contains four voices:
The fourth topic: The importance of social jurisprudence in achieving social life and its economic and legal effects. It includes four voices, and then its episode mentioned the research and the most important results and recommendations.

This present study aimed to identify the degree of practicing literary appreciation instructional skills by Arabic teachers in literature and text topics for the second-grade intermediate literature students in Iraq. The problem of the study was determined to answer on the following questions:
1. What is the degree of practicing literary appreciation instructional skills by Arabic teachers in literature and text topics for the second-grade students ?
2. Are there statistical significance at (α=0.05) in the degree of practicing literary appreciation instructional skills by Arabic teachers in literature and text topics for the second-grade students due to the variables of gender, years of experience, and the scientific qualification?
To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive approach was applied as it is appropriate for this study. The data are collected and a note card was prepared for this purpose where (40) teachers from both genders representing (50%) of the population were selected randomly. After conducting the statistical process, the study was reached for the following results: the extent of practicing Arabic language teachers for the skills of literary appreciation with second-grade was medium degree in general. There are statistical significant at (α=0.05) in the degree of practicing for the skills of literary appreciation due to the variable of (gender, and teaching experience). There are no statistical significant at (α=0.05) in the degree of practicing due to the variable of (scientific qualification) through displaying results.
In the light of the results, it has been recommended in the following suggestions:
The necessity to make Arabic language teachers interested in sonnets allow the chance of developing the skills of literary appreciation in all of its kinds. The need to make the universities taking into account providing the students of Arabic language the most important skills that enable them for teaching the literary appreciation at the schools on the long run.

The current research aims to identify (the effect of the LEED strategy on the achievement of second-year intermediate students in the Holy Quran and Islamic education and developing their citizenship values). The researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control, to suit the nature of the research, and the research sample consisted of (60) students who were chosen intentionally. From Al-Zawraa Middle School, this sample was randomly divided into two groups, one of which was an experimental group that included (30) students who studied the subject of the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education using the LEED strategy, and the other was a control group that consisted of (30) students who studied the same subject in the traditional method. The researcher was keen before starting the experiment to make the students equal. The two research groups statistically examined a number of variables that are believed to affect the safety of the experiment, and these variables are: (the chronological age of the students calculated in months, a measure of citizenship values).
The researcher adopted two tests to measure the variables of his research. The first test was the achievement test in the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education, which consisted of (40) multiple-choice items. He verified its validity, reliability, and distinction, as well as conducting statistical analyzes of its items. The researcher also prepared a measure of citizenship values, which may be The scale, in its final form, consists of (38) items and its validity, reliability, and discrimination were verified. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the achievement test in the Holy Qur’an, Islamic education, and the citizenship values scale.

The importance of ecotourism is highlighted by highlighting the dimensions it provides, such as the environmental, touristic, economic, social and cultural dimensions, which enable the creation of a society that embraces ecotourism activity and is aware of its value. Practicing ecotourism activities in places of natural tourist attraction by preserving resources and trying to sustain them touristically to prevent Reducing and treating environmental pollution. Several scientific methods were used to compile in writing the study, through the theoretical approach in description. The historical approach and the analytical approach, the concept of ecotourism and its components, the concept of development and tourist attraction, identifying the geographical location and spatial variation of the elements of tourist and religious attraction in Babylon, indicators of tourism activity, and also addressing the requirements for the success of ecotourism.

This research dealt with the concepts and origins of semiology. Since we discussed in it (the linguistic concept of semiology), (the terminological concept of semiology), (the origins of semiology), (semiology among the Arabs), and (semiology from the West), then we knew in the first section everything that is meant by this term linguistically, and we did not This was not limited to the meaning of semiology in linguistic dictionaries, but rather went beyond it to what it means in the Holy Qur’an. Then the second requirement addressed the definition of this concept in terms of terminology in order to find out what it indicates and what it refers to. Then we explained in the third requirement its origins. As for the fourth requirement, we defined its meaning among the Arabs. In the fourth section, its concept in the West, and that was a sufficient clarification, then the research ended with a list of sources and references.

