Journal of sustainable studies

The study focuses on psychological empowerment and its relationship to the values of citizenship among university students, as well as measuring the two variables separately, and finding a difference in them at the level of the variables of gender and specialization. To achieve this, the measures of psychological empowerment and citizenship values were applied to a sample of students at Al-Nahrain University, which consistedof (200) male and female students. The results were that there was a direct, statistically significant correlation between psychological empowerment and citizenship values, and there were differences in (gender) in the psychological empowerment and citizenship values variable in favor of males, and there were no differences for those with specialization (scientific - humanitarian) in the variables of psychological empowerment and citizenship values. Some were developed. Recommendations in light of this.

The fourth century AH witnessed scientific and cultural development in various fields of knowledge, and literature had a large share of it, including prose, including the art of maqamat. This art was invented and famous for first by Badi’ al-Zaman al-Hamdhani and he wrote his book in it (Maqamat of Badi’ al-Zaman al-Hamdhani), and his maqamat included different literary genres. Such as poetry, stories, proverbs, and Kadiya, which added a new vision to his maqamat, different from the traditional texts. It added a special aesthetic that left an impact on the mind of the recipient. All of his maqamat included poetic texts that contributed multiple functions in serving the narrative text of the maqamat, artistically and creatively.

Biochar is one of the materials that is added to the soil as a soil improver and to increase its fertility. It is prepared from branches, plant remains, and wood and exposed to high heat in different ways. The results showed that its use in the soil of the Western Region, which is characterized by its inability to retain water and its low content of organic matter and nutrients, contributed to reducing the apparent and true density rates on the one hand. It also worked to increase the porosity and moisture content at field capacity and ready water and reduced the water conductivity and also improved From the soil content of organic matter and a decrease in the degree of reaction and calcium carbonate.

Language is a tool for communication between creatures. Every type of creature has a language that communicates between them. Birds have a language, animals have a language, and humans have a language they communicate with. This language has many functions. There is the interactive function of language and the transactional function. The transactional function is to transfer information from The sender to the addressee. The sender constructs a speech through which the addressee can understand it correctly. The transactional function is what achieves communication between people in various fields. The interactive function is the basis for establishing social relationships between people. These two functions include all the other functions of language. The Arabic language has received attention that no other language has received.

The Arab-Islamic civilization reached the height of its scientific flame in the Abbasid era, and despite all the political circumstances that the Abbasid Caliphate went through, the rational and transmission sciences did not stop despite their faltering due to the bad political conditions in the capital of the Caliphate. However, Baghdad continued to be the metropolis of the world despite all the circumstances that it went through. Bad politics, and many creative scholars emerged in various fields, including the traveler physician Ibn Batlan, the subject of the study, who was characterized as one of the most prominent doctors in Baghdad in the fifth century AH

In life and art, the body is considered an aesthetic focus in which practical, instinctive, functional and mythical manifestations appear, all of which produce cultural dimensions in which art is the interface, and theater is a tool of expression and a platform that places the body permanently at the disposal of suggestive readings that become a common language with a global character. In light of this, the body is crystallized. The researcher paths the research through the title tagged (Manifestations of the Body in the Iraqi Theatrical Performance) in order to study the manifestations as they are reflected through the audio-visual components whose identity is controlled by the body, and gives it the ability to express and embody.

It suffers from a global problem of providing services, especially drinking water services, which is a global phenomenon that appears only in ready-made areas, especially since water is the most important natural resource that humans need , This study came with the aim of shedding light on potable water in the city of Nasiriyah and working to solve the problems it faces through available official evidence, as the city is supplied with water from 11 water complexes in addition to its share of the Unified Nasiriyah Water Project and the Nasiriyah Water Project Number One , The researcher adopted the method of field study and sources and references to obtain evidence and information related to drinking water supply services, The research was divided into three axes. The first axis dealt with the theoretical framework of the research, while the second axis dealt with the potable water sector and its impact on the future of water in light of increasing growth and population size, as for the third axis, it dealt with the problems facing the potable water sector. The researcher reached a number of conclusions related to the study, including that the amount of water produced does not meet the population’s need at the present time. Likewise, population projections for the year 2035 indicate the inability of water projects and complexes to meet the population’s need in the current production capacity remained.

The city represents one of the population centers, which is a place to live, do their work, and formulate their lifestyles in a way that is compatible with its urban structure. Studying the factors affecting the widening of the housing gap is one of the important topics at the national level in terms of reducing the housing deficit and reducing the burden on the national economy and at the individual level. It aims to study the most important factors that contributed to the fragmentation of residential units and determine the extent of disparity through the gap that exists between residential areas, the research assumed that the rapid growth of population and the rise in land prices led to the division of housing units into more than one housing unit and is based on the fact that there is a relationship between the types of housing units expressed in the urban characteristics of the unit and its location within the urban area on the one hand and the characteristics of the residents expressed in terms related to the economic and social situation on the one hand. Other, the importance of the research is due to studying the most important factors that contributed to the splitting of housing units and proposing solutions and alternatives to improve the quality of life in the residential area and address the shortage within it. The significant of the research comes through highlighting the most important factors affecting the expansion and splitting of housing units, the research relied on the descriptive approach by describing the quality of urban life in the study area within the residential locality. The research concluded that the irregular division of housing units led to the emergence of negative deviations in indicators of the quality of life in the residential locality, including environmental and societal problems. The research concluded that the necessary services should be available. Taking into account the increase in population to achieve satisfaction with services.

This study sheds light on the role of the labor movement in Sudan in combating the British through strikes that included most parts of Sudan, especially after World War II, to demand workers’ rights through strikes in 1947, 1948, 1950, and 1954, which forced the British administration in Sudan to yield to their legitimate demands despite the oppressive methods. which was practiced against them.
These strikes had begun to develop and mature with the passage of time, and instead of demanding workers’ rights, they began calling for independence and the removal of British forces from all the lands they controlled. This development in awareness succeeded in breaking the power of Britain, which was forced to deal with the working class as a fait accompli, so it resorted to changing the military rulers. More than once, with the aim of controlling the situation and calming the Sudanese street dissatisfied with Britain’s policy and colonial methods.
These strikes were a true expression of the Sudanese people’s rejection of the occupation, which considered the labor force to be the legitimate representative of the people and the advocate of their rights to achieve independence.

This research Knowing to Effect using strategy Paraphrasing in subject Social of Operational definition in achievement female pupils of fifth primary class, The research has formed (80) be havioural aims and she has prepared teaching plans for the subject materials which will be taught in the experiment. She has prepared learning post-test in Social test consisted of (30) items ,after ensuring of its correctness to be examined by a group of referees . While stability was known by using Spirmann - Prawn equation, which have value , the experiment ended. The different in the statistical sign at the level (0.05) between the medium for the females (pupils)which studied by using the strategy Paraphrasing of Operational in achievement and the control group has studied with a traditional method. In the light of the results the researcher reached to , she recommended with :
1- using strategy effect Paraphrasing of Operational teaching Social.
2-Holding training courses for effect Paraphrasing of Operational.
In order to accomplish the sides of the research, the researcher suggests the following:
1- Practicing studies on other classes in Social.
2- Practicing studies in Paraphrasing of Operational on the variables other like developing of Creativity thinking.

