Journal of sustainable studies

The study focuses on psychological empowerment and its relationship to the values of citizenship among university students, as well as measuring the two variables separately, and finding a difference in them at the level of the variables of gender and specialization. To achieve this, the measures of psychological empowerment and citizenship values were applied to a sample of students at Al-Nahrain University, which consistedof (200) male and female students. The results were that there was a direct, statistically significant correlation between psychological empowerment and citizenship values, and there were differences in (gender) in the psychological empowerment and citizenship values variable in favor of males, and there were no differences for those with specialization (scientific - humanitarian) in the variables of psychological empowerment and citizenship values. Some were developed. Recommendations in light of this.

The fourth century AH witnessed scientific and cultural development in various fields of knowledge, and literature had a large share of it, including prose, including the art of maqamat. This art was invented and famous for first by Badi’ al-Zaman al-Hamdhani and he wrote his book in it (Maqamat of Badi’ al-Zaman al-Hamdhani), and his maqamat included different literary genres. Such as poetry, stories, proverbs, and Kadiya, which added a new vision to his maqamat, different from the traditional texts. It added a special aesthetic that left an impact on the mind of the recipient. All of his maqamat included poetic texts that contributed multiple functions in serving the narrative text of the maqamat, artistically and creatively.

Biochar is one of the materials that is added to the soil as a soil improver and to increase its fertility. It is prepared from branches, plant remains, and wood and exposed to high heat in different ways. The results showed that its use in the soil of the Western Region, which is characterized by its inability to retain water and its low content of organic matter and nutrients, contributed to reducing the apparent and true density rates on the one hand. It also worked to increase the porosity and moisture content at field capacity and ready water and reduced the water conductivity and also improved From the soil content of organic matter and a decrease in the degree of reaction and calcium carbonate.

The purpose of the study is to determine how word processors affect EFL students’ mechanics of writing in Iraq and to clarify any discrepancies in writing proficiency between the experimental group, which used word processors, and the control group, which was taught using the regular method. The study followed an experimental and descriptive methodology to determine how word processing software affects EFL students’ mechanics of writing in Iraq. In the first semester of 2023/2024, thirty students from the third grade at Dar El-Ilm intermediate school for boys made up the randomly selected study sample. The study concluded that the use of word processors in the classroom significantly improved the writing achievement of the experimental group students. The usage of word processors in education has been found to have a considerable favorable impact on students’ spelling and grammatical achievement. This shows how well the word processor helped the third-grade students developing their writing abilities. Based on the findings, the study suggests using word processors in the classroom because of its impact on third-grade students’ writing proficiency.

Language is a tool for communication between creatures. Every type of creature has a language that communicates between them. Birds have a language, animals have a language, and humans have a language they communicate with. This language has many functions. There is the interactive function of language and the transactional function. The transactional function is to transfer information from The sender to the addressee. The sender constructs a speech through which the addressee can understand it correctly. The transactional function is what achieves communication between people in various fields. The interactive function is the basis for establishing social relationships between people. These two functions include all the other functions of language. The Arabic language has received attention that no other language has received.

This study aims to clarifying the contradicting trends between the Mahdist revolution and the Mirghani movement, which led to the formation of the modern history of Sudan. The Mahdism revolution brought about many changes in Sudanese society. This idea began to grow at the end of the twelfth century AH.
Religious sects in the Islamic world have begun a great religious activity. These are the disciples of Sayyid Ahmad bin Idris in the Eastern Sudan, the Meghranite or the Khatami method, who carefully watched the invitation of Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi until he realized that he was not the awaited Mahdi.
There were many questions that the search tried to answer them, whether it was able to call Mahdia in the control of all Sufi methods in Sudan? What are the reasons why the Sufi methods stand in the way of the Mahdist movement? What was the reaction of the Mahdist movement to this resistance? What is the soft position of the Mirghaniyah from the government and the Mahdist revolution?
To answer these questions, the research was divided into six points: First: the emergence of the Mahdia invitation, secondly, the government's confrontation with the revolution in eastern Sudan, And Position of Khatmiyah of Mahdia.