The aim of the current research is to identify ((the effect of the strategies (observe, ask, conclude, evaluate) and (poverty, recall)
, Connect, Make the Decision (on the achievement of first-year intermediate students in physics and their emotional sensitivity)... The research was conducted on first-year intermediate students in Al-Sadiq Al-Amin Middle School for Boys affiliated with the General Directorate of Education, Rusafa / for the academic year (2023-2024) AD, after it was prepared The researcher provided the research requirements, including (defining the scientific material, formulating behavioral objectives, and preparing teaching plans for the two experimental groups and the control group after presenting them to a group of specialists. The two research tools prepared by the researcher were applied, which are the achievement test consisting of (25) objective multiple-choice items, and a scale. Emotional sensitivity, which consists of (24) positive and negative items with a triple rating (applies to always, applies to sometimes, does not apply to me), and its psychometric properties were calculated. The research sample was chosen intentionally, and consisted of (135) students in three groups, chosen randomly to represent... The two experimental groups and the control group after excluding the students who failed statistically, with (45) students in the first experimental group, (45) students in the second experimental group, and (45) students in the control group. The three groups were rewarded in the variables (chronological age in months, information test The first experimental group was studied using the strategy (Observe, Ask, Deduce, Evaluate), and the second experimental group was studied using the strategy(Think, Recall, Connect, Make a Decision), and the control group in the usual way. The two research tools, namely the achievement test and the emotional sensitivity scale, were applied to the students of the three groups. The researcher used one-way analysis of variance, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Scheffé equation, arithmetic averages, the Cronbach alpha equation, and the Cooper equation, as statistical means to process the data. In light of this, the researcher developed a number of recommendations, and in completion of this research, the researcher proposed Conducting studies into other variables and their impact on other science subjects.

This research is concerned with grammatical studies in the Syrian Arab Heritage Journal. I tried to show the sources of novelty and originality in these topics by studying them in a descriptive and analytical study, bringing together the scattered research and subjecting them to an organized, systematic scientific study. The research was divided into four axes, including the grammatical approach, grammatical terminology, grammatical evidence , and grammatical criticism. The research concluded with a conclusion that included the most important results and a list of sources and references.

The researcher discussed the educational use of metafiction in school theater texts. Metafiction is an artistic style in novel writing that is characterized by experimentation and breaking familiar patterns. It means the novel talking about itself and paying attention to describing its internal world and discussing critical perceptions about the narrative. The beginnings of the use of this term in critical studies are attributed to the critic And the American novelist (William Cass), who The researcher was encouraged to delve into the metafiction to demonstrate its importance to those interested and studying in the field of art education in general and school theater in particular, because school theater is a type of arts directed to children, which gives him pleasure, entertainment and self-relaxation, and it reinforces in the learner adherence to the theory Mother, cooperation, compassion for animals, peaceful coexistence, and concern The environment, and promotes patriotism and charitable works. The research structure consisted of four chapters, the first chapter included (the research problem, Its importance, purpose, limits, definition of terminology), as the current research aims to identify the educational use of metafiction in school theater texts. The researcher dealt with two sections in the theoretical framework. The first section was titled: Metafiction, and the second section was titled Theater. School, and mother The third chapter included the research community and the adult (20) school theatrical texts, while the research sample amounted to (3) texts, and the researcher built a special tool for his research, and the fourth chapter included a set of results and conclusions, including: 1- Shedding light on school theater texts written according to metafiction techniques to increase the cultural and educational awareness of school students and increase their motivation.
2-Paying attention to popular heritage plays in school theater performances written according to metafiction techniques to benefit students from the purposeful educational values they contain. Then the researcher presented recommendations and proposals and concluded the research with a list of sources.

Administrative obstacles are beyond the control of the responsible person, as they are among the obstacles that hinder the process of creativity and limit the correct and optimal investment of human energies and cadres in a beneficial and positive manner. Sometimes the functional creative development process is met with strong rejection by the administration and officials or by the employees themselves for practical reasons. Especially in correctional institutions (prisons), the research aims to identify the most important obstacles, especially the administrative ones, that confront families of prisoners and how to deal with them. Among the results of the research, among the results of the research is that more than half of the sample members visiting the person in prison are males, and he may be (a father or Brother or friend (52.7%) The results of the research showed that more than half of the study sample answered that the duration between one visit and the next is weekly, at a rate of (79), at a rate of (52.7%). Among the results of the research, more than half of the sample responded with “yes,” at a rate of (86), at a rate of (57%). 3%) face administrative obstacles.