The research dealt with monitoring the urban expansion of the city of Medhatiya and the resulting urban growth that led to the expansion of the city from its four sides. This was revealed through the use of geographic information systems technology and remote sensing. It was found that the reason for this growth is the increase in the size of the population due to its distinguished location, as well as security stability and economic recovery. Which the region has witnessed, especially in recent years, and the research dealt with three axes to reveal this expansion. The first axis came to identify the trends of urban expansion, the factors affecting it, and the stages of expansion that the city went through, while the second axis highlighted the spatial suitability of urban expansion in the study area, and the third axis came. To address future urban expansion trends, the research concluded with results and recommendations.

The presence of AL-shia in Baghdad has been since its founding, and the migration of AL-shia to it increased after it included the shrines of Imams Musa bin Jaafar and Muhammad Al-Jawad (peace be upon them). Well-known scholarly families migrated to it, such as the Yaqtin family and the Al-Nubakhti family, and the Baghdad Hadith School emerged from its founding, where some of the companions of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) began narrating hadiths in it, and then the migration of hadith scholars to it successively continued until some historians counted approximately five in it. Thousands of Scholar.
The founding of the Baghdad School goes back to the efforts of Sheikh Al-Mufid, as he was the one who laid the first building blocks for the scientific edifice based on the thought of the ahl albayt (peace be upon them). Sheikh Al-Mufid studied with more than fifty sheikhs, the most prominent of whom were Ibn Qulwayh and Sheikh Al-Saduq, and among his most prominent students were Sheikh Al-Tusi and Al-Sayyid Al-Radi and Al-Murtada, and the school of Sheikh Al-Mufid was known for its reliance on reason and the application of thought in understanding legal texts in general, and combining them with reason in the process of deducing legal rulings and doctrinal issues.

The Ottoman view of society is based on the origins of Islamiclaw, the traditions of the Turkish tribes and what they inherited from previous Islamic countries or benefited from mixing with the Byzantines. According to this view, society and class are necessary for humanity.During the reign of Sultan Murad III (1574-1595 AD), the Ottoman Empire witnessed in its social structure, both vertically and horizontally in its private and public classes, a clear diversity in Ottoman society, between its various components of the rural population and the urban population, which in turn differed in customs and traditions, and this attempts to The research demonstrates the features of this social structure on which this state relied during his reign.

Ulrich Beck tackled political philosophy and expressed it through multiple aspects, including globalization and modernity. He established principles and concepts for each of them, as he defined the concepts of globalization with different aspects, including: (the state, power, economy, market and ecology).
Beck was interested in the factors influencing the concept of globalization through the spread of networks of regional and global mutual relations, the global community, the lack of awareness of risks and appropriate work sites in the global environment, and the new global cultural industry.
Ulrich Beck looked at the modernist reversal and sees that the reason for its occurrence is the control of industrial modernity over nature, which led to unforeseen and already known consequences such as: (the global risk society, the global moment - a global world, the problem of ecology, the tragic turn to individualism).

This research deals with the collection of Zuhair Ibn Abi Salma (520 - 609 AH) with a stylistic study of his poetic dictionary, a study that takes the data of modern criticism, to rely on the language and its tools, in order to reveal the stylistic phenomena that distinguish the poet. This dictionary was studied by examining the most frequent semantic fields in the poetry of Zuhair bin Abi Salma. They are: (the field of the body - the field of time and space - the field of astronomy - the field of animals and birds). The research monitored his use of these fields for his various purposes, revealing the poet’s philosophy, his vision of the world, and his culture through its various uses.

The research examined linguistic criticism, especially semantic criticism, in the literary battles that took place between poets in the twentieth century, in order to shed light on them and show the most important The semantic phenomena that the poets noticed in their battles, and they considered them the basic criterion in their criticism, including the phenomenon of synonymy. They criticized those who use Synonymous words in context One linguist considered this usage a stylistic and linguistic weakness, indicating the repetition of the same word, The other issue that the research focused on was the issue of the use of strange and abandoned words, which is one of the semantic phenomena that occurred in Our Arabic language has been around since ancient times, and it had a great share among linguists and lexicographers. They set the rules and regulations that Help to use and know it. The researcher sought to read this criticism critically and closely by referring to linguistic dictionaries and semantic books. To prove the validity of criticism or not, and to know the most important critical standards that poets adopted in their criticism, and what they used? Which they rely on, as they enter the abyss of money and wade into its sea, and was that their main purpose? It is to serve the language and defend it in good faith, and with sound intent, far from detracting from others. Because criticism is a human work that is subject to error, misreading, and misinterpretation; Therefore, it is amenable to the second reading; To correct his mistake and correct his path.
This research was a reading of the reading presented by the poets in their criticism, and a search into the areas of reading and tracking and extrapolating the phenomenon with criticism. Description and analysis; Because criticism is in constant need of another criticism to explore its secrets, read its lines, and investigate its evidence.
I sought to support the research with Qur’anic and poetic evidence. To prove what we are aiming for in this critical reading: To be based on scientific foundations and linguistic evidence.

This research deals with Russian diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire and its results during the period (1816-1856), that is, from the time Count Karl Robert Nesselrode assumed the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs until the issuance of the decisions of the Paris Conference in 1856, indicating the nature of the treaties and conferences that Russia concluded, whether with the Ottoman Empire or with other countries. The study was divided into four chapters: the first chapter dealt with Russia’s foreign policy towards the Ottoman Empire since Nesselrode assumed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until the Verona Conference was held (1816-1822), and the second chapter explained Russian diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire since The St. Petersburg Protocol was held until the Straits Agreement was concluded (1826-1841), while the third chapter explained Russian diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire from the visit of Tsar Nicholas I to London until the secret conference was held (1844-1852). As for the fourth chapter, it explained Russian diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire. During the Crimean War (1853-1856(.

Imam Ali (peace be upon him) was raised in the care of the Prophet (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace) and he acquired divine knowledge from its original source, but he (peace be upon him) lived in a society steeped in ignorance and poverty of knowledge, so as a result of this knowledge difference a number of conflicts occurred, and it came The research titled (The Dramatic Conflict in Nahj al-Balagha) to depict the conflicts that occurred in this book, which included the speeches of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), his letters, his books, and his wisdom.
The conflict formed an important and striking dramatic mechanism in many of Imam Ali’s (peace be upon him) speeches and letters. This mechanism revealed to us the truth and brought it out of its hiding place, as he worked to interrogate the past, to tell about its events, through a highly suggestive and fruitful conflict.