The study area was identified in the alluvial plain in Basra Governorate, and the aim of the study was to identify the relationship of wind with the water needs and consumption of agricultural crops, and to demonstrate the changes occurring in the general trend and the rates of change in wind speeds between the two periods (1961-1970) and the period (2011-2020) and the impact of this trend And the change in the variation in rates of quantities (possible evaporation/transpiration), water consumption, the maximum period between two consecutive irrigations, and the average number of irrigations for the agricultural crop under study and for the two agricultural seasons, summer and winter. The results show that the rates of monthly, seasonal, and seasonal wind speeds for the period (2011-2020) are higher than they are. For the period (1961-1970), Which had a greater negative role on agricultural crops, through the plant and soil losing part of the moisture and water reserves and raising the amounts of (potential evaporation/transpiration) , and as a result , the amount of (potential evaporation/transpiration) and water consumption for the summer and winter agricultural seasons increased. Which led to a decrease in water requirements and the need for compensation with irrigation in larger quantities and a greater number of irrigations during the summer agricultural season and the winter agricultural season, and the irrigation periods required to compensate for the deficiency occurred and for the two agricultural seasons converged across the different stages of agricultural crop growth, which required the need for water rationing for agricultural crops. To be able to provide its needs for growth and better productivity in a correct manner.

The system of appealing all judicial rulings is not based primarily on knowing the path to be taken by the one who lost the case, but rather with the knowledge of the court before which the appeal must be submitted. Overlap in the jurisdictions of the courts, and this hypothesis is perhaps the most common and widespread, and this is evident by following the judicial rulings issued by the higher courts in Iraq. One of these courts is the Court of Appeal in its discriminatory capacity. It raises problems starting with its naming, passing through its procedural work and challenging its rulings.
When we compare the appearance of the Court of Appeal in its discriminatory capacity with the formations of courts in the Iraqi judicial system, we find it a court of exceptional and accidental formation and formation, especially after Iraq was under the tyranny of the Ottoman occupation and the Court of Cassation was in Istanbul, which made the Iraqi legislator at the time to give discriminatory powers to the courts Appeals in Iraq, but at a later time the presence of the latter raises many problems in conjunction with the formation of the Court of Cassation in Iraq for several reasons, including: the lack of knowledge of the precise jurisdictions of this court, and the overlap of its procedural work with the work of the Federal Court of Cassation.
In addition to that, there are powers assigned by the legislator in the pleadings law to the latter, we see it as going to the Court of Appeal in its discriminatory capacity, as a matter of first instance, as in the case of considering the subject matter of the case contained in Article (214) of the pleadings law and others.

This research knowing to Effect using the Caricatures in achievement material social for female pupils of fourth primary class , The researcher has exactly group to attained on the equivalent in these variables are (ages of pupils by month , the half year of fourth primary class). The research has formed (40) behavioral aims. She has prepared learning post-test in Social-test consisted of (15) items , after ensuring of its correctness to be examined by a group of experts and referees while stability was known by using spirmann - perwann equation , which have value , the experiment ended and when the data treated statistically by using the fare way testing for two independent samples which called ( T – test ) .The conclusion for the study is : The different in the statistical sign at level (0.05) between medium for the females which studied by using the Caricatures in achievement and between medium the control group has studied with a traditional method. In light of the results , the researcher drew several conclusions, recommendations, proposals, including It will be in the fifth semester.

This study attempts to shed light on the importance of Saudi oil to major Western countries in meeting their ongoing needs in their major industries, especially after the success of American companies in discovering oil in Bahrain in 1932. Its direction is towards the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia We also touched on the oil policy of King Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1953-1964), which was It is a set of economic and financial procedures and measures, which were characterized by prudence, wisdom, and gradual Saudization of oil wealth from American companies operating in their territories, especially Aramco, and thus these politicians led to the development of various Saudi social, cultural, and educational fields.

This modest research paper aims to give an overview to the novella of the great American writer Ernest Hemingway`s "The old man and the sea". This study explains and analyzes the elements and the general structure of this masterpiece, in order to give somewhat a clear and integrated image of this literary work. The study also includes some explanations of technical issues, like style, language and the way of narration. In addition, it contains accurate analysis to the main characters, symbols used and lessons learn from it.

Hadi Al-Alawi read the biography and philosophy of the philosopher Sadr al-Din al-Shirazi, and focused on his theory of essential movement. He was unique in it, as he proved movement in the statement of essence. His philosophy was distinguished by its reconciliation between different philosophies and the disparate trends of Peripateticism, Illuminationism, Demonstration, Gnosticism, rationalism, and transmissionism. In his reading, Al-Alawi tried to show it. A natural, materialistic, dialectical philosopher, and Al-Shirazi was not like that!
Therefore, in my research, I tried to show that Al-Alawi’s reading was ideological, and I sought to uncover and discuss the sources of his ideological projections into it, and it came in three sections: the first in his life, the second in his philosophy in general, and the third in the theory of fundamental movement in particular, according to Al-Alawi’s text itself.

This research will address the concept of focus, its patterns, and its representations, benefiting from the theses of Gerard Genette, those who disagreed with him or followed him, and those who came after him. The operation of these patterns, their overlap and juxtaposition, and the signs and textual clues that distinguish one pattern from another in our applied model (Misk) by its author, Ismail Fahd Ismail.

The jurisprudential legacy of the Noble Companions (may God be pleased with them) is considered a huge jurisprudential wealth, sound opinions, correct diligence, and deductions based on the Book of God and the Sunnah of His Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, and knowledge approved by scholars and jurists, and relied upon by them in every time and place in arriving at jurisprudential issues in new events. They worked hard and used their opinions in the light of the rules of Sharia law, its general principles, and their knowledge of its objectives. Thus, ijtihad based on opinion appeared as an independent source of jurisprudence in matters without text, and they became prominent in this because they lived the revelation and understood the interpretation.

At the beginning of my research, I will extend my thanks and gratitude to everyone who provided a helping hand in completing this research, asking the Almighty that I have succeeded in stating all the information related to the topic of my research. I will present all the elements of this research under the title “The American Presence in the Arabian Gulf and the Arab Position.” "The Gulf of Him"
The research plan was as follows:
- introduction
- Introduction to the Arabian Gulf
The first section: The motives for the American presence in the Gulf.
The second section: The development of American policy towards the Arab Gulf region.
- The third section is the position of the Gulf Arabs regarding the American presence there.
The researcher relied on several sources:
1. Abd al-Amir al-Hayali and Firas Abd al-Jabbar, The Arab Gulf States in the Post-Oil Era (A Study in Political Geography), published research, Diyala Magazine, No. 33, 2009.
2. Mustafa Abdul Qadir Al-Najjar and others, Modern and Contemporary History of the Arabian Gulf, 1st edition, Basra University Press, Basra, 1984

The title of the research was tagged with (the reciter of Damascus, Harun al-Akhfash al-Dimashqi (d. 292 AH), his biography through his sheikhs and students, his academic standing, and his intellectual output). Before talking about him, we must talk about the legal sciences in the city of Damascus, and in particular the sciences of the Holy Qur’an, as the sources were mentioned to us. During the era of the Rashidun Caliph Omar bin Al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him), Yazid bin Abi Sufyan asked the Caliph that the people of the Levant wanted someone to send them to teach them the teachings of Islam that our true religion brought, namely the Noble Qur’an and the Noble Prophet’s Hadith. Then the Caliph sent them from He taught them religion, and one of those sent to the Levant was the great companion Abu Darda (may God be pleased with him), who was sent to Damascus for this purpose.
During the Umayyad era, these sciences became active in Damascus because it was the capital of the Caliphate, and a destination for scholars and students of science, and religious, linguistic, and other sciences emerged there. This prosperity continued in the Abbasid era, in which the sciences were perfected as a result of the interest of the Abbasid caliphs in the sciences, including religious sciences, and many scholars emerged. In various sciences and in all Islamic countries, including the city of Damascus, where many great scholars excelled, especially in the science of readings, the most prominent of whom is the scholar Harun al-Dimashqi, who was nicknamed (Al-Akhfash). He is the focus of our research, and he is considered one of the most brilliant reading scholars during the third century AH in the city of Damascus. The reason for his reaching this scientific status is that he took the knowledge of reading reading from the famous scholars of his time. He took reading by listening and presenting from Ibn Dhakwan and other Damascus scholars who preceded him. As for the research sections It included an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The first section was entitled: His biography and sheikhs, while the second section: His students, his academic standing, and his intellectual output.