It can be said that the ancient Babylonian era is the Age of Enlightenment in the structure of Mesopotamian civilization, as this era produced for us distinguished artistic products. We cannot risk saying that they are different or new products from the products of the Sumerians or Akkadians who preceded the Babylonians in Mesopotamian civilization., but it can be asserted that it is Artistic products that the Babylonians derived from their predecessors, and the Babylonians in their ancient era introduced a lot of development to them, so arts emerged with high aesthetic values. The artist enjoyed some freedom in that era, so he created, so this artist with the creative thought brought out to us the artistic models he left behind for us in Various fields of art, they are examples that reflect to us what was going on in the reality of that artist’s era, and they carry within them aesthetic values in their shapes, colors and sizes. The halls of the Iraqi Museum and most of the world’s museums were filled with the feats of that era of creative artistic achievements that included large numbers of buildings in both parts. Religious and secular, and relief sculptures in various forms, as well as wall paintings, cylinder seals, and other artistic examples.

The Americans desire to gain the Assyrians friendship was great and Very important ,and their officials expressed this on many occasions, and they were striving hardly to achieve their political interests and therefore they considered the issue of aid and support one of the important ways that would meet the ambitions and interests.
The involvement of the Assyrians themselves helped them in this in the first great war, there were powerless hardships and woes as they entered the neutral Persia at the time, and how the diseases Killed
alarge number of them due to hunger thirst heat and lost of sancuary, Then They organized their fighters and settled in the Persian regions of (Urmia and salams to meet the attoman army marching toward east to der troy them and the Possibility of protecting themselves with losses despite the conditions anal intensity of the fighting from the ottoman .
The Kurdish tribes and their New Iranian Neighbors and after that that were forced to leave the regions of Urmuan and salams With drawn them towards the south to obtien help from the allies after the Russian withdrawal from Northern Iran, and this is precisely where American connection them began as organizations, bodies and relief committees began to arrive Successively in the areas of the Assyrians and provide what Support could be provided to them.

Urban growth is one of the prominent geographical phenomena that the world has witnessed since the beginning of the industrial revolution، as the city of Hilla experienced significant increases in its population due to the emergence of the economic development movement, which resulted in an improvement in the standard of living and health، which was reflected in an increase in births and an increase in migration towards urban centers. Accordingly, it has Growth has become urban.
The growth witnessed by the city of Hilla constituted a phenomenon that must be addressed, represented by the expansion of the city’s area and the increase in the population. This matter contributed to the spread of slums on the outskirts of the city، and thus led to a change in land uses in the city, where urban expansion was at the expense of lands and in a way Especially in the western، southwestern, and northwestern regions of the city.
This urban expansion and population increase in the city of Hilla had a major impact in the deterioration of the urban condition of these housing units، the irregularity of the buildings and streets, in addition to the environmental effects through increased pollution in the city, and the deterioration of the economic situation, which led to the deterioration of the social reality in the city.

Every poet has a set of words that he used in his poetry until they became a stylistic feature of his own. Ibn Rashiq al-Qayrawani referred to this idea in his saying, “Poets have well-known words and familiar examples, and the poet should not repeat them or use anything else.” So it is self-evident that every poet has his own language. The characteristic that distinguishes him from other poets, and despite the diversity of their culture and literary trends, they take care of it because it represents the basic element for constructing poetry. The truth is that the poetic dictionary of any poet is not considered in itself an artistic value except to the extent that it is included in the poetic structure because the word does not carry its lexical meaning, but rather it carries A great aura of synonyms and homophones.

This research aims to identify the effect of differences in the level of educational control in an electronic course for the Foundations of Education subject on the development of metacognitive skills among students of the College of Education for Girls. To achieve this goal, the researcher employed an experimental design involving two experimental groups with pre- and post-measurements. The research procedures included the design of an electronic course for the foundations of education subject with two different levels of educational control (learner control versus program control). Additionally, the researcher adopted and utilized the metacognitive skills scale developed by Lamia Ghadban (2021) after ensuring its validity and reliability. The research sample comprised two experimental groups consisting of first-year female students in the Department of Qur’anic Sciences and Islamic Education at the College of Education for Girls, University of Mosul. The first group learned from the course with learner control, consisting of (29) members, while the second group learned from the course with program control, comprising (25) members. After administering the scale to the sample, conducting the experimental treatment, and re-administering the scale post-experiment, the results revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the average scores of female students in the first experimental group in the pre- and post-applications of the metacognitive skills scale. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the average scores of female students in the second experimental group in the pre- and post-applications of the metacognitive skills scale, favoring the post-application. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the average differences in scores for female students in the first experimental group and the average differences in scores for female students in the second experimental group in the pre- and post-applications of the metacognitive skills scale, favoring the second experimental group. In conclusion, the study presented recommendations and suggestions for future research.

The aim of this study is to diagnose the difficulties of using modern teaching strategies in teaching science material for intermediate classes from the teachers\' point of view, and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher followed descriptive research method, and the research community consisted teachers of science material in high schools, intermediate schools affiliated to general directorates of education in Baghdad Rusafa Governorate the first, second, and third , and due to the lack of an appropriate tool ready to collect information, and appropriate data for research purposes, the researcher prepared the same tool, which included the following field (teachers, students, textbooks, administration and supervision, school environment) , and based on the answers of the research sample, an open questionnaire was prepared which included(41), A paragraph, it was distributed in its final form to the basic research sample, which numbered (167) teachers distributed among (72) schools, and, the research reached a set of results, including most of them do not know modern teaching strategies, the large number of students the intensity of the knowledge content of the textbook, and according to the results of the research, a number of recommendations and proposals were presented.

تسعي هذه الدراسة التي جاءت بعنوان " شعر محمد حسين آل ياسين ( دراسة حجاجية)" إلى تسليط الضوء على أهمية ديوان "آل ياسين" وتحليله بشكل حجاجي، إذ يعد ديوان "آل ياسين" من الأعمال البارزة في الأدب العربي المعاصر، حيث يتميز بأسلوب شعري فريد يمزج بين الأصالة والتجديد، وتبرز الحجاجية في ديوانه كجوهر أساسي، معبرة عن رؤية فنية وروحية تعكس تفاعله مع الحياة والمعاني العميقة، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن استخدام الحجاج في الحياة اليومية يعتبر أمرًا أساسيًا في عملية التواصل، الإقناع، والتأثير، ويعتبر أداة لا غنى عنها، كما أن الحجاج لا يعني مجرد تقديم حجة معينة للدفاع عن وجهة نظر معينة، بل يتضمن أيضًا بناء رأي أو فكرة وتعزيزها بالشواهد والأدلة المنطقية أو التراثية أو الثقافية، وقد تحدث العلماء عن مفهوم الحجاج كجزء أساسي من عملية التواصل والإقناع في سياق البلاغة العربية، وقد استخدام محمد حسين آل ياسين في ديوان آل ياسين بشكل ماهر في قصائده لبناء رؤى فلسفية واجتماعية وسياسية والدفاع عنها بأدلة قوية من خلال شعره، مما يعزز تأثيره وإقناعه للقراء والمستمعين، حيث يتبنى "آل ياسين" رؤى وأفكاراً ويدافع عنها في شعره باستخدام الشواهد والتراث الديني والثقافي والأدبي، مما يجعل قصائده تتمتع بمستوى عالي من الإقناع والتأثير على القراء، كما يعتمد الشاعر "محمد حسين آل ياسين" على استخدام الآيات القرآنية والأدب الديني لتعزيز رسائله الدينية والروحانية في قصائده، مما يضفي عليها عمقًا دينيًا وروحيًا، ويُستخدم الأمثلة والتشبيهات لتوضيح أفكاره وتوجيه القارئ بشكل أكثر وضوحًا وقربًا، حيث يُقارن مواقف دينية بمواقف حياتية يومية. ينقل آل ياسين تجاربه الشخصية والعواطف ليوصل رسالته بشكل يتفاعل معه القارئ، ويستخدم الاستعارة والمجاز لتعميق معاني قصائده وإثراء تجربة القراءة، ويضفي على قصائده جمالية ورونقًا خاصًا من خلال القافية والوزن والتركيب الشعري، ويعتمد على لغة سهلة التفاهم ومباشرة لنقل رسائله بوضوح وفهم لجمهوره.