The aim of this research was to identify persuasive techniques used in beauty center advertisements on Instagram by analyzing the persuasive appeals and strategies employed by Shabander Cosmetic Center. The researcher used a content analysis tool on a sample of 15 posts from Shabander's page. The study revealed several findings, the most prominent of which was that Shabander's page emphasized the use of citing factual information and real events in logical appeals, with a utilization rate of 60% among the samples. In terms of emotional appeals, linguistic techniques were employed to a lesser extent, accounting for 40% of the posts. Shabander's posts did not heavily rely on fear appeals, with the "none" category ranking first in fear appeals with a percentage of 53.33%. Regarding persuasive strategies, the results showed that the use of persuasive strategies was similar, with only one distinct difference. However, the psychodynamic strategy ranked first among the other categories, accounting for 40% of the posts.

The research focuses on the outstanding work of Emilio García Gómez in diplomacy and culture between Spain and the Arab world, especially in Iraq. García Gómez, a renowned Arabist and translator, was an influential figure both in academia and international politics. The study analyzes his life, academic and diplomatic work, as well as the political and cultural connections between Spain and Iraq, highlighting his contribution to strengthening bilateral relations.
García Gómez, known for his linguistic skills and deep knowledge of Arab culture, excelled as a translator of important literary works from Arabic to Spanish, as well as for his work as an ambassador in Arab countries, including Iraq. His academic legacy includes an extensive production of books, articles, and speeches, as well as his role in directing research and education institutions on Arab studies in Spain.
The study details García Gómez's trajectory, from his early years of education in Madrid to his distinguished career as an Arabist and diplomat. His academic achievements, such as directing the School of Arab Studies and his membership in the Royal Spanish Academy, are highlighted, as well as his influence in spreading Spanish language and culture.

Inverted is a topic with wide meanings. It changes the order of the letters of a word or introduces a letter and its final letter, and this change gives a new word or a new period. This means flipping the letters of the word for downloading.
Among them is the inversion of the parsing between two words, and among them is the inversion of a complete meaning, and it also includes: presenting what the comprehensive clarifies, and the last thing that is clarified by the introduction, or describing a thing in opposition to its description. The various causes of the heart include: fear, optimism, admiration, or mockery. It is inverse that the two opposites are called by the same name.

This research aims to find out the role of the mass media in reducing the spread of drugs as per university professors perspective. An intentional sample of (50) professors from master's degrees, doctorates, humanitarian and scientific disciplines are implemented with reference to a rate of (10) professors from each of the universities: (Baghdad, Mustansiriya, Iraqiya, Imam Jaafar Al-Sadiq and Imam Al-Kazim). The samples are considered the elite of society, and they are fully aware of the extent of the impact of the programs broadcast by the media on society.
In order to achieve the objectives, the researcher used the survey method by adopting the descriptive study. The research tool is (questionnaire) by (25) questions. The research has been divided into four sections; the first section was devoted to the methodological including: the problem of research and its questions, its importance, the research community and its fields, its tool, previous studies, and the definition of terms. The second section has dealt with: the theoretical framework of the research: the media and its concept, the functions, characteristics, methods of the media that influencing the public, the role of the media awareness of the dangers of the spread of drugs, the concept of drugs, and the reasons for the spread of drugs among the young people in Iraq. Third section, dealt with the applied study of the research and two paragraphs. The first paragraph included, a brief summary of the nature and work of the Directorate of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Affairs in Iraq. While the second paragraph is devoted to the presentation and analysis of the results obtained from the respondents. Finally, the researcher concluded some of the most important results: There is an active role for the media, promoting moral values to refuse to accept drugs, and urging citizens to cooperate with the drug administration to reduce their spread.
The dissemination of indicative information warns citizens of the danger of drugs and dealing with them. The penalties for drug users and trafficking, as for the most important recommendations referred by the researcher, the media must realize a great responsibility in addressing the threat of drugs with full awareness and awareness to limit their spread.

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of the West and Benz model in the achievement of fourth-grade literary students in history and developing their positive thinking. The researcher adopted the experimental approach to achieve the objectives of her research. The research community was determined by fourth-grade literary students in secondary and preparatory day schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Al-Rusafa I. The research sample consisting of (67) students from Al-I'tizaz Secondary School for Girls was selected randomly. This sample was divided into two groups, one of which was experimental, consisting of (33) students who studied history using the West and Benz model, and the other was a control group consisting of (34) students who studied according to the traditional method. The researcher adopted two tests to measure the variables of her research. The first test was a test that measured academic achievement in history and consisted of (30) paragraphs. She verified its validity, reliability and distinction. The researcher also prepared a positive thinking test consisting of (30) paragraphs and verified its validity, reliability and distinction. The results showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed the control group. The control in the achievement test and the positive thinking test.

In this research, we shed light on the multiplicity of Arabic dialects and the differences that occur in them through interpreting vocabulary lexically. Then, we are aware that the Arabic language is divided into four basic analytical levels: the phonetic level, the morphological level, the syntactic or grammatical level, and the semantic level. So, I chose the second level of the language, which is the morphological level, due to the importance of this level in developing and growing the language throughout history through the inflection of structures and their meanings. As for the issue of choosing the poet, I chose Al-Hadhra specifically because I did not find his poems a field for morphological study. I presented this study according to the descriptive approach and what is required of tools such as analysis, comparison, inference, and statistics, dividing it into two sections preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. The first section includes the structures of abstract verbs, and the second section includes the structures of augmented verbs.

Psychological balance depends on self-esteem and the ability to control emotions and control feelings in negative situations, and parental reinforcement can play an effective role in this context for children, especially during adolescence, which is one of the most dangerous age stages in human life. Based on the above, this research aims to identify parental reinforcement and its relationship to psychological balance among middle school students. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher used the descriptive approach as the most appropriate approach to achieve the research objectives and find the relationship between its variables from the researcher's point of view. The study was applied to a sample of (90) female students distributed over three middle schools affiliated with the Second Rusafa Education Directorate in Baghdad Governorate. The study concluded that there is a weak relationship between parental reinforcement and psychological balance among the female students in the research sample.

research to identify: the impact of the carusel strategy on the collection of biology at mid-level students .
for the purpose of verifying the objective of the research, the hypothesis has been formulated as follows: there is no significant difference between the average grades of female pilots who will study biology according to a strategy and the grades of the group that will study the same material in a standard collection method.
the experimental research was adopted as a methodology for its work. it included an independent variable: carusel, a variable (collection), a partial design set for the control of its components, and prior to the introduction of the experiment, an equivalence between the two research groups was performed, for the purpose of obtaining objective results: (previous information, statistical intelligence testing), after a change in the research clusters, which prepared application plans and targets, and after a process.

This study examines the semantic and statistical analysis of the vocabulary related to the living nature in Al-Farazdaq\'s Diwan. The study is divided into an introduction and three sections: The first section explores the nature and development of semantics. The second section examines semantic relationships in Al-Farazdaq\'s Diwan, including linguistic issues such as homonymy, synonymy, and antonymy. The third section analyzes the vocabulary related to the living nature, including predators, domestic animals, birds, and reptiles, as well as plants (trees, flowers, and roses), at the lexical semantic level, along with statistical analysis. The conclusion summarizes the most significant findings of the study.

This topic deals with the study of market employees in the Islamic Maghreb during the Almoravid era, and workers in jobs had an important and vital role in the markets as they provided various services to visitors and merchants, including the provision of food and drink, transportation, merchants, and other basic services. The workers worked in various sectors such as: restaurants, markets, workshops, gardens and others. They made a significant contribution to the development of the local economy and the development of infrastructure as they constituted an important workforce that enhances the commercial movement. Workers also had a social and cultural role in local communities, contributing to the enrichment of heritage and culture through the manufacture of traditional crafts and local arts, and playing an important role in promoting peaceful coexistence among members of society. In general, workers in service jobs in the markets in the Arab Islamic Maghreb during the Almoravid era played a vital role in achieving economic, social and cultural stability. They promoted trade and local development and contributed to the cultural identity of local communities. They were working to facilitate trade and facilitate communication between merchants and husbands.