The research seeks to prepare a proposed conception of the curriculum of sociology in the third grade according to the elements of the curriculum, but in light of the dimensions of sustainable development, then identify the effectiveness of the developed curriculum and the development of life skills in it when the target group, to show the expected intention in achieving the goals, and rely on building a list of dimensions of sustainable development to be included in the curriculum of sociology, As well as the analysis tool for the content of the book, which comes according to the proposed dimensions, and measure the process of inclusion in the analyzed book by dividing the three main dimensions, namely "the environmental dimension, the social dimension, and the economic dimension" and referring to the sub-indicators, then the researcher concludes the study by preparing a measure of life skills in the target sample, and this shows us the results that can be summarized as follows:
1. The curriculum of the subject of sociology prepared for the third grade of the intermediate, It did not have the three dimensions of sustainable education.
2. The difference in the statistical significance at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group for both applications pre, and post-wave ...

One of the modern trends and strategies in the world of teaching, and because of the rapid development that the world is witnessing in general, has had a significant impact on the educational reality. New teaching methods have emerged to keep pace with the movement of scientific and technological progress. Among these methods (the theatrical teaching method), it is an influential method that has a positive impact on students by providing them with information in ways It is unconventional and is based on dividing students into two categories: the first group is a lecturer and the second group is a listener. It also requires the teacher to be active and have distinguished intellectual skills. This method is classified as a direct means of communication in which the student is a positive participant and acquires moral qualities Social and other positive qualities in an easy and clear way without boredom or complaining. Among its advantages is that it develops mental abilities and helps improve the classical Arabic language and makes the student the focus of the educational process. However, it is understood that it requires a cadre of students and students with distinguished awareness and a teacher who is proficient in the skills. Mental and administrative.

The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a proposed program formulated according to the mental thinking strategy in academic achievement and developing generative thinking skills among second-year middle school students in history.
The study adopted the experimental method with partial control by adopting two experimental and control groups, each consisting of (32) students. The experimental group was taught the first academic unit of the second semester of the history course according to the strategy of stimulating mental thinking, while the control group was taught in the traditional method.
The results of the study showed that employing the strategy of stimulating mental thinking led to an increase in the academic achievement of second-year middle school students in history, and also led to an increase in their scores on the generative thinking skills test.

Human world entails different syndromes marked by different signs and symptoms which are often associated with certain disease or disorder. Tourette syndrome is a condition characterized by the presence of repeated motions or undesired noises (tics) that are difficult to manage. The study deals with the form of Ellie Terry's novel Forget Me Not (2017); it highlights the fictional techniques the novelist utilizes in order to reflect on Tourette syndrome. According to this context, the study adopts the framework of disabled literature that fosters the fictional and real experiences of "Othered" individuals. It argues that Terry's novel speaks about and for disabled individuals and thus utilizes certain fictional strategies in terms of narration, characterization, portrayal of characters, nature of conflict, and structure so as to achieve this aim. The study aims at introducing Tourette syndrome in relation to disabled literature, it further aims at answering the question of how the form of the novel goes hand in hand with its content. The study follows a structural approach that examines the text as a whole system constituted of different layers.

During our discussion of this topic, we are clarifying a grammatical idea that is unknown in our speech. However, there is evidence in the speech of the Arabs that suggests it, which is carrying a word over a word because it is adjacent to it, even if it is not grammatically related, and it is close to the subject of illusion, as it carries the word over its neighborhood in an imaginary way. It is related to it, like the Bedouin saying: These are the paths of rough horses, so the noun “rugged” is because they are adjacent to “horses”, and the original is nominative because it is an adjective for “sabil”, and it is one of the topics that raises controversy due to the lack of discussion by researchers.

The current research aims to identify: linguistic competencies and social intelligence among students in Arabic language departments, and to determine the relationship between them. Therefore, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach based on knowing the relationship between two variables, and the number of sample members reached (150) students, from the fourth stage of the Arabic Language Department, Ibn Rushd College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Baghdad, for the academic year (2023-2024), and in order to achieve Objectives of the research: The researcher adopted the linguistic competencies test for the university level (by Dakhel and Abdullah 2024), and adopted the social intelligence measure (by Al-Maghazi 2005). After extracting the psychometric properties of the two tools, the researcher applied them to the research sample and used statistical treatments appropriate to the research. The results showed for the first objective that there was a difference between The average grades of the students in the research sample in linguistic competencies, and it appeared that the research sample had linguistic competencies. The results for the second goal showed that there was a difference between the average grades of the students in the research sample in social intelligence, and it appeared that the research sample had social intelligence. As for the third goal, it showed The results show that there is a direct relationship between linguistic competencies and social intelligence, and they positively affect the individual’s possession of them. In light of the research results, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and proposed a number of prop

The research monitors the concept of
belonging and citizenship in all its details and ramifications among an Arab Aroub poet. The research undertook the task of investigating these two dimensions (belonging and citizenship) in the poetry of the poet Ahmed Al-Saqqaf. It became clear that belonging in the poet’s poetry is based on two pillars: the first: belonging in its own concept, while the second is belonging in its concept. General
The first form of belonging reflects the poet’s loyalty to a country of his nationality, which is Kuwait. There are many forms of expression of this belonging for the poet.
As for the second form of belonging, it is the form in which the poet seemed to have the longest lasting and most enjoyable feelings, because he (i.e. the poet) possessed national feelings beyond imagination. The poet was not able to curb those feelings or mitigate their intensity, so they escaped from their control in the form of poems that traveled throughout the Arab world from the ocean. To the Gulf.