A statement of procedural objectives which are cognitive and behavioral, as well as a statement of the meanings of Qur'anic vocabulary or words that are difficult to understand to the non-specialized reader and mention the pedagogical content of the verses, an explanation that is proportional to the educational goals that the verses seek to highlight and emphasize, as well as a statement of what the verses are instructing educationally in specific clear points.

This analytical study focuses on the multifaceted intellectual heritage of Edward Said, particularly emphasizing his conception of literature and contemporary challenges within cultural criticism. Edward Said, a prominent figure in literary and cultural criticism in the twentieth century, offered profound insights into the intersection of literature, culture, and politics. His work underscores the role of literature and culture in shaping individual and collective identities, along with addressing contemporary issues within cultural criticism .
Key aspects of Said's thought include his understanding of literature and culture as tools in identity construction, as well as his analysis of contemporary problems within cultural criticism. He examines concepts such as identity, colonialism, and cultural hegemony, elucidating their impact on cultural and intellectual production. Said relies on a comprehensive methodology for literary and cultural criticism, placing literary and cultural works within historical and cultural contexts. He highlights the dynamic interactions between cultures and political forces, illustrating how literature is influenced by these interactions.
However, Said's analysis delves deeply into Arab cultural criticism, as evidenced in his major work "The Arab Exile," where he explores the effects of Western colonialism on Arab identity and literature. Said calls for a mutual balance between literary criticism and political criticism, emphasizing that understanding literature requires studying its political and social contexts. In conclusion, Edward Said's methodology offers valuable insights into the complexities of cultural criticism, highlighting the interconnected relationship between literature, politics, and culture. His analytical framework continues to enrich scholarly discourse, providing a deeper understanding of contemporary cultural challenges and their impact on literary production and interpretation.

The research deals with Alexander Haig, who assumed the position of the US State Department at an important stage of the Cold War between the Western and Eastern camps, and the developments that occurred in Europe and the Middle East region represented by the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war and the Israeli attack on Lebanon, and this coincided with a limited change in American policy. He supported the Palestinian issue in that Alexander was calling for the conflict not to expand in the region, but he supported Israeli movements in the region. His assumption of office was also accompanied by the Falkland Islands crisis between Britain and Argentina, during which Hague played a major role in preventing the expansion of the conflict, but Britain ultimately resolved the issue. Through the military factor, especially after it obtained support from Hague to end the conflict on those islands.

Historical studies that dealt with the economic aspect in Iraq are of great importance, despite their scarcity, and the topic of the trade balance has become of great importance. We cannot ignore that studying the economic aspect requires highlighting it by researchers. Moreover, the trade balance between Iraq and Germany was not addressed in previous academic studies, which prompted the researcher to study this topic in a historical sequence of events, especially since Germany participated in most of the historical stations that Iraq experienced.
The trade balance began to develop during the fifties and sixties of the last century, and oil became the main source of Iraqi exports to Germany. German exports included weapons and military equipment, as well as machinery, devices, and medical products.
The research section consisted of an introduction, three axes, and a conclusion. The first axis, entitled (Historical Background of the Trade Balance between Iraq and Germany until 1980), included the beginning of trade relations between the two countries dating back to after World War I. The research presented the development of the trade balance during the period extending from ( 1918-1980), and the second axis, entitled (The Trade Balance between Iraq and West and East Germany (1980-1990), shed light on the development of the trade balance with East Germany, as it was limited to the trade in weapons and military equipment, and with the cessation of trade activity with foreign Germany, as Iraq is in a state of war and needs weapons. In addition, West Germany declared its neutrality in the war. As for the third axis, titled (The Trade Balance between Iraq and Federal Germany (1990-2003)), which tracks the development of the trade balance between the two countries, which witnessed a halt due to... The sanctions imposed on Iraq after the Second Gulf War, and the conclusion contains the most important findings of the research