The present research is aimed at determining the level of environmental awareness and the level of natural intelligence of university students and the relationship between them. In this research, the associated descriptive research curriculum was adopted by a sample of 146 students in the fourth cycle of the chemistry department for the school year 2023–2024 for morning and evening studies (65%) of society, selected randomly. To verify the research objective, the researchers built two tools to achieve the desired results. The first was an environmental awareness measure to measure the level of environmental awareness among university students, and the second was a natural intelligence measure to measure the level of natural intelligence of university students after calculating the bathymetric properties of the two scales. The data were statistically treated using the portfolio (SPSS-22) for statistical analysis. It was found that there was a statistically significant correlation at the level of sign (0.05) between the average scores of students in the research sample for the benefit of the virtual average environmental awareness measure and the natural intelligence measure, indicating a weakness in the level of environmental awareness and the natural intelligence of students.

One of the poets of the pre-Islamic period is Antara bin Shaddad. He is regarded as one of the most well-known Arab novelists and Nabataean poets. Especially when it comes to his beloved Abla, Antara is renowned for his exquisite and powerful poetry that exudes a strong sense of spirit and persuasive style.
A number of components that support persuasion are what define Antara's persuasive poetic style. His poetry captivates the reader with vivid imagery and powerful language, transporting them to the world of poetry and the events it portrays. Antara deftly highlights emotions and sensations while expressing his point through metaphors and similes.
Antara's poetry exhibits a remarkable proficiency with rhythm and harmony. His poetry has a lovely tone and an obvious rhythm because of the way he evenly and harmoniously divides words and rhymes. The story of Abla and the events that surround her is particularly engaging to the reader because of this frequent distribution.
Antara writes poetry that is full of intriguing details and anecdotes, particularly his chivalry and passion. His captivating tales and realistic, expressive descriptions of the events' specifics evoke empathy in the reader and leave them feeling touched and moved. He also highlights his vision and persuades the audience of the power of his words by employing dramatic characters and circumstances.
Ultimately, it can be concluded that the use of powerful language and captivating imagery, combined with rhythm, harmony, and the telling of captivating tales, are what give Antara bin Shaddad's poetry its persuasive style. Together, these components persuade readers and listeners of his thoughts and feelings and help them to feel impacted and sympathetic.
One of the great works of ancient Arabic literature, Antara bin Shaddad's poetry is regarded as a representation of bravery and salvation. The poems that are credited to Antara bin Shaddad are composed of pre-Islamic poetry and were later translated into Arabic by poets with expertise in the genre.
The critical style found in the poetry of Antara bin Shaddad is distinguished by a number of features. First of all, it is straightforward and honest in its expression of feelings, which makes it simple and spontaneous. Secondly, it speaks about life, love, and courage in a profound and powerful way that moves people's hearts and arouses their emotions.
Poet Antara bin Shaddad is regarded as courageous and heroic. His love story for Abla bint Ma'bad is the main subject of his poems. He conveys in his poems his abiding love for Abla as well as his bravery in taking on obstacles and facing his detractors. Antara describes his emotions and conscience in his poems by utilizing metaphorical language and imagery.
The poetry of Antara Bin Shaddad is the subject of multiple facets of literary criticism. The focus of the criticism is on analyzing the poems' rhetorical and poetic structures, as well as their word choice, similes, and meanings. Evaluation criteria also include the poet's capacity to effectively communicate the reader's emotions and sentiments.
An invaluable resource for researching ancient Arabic literature and understanding the beliefs, practices, and customs of that time period is Antara bin Shaddad. These poems are regarded as one of the cornerstones of classical Arabic poetry and are highly valued by critics and scholars. The critical tone of Antara bin Shaddad's poetry showcases the beauty of Arabic language and its capacity to convey ideas and emotions in a profound and impactful manner.

The study of symbolic violence and social media revealed how the use of social media affects the spread and embodiment of symbolic violence, and the repercussions of this relationship on the individual and society, as well as how these means are used to spread violent symbols, images, videos, and texts, which affect culture and social behaviors, and the manifestations of their negative effects on victims on the ground At the psychological, social and economic levels, one of the implications of these effects is the creation of a climate dominated by tension, rivalry and violence between individuals, as understanding this bilateral relationship is considered a vital and effective matter for developing systematic protocols to address the dangers of this phenomenon and limit its inhuman impact on societies in the age of cyberspace or the age of the information revolution.

Arbitration is one of the important means that the contracting parties resort to in all contracts, especially in foreign investment contracts, to resolve disputes that may arise, and this is due to the many advantages it has that are compatible with the nature of foreign investment contracts, so it reduces the fears of our investors. It follows from this that I guarantee the impartiality of the decision taken to resolve the dispute through the guarantee of not favoring the interest of the host country for the investment at the expense of the interest of the foreign investor, and on the other hand, arbitration is characterized by secrecy, which leads to the avoidance of damage to their position and reputation in the field of economic activity, in addition to Speed in deciding the dispute, which leads to saving time.
Also, the foreign investor insists on arbitration due to the specificity of the investment contracts in terms of the parties, currently, although the host country for the investment is a single party to the contract with the foreign investor, they are nevertheless an unusual party in terms of the sovereign advantages that they enjoy and enable them, in addition to the possibility of disturbing the economic balance of the violation contract. Also, with the neutrality that must be available to the national judicial authority, which can be submitted to the dispute in the event of its origin, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the foreign investor adheres to the condition of consolidation due to the fear of the state\\\\'s adherence to judicial immunity, since the state enjoys its independence and sovereignty, making them equal to The other state has judicial immunity, which overrides the national judiciary of another state, regarding disputes in which the state is a party.

Autism is considered one of the modern diseases affecting human societies in general and our society in particular, as this disease has repercussions and is a real challenge for the family and all its members because of the repercussions this disease has on the family and its members. Try to study this to know the repercussions of the life of autism on the control of family members, from In order to reach a clear and clear vision for France through which ideas, mechanisms and visions for solutions and scientific treatments can be developed, to support the Iraqi family and the institutions and bodies concerned with such a social and humanitarian problem...
The research was clearly chosen, consisting of (80) families, distributed among four autism centers, from each center (20) families. The study yielded a set of results, conclusions, and recommendations.

Interpretation scholars differed in the interpretation of verse 23 of Surat Al-Anbiya, and two trends emerged in its interpretation, The first trend: that inferred from the verse that God does not act for a purpose or purpose, and The second trend: that inferred from the verse that God’s actions are justified and that He acts for wisdom. The researcher adopts the saying of the philosophers: God has no purpose for his actions except Himself, for His essence is His purpose.
By studying the context of the verse, the researcher concluded that it came to prove the lordship of God, and he took God’s questioning of His servants as evidence of His lordship, and His questioning and holding them accountable as evidence that they are owned servants and not gods

This study intends To investigate the classroom management style open adopted by the students of the primary classes depart ment in the Eductional College Diayla centre the chosen Sample of the study involves (75)male and Female students To achiev the objective of the study the researcher followed the steps of the descriptive method Based on the Scale of classroom management set by the Havahisha and Khwalidah (2009) ,the dat a has been collected and procedures using a number of statistical procedures At the end ,the study proves that the researched sample have a high level of classroom management it also ends up py drawing conclusion,re commend ation and giving suggestions.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of guidance, and the light of care, our Master Muhammad, and upon his pure family and honorable companions, and..
Societal custom has become necessary to be regulated by systems that individuals are accustomed to in order to achieve ideal care by concerned and specialists There is no doubt that the most perfect and exemplary system is the moderate Islamic legal system and the intermediate legal rule. Islamic jurisprudence is the one that carries the banner of justice and is far from the many differences, conflicts and divisions that tear everyone apart. Frameworks and principles Through research and study of ancient and modern books of jurists, we found the term (theory of jurisprudence), this new and important term for a society that is almost far from lofty values and principles, so we decided to do a modern study entitled ((Theory of Social Jurisprudence and its Role in Achieving Peace and Social and Economic Standards)) I divided this research into an introduction, which includes the importance of the topic, the reason for choosing it, the objectives of the research, the necessity of research, preparation, three sections, a conclusion, references, and an index of the topic, as follows:
The first section: The concept of social jurisprudence theory, and it contains four demands:
The second topic: The role of jurisprudence in society, and the ruling based on the existence of the theory of social jurisprudence, and it has two requirements: The third section: sections of social jurisprudence, and its relationship to family jurisprudence, and it contains four voices:
The fourth topic: The importance of social jurisprudence in achieving social life and its economic and legal effects. It includes four voices, and then its episode mentioned the research and the most important results and recommendations.

This present study aimed to identify the degree of practicing literary appreciation instructional skills by Arabic teachers in literature and text topics for the second-grade intermediate literature students in Iraq. The problem of the study was determined to answer on the following questions:
1. What is the degree of practicing literary appreciation instructional skills by Arabic teachers in literature and text topics for the second-grade students ?
2. Are there statistical significance at (α=0.05) in the degree of practicing literary appreciation instructional skills by Arabic teachers in literature and text topics for the second-grade students due to the variables of gender, years of experience, and the scientific qualification?
To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive approach was applied as it is appropriate for this study. The data are collected and a note card was prepared for this purpose where (40) teachers from both genders representing (50%) of the population were selected randomly. After conducting the statistical process, the study was reached for the following results: the extent of practicing Arabic language teachers for the skills of literary appreciation with second-grade was medium degree in general. There are statistical significant at (α=0.05) in the degree of practicing for the skills of literary appreciation due to the variable of (gender, and teaching experience). There are no statistical significant at (α=0.05) in the degree of practicing due to the variable of (scientific qualification) through displaying results.
In the light of the results, it has been recommended in the following suggestions:
The necessity to make Arabic language teachers interested in sonnets allow the chance of developing the skills of literary appreciation in all of its kinds. The need to make the universities taking into account providing the students of Arabic language the most important skills that enable them for teaching the literary appreciation at the schools on the long run.

The current research aims to identify (the effect of the LEED strategy on the achievement of second-year intermediate students in the Holy Quran and Islamic education and developing their citizenship values). The researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control, to suit the nature of the research, and the research sample consisted of (60) students who were chosen intentionally. From Al-Zawraa Middle School, this sample was randomly divided into two groups, one of which was an experimental group that included (30) students who studied the subject of the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education using the LEED strategy, and the other was a control group that consisted of (30) students who studied the same subject in the traditional method. The researcher was keen before starting the experiment to make the students equal. The two research groups statistically examined a number of variables that are believed to affect the safety of the experiment, and these variables are: (the chronological age of the students calculated in months, a measure of citizenship values).
The researcher adopted two tests to measure the variables of his research. The first test was the achievement test in the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education, which consisted of (40) multiple-choice items. He verified its validity, reliability, and distinction, as well as conducting statistical analyzes of its items. The researcher also prepared a measure of citizenship values, which may be The scale, in its final form, consists of (38) items and its validity, reliability, and discrimination were verified. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the achievement test in the Holy Qur’an, Islamic education, and the citizenship values scale.

The study dealt with children's cancer in Al-Qaim District, distributed at the level of its administrative units in its multiple types, as the total number of infections at the level of the district (48) patients on the basis of the results of the study, and the rates of the injuries were spread differently between one administrative unit and another, the center of Al-Qaim District occupies the largest proportion with the number of infections with (21) infected, while the Al-Oboor sub-district ranked second, where the injury rate reached (16) infected, Al-Obaidi sub-district ranked third with a number of injuries (11) infected, and that there is a correlation between the high incidence of cancer with an increase in Chemical causes that include all pollutants such as metals and organic compounds that have leaked into drinking water, food or air. One of the most famous of these pollutants is tobacco smoke that enters children's body through what is known as passive smoking, as well as smoke from car exhaust and polluted gases, accompanied by the lack of services provided to patients and the small number of doctors treating them. The study found a correlation between different types of pollution and lifestyle habits, such as obesity, intense exposure to the sun, etc., and disease, and finally , the study concluded with a number of conclusions and recommendations.

The importance of ecotourism is highlighted by highlighting the dimensions it provides, such as the environmental, touristic, economic, social and cultural dimensions, which enable the creation of a society that embraces ecotourism activity and is aware of its value. Practicing ecotourism activities in places of natural tourist attraction by preserving resources and trying to sustain them touristically to prevent Reducing and treating environmental pollution. Several scientific methods were used to compile in writing the study, through the theoretical approach in description. The historical approach and the analytical approach, the concept of ecotourism and its components, the concept of development and tourist attraction, identifying the geographical location and spatial variation of the elements of tourist and religious attraction in Babylon, indicators of tourism activity, and also addressing the requirements for the success of ecotourism.

The writer of the theatrical text uses methods and methods in writing the theatrical text according to what is dictated by his references, culture, and the type of environment in which he lives, as these words affect the nature of writing the theatrical text. Sometimes he is forced to use the symbol in the text as an indication or suggestive reference to mental developments and visions that he may use intentionally or imposed on him for political or social reasons to allow him the possibility of broadcasting certain ideas that he may not be able to reveal publicly.

This research dealt with the concepts and origins of semiology. Since we discussed in it (the linguistic concept of semiology), (the terminological concept of semiology), (the origins of semiology), (semiology among the Arabs), and (semiology from the West), then we knew in the first section everything that is meant by this term linguistically, and we did not This was not limited to the meaning of semiology in linguistic dictionaries, but rather went beyond it to what it means in the Holy Qur’an. Then the second requirement addressed the definition of this concept in terms of terminology in order to find out what it indicates and what it refers to. Then we explained in the third requirement its origins. As for the fourth requirement, we defined its meaning among the Arabs. In the fourth section, its concept in the West, and that was a sufficient clarification, then the research ended with a list of sources and references.