The research deals with the details of the San Francisco Conference in 1945, which included delegations of fifty countries headed by the Allied Powers, represented by the United States of America and represented by the new President Harry Truman. The conference was the first international forum in which Truman participated, and Russia was represented by its Foreign Minister Molotov instead of Stalin. As for Britain, it was represented by Churchill and Eden. Its Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the participating delegations agreed to put the final touches on the announcement of the establishment of the United Nations, which was responsible for protecting security and peace in the post-war world

The study area is located at the south-eastern end of the stable shelf within the Salman belt, as these areas are characterized by their low terrain, and most of the rocks of this shelf date back to the Tertiary and Quaternary times, and they have a direction from east to west, and (32) linear phenomena out of (51) linear phenomena correspond to this direction. This confirms that the majority of the region's network runs in the general direction of the Western Plateau.
Properties were also affected The morphometrics of the region had a slight impact on the current climate, and the abundance of rain in the ancient climate worked to activate the processes of erosion and sedimentation, and the valleys spread in the region are the result of water erosion processes in the past, and the current erosion has worked to deepen these valleys, and the shape of the main basin is close to elongation, so it is characterized by flowing water. Regular and successive water flow with relatively small amounts of drainage. In addition, it is characterized by increasing the loss of surface water through filtration and evaporation.
Due to the long distance covered by the valleys and rock formations in which there are many joints and cracks, and the dry climate of the region.
The region's basin is located within a gradual slope, which is a characteristic of the Western Plateau, and this slope has a role in determining the infrastructural capacity. This has been reflected in the geomorphological development of the region's basin, as it is in a mature stage and its geomorphological development has not been completed.
There are also many natural resources, represented by surface and ground water resources and mineral resources, as well as fertile soil and natural plants that are considered natural pastures.

The current research aims at highlighting to what extent the comprehensive quality standards of curriculum are found in the scope of objectives for ‘Technical Writing’ curriculum. The researcher has adopted a descriptive method for the study. As for the research tool, the researcher compares the quality of Technical Writing curriculum to comprehensive quality standards of syllabus. Technical Writing book (101), which is one of the subjects in technical colleges that belong to Technical and Vocational Training Corporation, was used as a sample for the research.
‏ The research has reached a number of results, the most important of which are: The overall quality standards were available in the general textbook of technical writing with a total of (385) repetitions, and a general average (38.4), and at the field level; first came the field: the language of the book with a total of 113 repetitions and an average of 11.3 out of 38.4 and 29.35% followed by artistic output with a total of 104 repetitions and an average of 10.3 out of 38.4 and 27%, followed by scientific content with 79 repetitions, an average of 7.9 out of 38.4 and 20.51%; all with a verbal assessment (large), and fourth came the field of assessment methods with a total of 65 repetitions and an average of 6.5 out of 38.4 and 16.88%, verbal evaluation (medium), and fifth came the field; the goals with a total of 19 repetitions and an average of 1.9 out of 38.4 and 4.93%, and finally the field of activities with a total of 5 repetitions, and an average of 0.5 out of 38.4 and 1.29%, both are verbal estimate (weak), It is recommended to reconsider the comprehensive quality standards for Technical Writing syllabus from General Administration for Curriculum in Technical and Vocational Training Corporation, particularly in areas of objectives and exercises.

The discussion of the research is a very important topic, which is the civil protection of the abuser within the framework of the civil law in light of the increase in cases of domestic violence and the absence of special legislation that deals with it from the civil point of view. For the year 1952, the feeder may be forced to contract, by coercing him, exploiting him, or deceiving him, which results in damage to the feeder, whether it is material or moral damage.

This study deals with climate change in Amitav Ghosh’s use of ecofeminism along with the mythological folklore in The Hungry Tide as depicted in the Bangladeshi Sundarbans and their reference with wilderness and civilization. It reveals that the phenomena of global movement of refugees and climate change are correlated as being cause and effect. This paper throws light on Ghosh’s use of old legends that prompts one to think about the cataclysmic effects of climate change. The theoretical framework of the myth and folklore in Ghosh’s novel reflects on climate change, migration and the cultural divide. In The Hungry Tide, the myth of Bon Bibi is closely analyzed in the framework of ecological and ecofeministic theories to explain climate crisis.