The aim of the current research is to identify ((the effect of the strategies (observe, ask, conclude, evaluate) and (poverty, recall)
, Connect, Make the Decision (on the achievement of first-year intermediate students in physics and their emotional sensitivity)... The research was conducted on first-year intermediate students in Al-Sadiq Al-Amin Middle School for Boys affiliated with the General Directorate of Education, Rusafa / for the academic year (2023-2024) AD, after it was prepared The researcher provided the research requirements, including (defining the scientific material, formulating behavioral objectives, and preparing teaching plans for the two experimental groups and the control group after presenting them to a group of specialists. The two research tools prepared by the researcher were applied, which are the achievement test consisting of (25) objective multiple-choice items, and a scale. Emotional sensitivity, which consists of (24) positive and negative items with a triple rating (applies to always, applies to sometimes, does not apply to me), and its psychometric properties were calculated. The research sample was chosen intentionally, and consisted of (135) students in three groups, chosen randomly to represent... The two experimental groups and the control group after excluding the students who failed statistically, with (45) students in the first experimental group, (45) students in the second experimental group, and (45) students in the control group. The three groups were rewarded in the variables (chronological age in months, information test The first experimental group was studied using the strategy (Observe, Ask, Deduce, Evaluate), and the second experimental group was studied using the strategy(Think, Recall, Connect, Make a Decision), and the control group in the usual way. The two research tools, namely the achievement test and the emotional sensitivity scale, were applied to the students of the three groups. The researcher used one-way analysis of variance, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Scheffé equation, arithmetic averages, the Cronbach alpha equation, and the Cooper equation, as statistical means to process the data. In light of this, the researcher developed a number of recommendations, and in completion of this research, the researcher proposed Conducting studies into other variables and their impact on other science subjects.

This research is concerned with grammatical studies in the Syrian Arab Heritage Journal. I tried to show the sources of novelty and originality in these topics by studying them in a descriptive and analytical study, bringing together the scattered research and subjecting them to an organized, systematic scientific study. The research was divided into four axes, including the grammatical approach, grammatical terminology, grammatical evidence , and grammatical criticism. The research concluded with a conclusion that included the most important results and a list of sources and references.

The researcher discussed the educational use of metafiction in school theater texts. Metafiction is an artistic style in novel writing that is characterized by experimentation and breaking familiar patterns. It means the novel talking about itself and paying attention to describing its internal world and discussing critical perceptions about the narrative. The beginnings of the use of this term in critical studies are attributed to the critic And the American novelist (William Cass), who The researcher was encouraged to delve into the metafiction to demonstrate its importance to those interested and studying in the field of art education in general and school theater in particular, because school theater is a type of arts directed to children, which gives him pleasure, entertainment and self-relaxation, and it reinforces in the learner adherence to the theory Mother, cooperation, compassion for animals, peaceful coexistence, and concern The environment, and promotes patriotism and charitable works. The research structure consisted of four chapters, the first chapter included (the research problem, Its importance, purpose, limits, definition of terminology), as the current research aims to identify the educational use of metafiction in school theater texts. The researcher dealt with two sections in the theoretical framework. The first section was titled: Metafiction, and the second section was titled Theater. School, and mother The third chapter included the research community and the adult (20) school theatrical texts, while the research sample amounted to (3) texts, and the researcher built a special tool for his research, and the fourth chapter included a set of results and conclusions, including: 1- Shedding light on school theater texts written according to metafiction techniques to increase the cultural and educational awareness of school students and increase their motivation.
2-Paying attention to popular heritage plays in school theater performances written according to metafiction techniques to benefit students from the purposeful educational values they contain. Then the researcher presented recommendations and proposals and concluded the research with a list of sources.

Administrative obstacles are beyond the control of the responsible person, as they are among the obstacles that hinder the process of creativity and limit the correct and optimal investment of human energies and cadres in a beneficial and positive manner. Sometimes the functional creative development process is met with strong rejection by the administration and officials or by the employees themselves for practical reasons. Especially in correctional institutions (prisons), the research aims to identify the most important obstacles, especially the administrative ones, that confront families of prisoners and how to deal with them. Among the results of the research, among the results of the research is that more than half of the sample members visiting the person in prison are males, and he may be (a father or Brother or friend (52.7%) The results of the research showed that more than half of the study sample answered that the duration between one visit and the next is weekly, at a rate of (79), at a rate of (52.7%). Among the results of the research, more than half of the sample responded with “yes,” at a rate of (86), at a rate of (57%). 3%) face administrative obstacles.

The scarlet letter is one of literary gems of the famous American writer Nathaniel Hawthorn. This paper discusses the feminism theory through the strife and struggle of the main character of the novel after her banishment in her society and her efforts to start a new life. The events of this novel takes place in Boston in the 17th century during the puritan era. The story in brief, is the suffering of a young lady who is called Hester Prynne facing a severe punishment for the crime of adultery. Hester was sent by her husband to Boston in hope of joining her later on, but he didn’t come. It was rumored that he was lost at sea. During this period, she has an illegal relationship with a young priest and gives birth to a baby girl from him, because this priest has a reputation and great position among people, so Hester refuses to reveal his name. The priest who is called Dimmesdale flogs himself as punishment for his sin. Her missing husband appears and learns the story of her sin and decides to avenge for his honor. Hester Prynne who works a seamstress and lives with her daughter in a small cottage in one of the outskirts of the city, she plans to escape with her partner, but her husband thwarts this attempt and finally the priest is forced to climb onto the platform to confess his guilt and purify himself of sin and then he dies in Hester's arms. In the beginning, the reader may see in this novel just a story of an adulterous woman being punished by society but he soon realizes the value of the struggle of this woman embodied in challenging strict religious laws and confronting an ungrateful society that underestimates women's rights.

The study area was identified in the alluvial plain in Basra Governorate, and the aim of the study was to identify the relationship of wind with the water needs and consumption of agricultural crops, and to demonstrate the changes occurring in the general trend and the rates of change in wind speeds between the two periods (1961-1970) and the period (2011-2020) and the impact of this trend And the change in the variation in rates of quantities (possible evaporation/transpiration), water consumption, the maximum period between two consecutive irrigations, and the average number of irrigations for the agricultural crop under study and for the two agricultural seasons, summer and winter. The results show that the rates of monthly, seasonal, and seasonal wind speeds for the period (2011-2020) are higher than they are. For the period (1961-1970), Which had a greater negative role on agricultural crops, through the plant and soil losing part of the moisture and water reserves and raising the amounts of (potential evaporation/transpiration) , and as a result , the amount of (potential evaporation/transpiration) and water consumption for the summer and winter agricultural seasons increased. Which led to a decrease in water requirements and the need for compensation with irrigation in larger quantities and a greater number of irrigations during the summer agricultural season and the winter agricultural season, and the irrigation periods required to compensate for the deficiency occurred and for the two agricultural seasons converged across the different stages of agricultural crop growth, which required the need for water rationing for agricultural crops. To be able to provide its needs for growth and better productivity in a correct manner.

The system of appealing all judicial rulings is not based primarily on knowing the path to be taken by the one who lost the case, but rather with the knowledge of the court before which the appeal must be submitted. Overlap in the jurisdictions of the courts, and this hypothesis is perhaps the most common and widespread, and this is evident by following the judicial rulings issued by the higher courts in Iraq. One of these courts is the Court of Appeal in its discriminatory capacity. It raises problems starting with its naming, passing through its procedural work and challenging its rulings.
When we compare the appearance of the Court of Appeal in its discriminatory capacity with the formations of courts in the Iraqi judicial system, we find it a court of exceptional and accidental formation and formation, especially after Iraq was under the tyranny of the Ottoman occupation and the Court of Cassation was in Istanbul, which made the Iraqi legislator at the time to give discriminatory powers to the courts Appeals in Iraq, but at a later time the presence of the latter raises many problems in conjunction with the formation of the Court of Cassation in Iraq for several reasons, including: the lack of knowledge of the precise jurisdictions of this court, and the overlap of its procedural work with the work of the Federal Court of Cassation.
In addition to that, there are powers assigned by the legislator in the pleadings law to the latter, we see it as going to the Court of Appeal in its discriminatory capacity, as a matter of first instance, as in the case of considering the subject matter of the case contained in Article (214) of the pleadings law and others.

This research knowing to Effect using the Caricatures in achievement material social for female pupils of fourth primary class , The researcher has exactly group to attained on the equivalent in these variables are (ages of pupils by month , the half year of fourth primary class). The research has formed (40) behavioral aims. She has prepared learning post-test in Social-test consisted of (15) items , after ensuring of its correctness to be examined by a group of experts and referees while stability was known by using spirmann - perwann equation , which have value , the experiment ended and when the data treated statistically by using the fare way testing for two independent samples which called ( T – test ) .The conclusion for the study is : The different in the statistical sign at level (0.05) between medium for the females which studied by using the Caricatures in achievement and between medium the control group has studied with a traditional method. In light of the results , the researcher drew several conclusions, recommendations, proposals, including It will be in the fifth semester.

This study attempts to shed light on the importance of Saudi oil to major Western countries in meeting their ongoing needs in their major industries, especially after the success of American companies in discovering oil in Bahrain in 1932. Its direction is towards the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia We also touched on the oil policy of King Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1953-1964), which was It is a set of economic and financial procedures and measures, which were characterized by prudence, wisdom, and gradual Saudization of oil wealth from American companies operating in their territories, especially Aramco, and thus these politicians led to the development of various Saudi social, cultural, and educational fields.

This modest research paper aims to give an overview to the novella of the great American writer Ernest Hemingway`s "The old man and the sea". This study explains and analyzes the elements and the general structure of this masterpiece, in order to give somewhat a clear and integrated image of this literary work. The study also includes some explanations of technical issues, like style, language and the way of narration. In addition, it contains accurate analysis to the main characters, symbols used and lessons learn from it.

Hadi Al-Alawi read the biography and philosophy of the philosopher Sadr al-Din al-Shirazi, and focused on his theory of essential movement. He was unique in it, as he proved movement in the statement of essence. His philosophy was distinguished by its reconciliation between different philosophies and the disparate trends of Peripateticism, Illuminationism, Demonstration, Gnosticism, rationalism, and transmissionism. In his reading, Al-Alawi tried to show it. A natural, materialistic, dialectical philosopher, and Al-Shirazi was not like that!
Therefore, in my research, I tried to show that Al-Alawi’s reading was ideological, and I sought to uncover and discuss the sources of his ideological projections into it, and it came in three sections: the first in his life, the second in his philosophy in general, and the third in the theory of fundamental movement in particular, according to Al-Alawi’s text itself.

This research will address the concept of focus, its patterns, and its representations, benefiting from the theses of Gerard Genette, those who disagreed with him or followed him, and those who came after him. The operation of these patterns, their overlap and juxtaposition, and the signs and textual clues that distinguish one pattern from another in our applied model (Misk) by its author, Ismail Fahd Ismail.

The jurisprudential legacy of the Noble Companions (may God be pleased with them) is considered a huge jurisprudential wealth, sound opinions, correct diligence, and deductions based on the Book of God and the Sunnah of His Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, and knowledge approved by scholars and jurists, and relied upon by them in every time and place in arriving at jurisprudential issues in new events. They worked hard and used their opinions in the light of the rules of Sharia law, its general principles, and their knowledge of its objectives. Thus, ijtihad based on opinion appeared as an independent source of jurisprudence in matters without text, and they became prominent in this because they lived the revelation and understood the interpretation.

At the beginning of my research, I will extend my thanks and gratitude to everyone who provided a helping hand in completing this research, asking the Almighty that I have succeeded in stating all the information related to the topic of my research. I will present all the elements of this research under the title “The American Presence in the Arabian Gulf and the Arab Position.” "The Gulf of Him"
The research plan was as follows:
- introduction
- Introduction to the Arabian Gulf
The first section: The motives for the American presence in the Gulf.
The second section: The development of American policy towards the Arab Gulf region.
- The third section is the position of the Gulf Arabs regarding the American presence there.
The researcher relied on several sources:
1. Abd al-Amir al-Hayali and Firas Abd al-Jabbar, The Arab Gulf States in the Post-Oil Era (A Study in Political Geography), published research, Diyala Magazine, No. 33, 2009.
2. Mustafa Abdul Qadir Al-Najjar and others, Modern and Contemporary History of the Arabian Gulf, 1st edition, Basra University Press, Basra, 1984

The title of the research was tagged with (the reciter of Damascus, Harun al-Akhfash al-Dimashqi (d. 292 AH), his biography through his sheikhs and students, his academic standing, and his intellectual output). Before talking about him, we must talk about the legal sciences in the city of Damascus, and in particular the sciences of the Holy Qur’an, as the sources were mentioned to us. During the era of the Rashidun Caliph Omar bin Al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him), Yazid bin Abi Sufyan asked the Caliph that the people of the Levant wanted someone to send them to teach them the teachings of Islam that our true religion brought, namely the Noble Qur’an and the Noble Prophet’s Hadith. Then the Caliph sent them from He taught them religion, and one of those sent to the Levant was the great companion Abu Darda (may God be pleased with him), who was sent to Damascus for this purpose.
During the Umayyad era, these sciences became active in Damascus because it was the capital of the Caliphate, and a destination for scholars and students of science, and religious, linguistic, and other sciences emerged there. This prosperity continued in the Abbasid era, in which the sciences were perfected as a result of the interest of the Abbasid caliphs in the sciences, including religious sciences, and many scholars emerged. In various sciences and in all Islamic countries, including the city of Damascus, where many great scholars excelled, especially in the science of readings, the most prominent of whom is the scholar Harun al-Dimashqi, who was nicknamed (Al-Akhfash). He is the focus of our research, and he is considered one of the most brilliant reading scholars during the third century AH in the city of Damascus. The reason for his reaching this scientific status is that he took the knowledge of reading reading from the famous scholars of his time. He took reading by listening and presenting from Ibn Dhakwan and other Damascus scholars who preceded him. As for the research sections It included an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The first section was entitled: His biography and sheikhs, while the second section: His students, his academic standing, and his intellectual output.