The Arab-Islamic civilization reached the height of its scientific flame in the Abbasid era, and despite all the political circumstances that the Abbasid Caliphate went through, the rational and transmission sciences did not stop despite their faltering due to the bad political conditions in the capital of the Caliphate. However, Baghdad continued to be the metropolis of the world despite all the circumstances that it went through. Bad politics, and many creative scholars emerged in various fields, including the traveler physician Ibn Batlan, the subject of the study, who was characterized as one of the most prominent doctors in Baghdad in the fifth century AH

In life and art, the body is considered an aesthetic focus in which practical, instinctive, functional and mythical manifestations appear, all of which produce cultural dimensions in which art is the interface, and theater is a tool of expression and a platform that places the body permanently at the disposal of suggestive readings that become a common language with a global character. In light of this, the body is crystallized. The researcher paths the research through the title tagged (Manifestations of the Body in the Iraqi Theatrical Performance) in order to study the manifestations as they are reflected through the audio-visual components whose identity is controlled by the body, and gives it the ability to express and embody.

It suffers from a global problem of providing services, especially drinking water services, which is a global phenomenon that appears only in ready-made areas, especially since water is the most important natural resource that humans need , This study came with the aim of shedding light on potable water in the city of Nasiriyah and working to solve the problems it faces through available official evidence, as the city is supplied with water from 11 water complexes in addition to its share of the Unified Nasiriyah Water Project and the Nasiriyah Water Project Number One , The researcher adopted the method of field study and sources and references to obtain evidence and information related to drinking water supply services, The research was divided into three axes. The first axis dealt with the theoretical framework of the research, while the second axis dealt with the potable water sector and its impact on the future of water in light of increasing growth and population size, as for the third axis, it dealt with the problems facing the potable water sector. The researcher reached a number of conclusions related to the study, including that the amount of water produced does not meet the population’s need at the present time. Likewise, population projections for the year 2035 indicate the inability of water projects and complexes to meet the population’s need in the current production capacity remained.

The city represents one of the population centers, which is a place to live, do their work, and formulate their lifestyles in a way that is compatible with its urban structure. Studying the factors affecting the widening of the housing gap is one of the important topics at the national level in terms of reducing the housing deficit and reducing the burden on the national economy and at the individual level. It aims to study the most important factors that contributed to the fragmentation of residential units and determine the extent of disparity through the gap that exists between residential areas, the research assumed that the rapid growth of population and the rise in land prices led to the division of housing units into more than one housing unit and is based on the fact that there is a relationship between the types of housing units expressed in the urban characteristics of the unit and its location within the urban area on the one hand and the characteristics of the residents expressed in terms related to the economic and social situation on the one hand. Other, the importance of the research is due to studying the most important factors that contributed to the splitting of housing units and proposing solutions and alternatives to improve the quality of life in the residential area and address the shortage within it. The significant of the research comes through highlighting the most important factors affecting the expansion and splitting of housing units, the research relied on the descriptive approach by describing the quality of urban life in the study area within the residential locality. The research concluded that the irregular division of housing units led to the emergence of negative deviations in indicators of the quality of life in the residential locality, including environmental and societal problems. The research concluded that the necessary services should be available. Taking into account the increase in population to achieve satisfaction with services.

This study sheds light on the role of the labor movement in Sudan in combating the British through strikes that included most parts of Sudan, especially after World War II, to demand workers’ rights through strikes in 1947, 1948, 1950, and 1954, which forced the British administration in Sudan to yield to their legitimate demands despite the oppressive methods. which was practiced against them.
These strikes had begun to develop and mature with the passage of time, and instead of demanding workers’ rights, they began calling for independence and the removal of British forces from all the lands they controlled. This development in awareness succeeded in breaking the power of Britain, which was forced to deal with the working class as a fait accompli, so it resorted to changing the military rulers. More than once, with the aim of controlling the situation and calming the Sudanese street dissatisfied with Britain’s policy and colonial methods.
These strikes were a true expression of the Sudanese people’s rejection of the occupation, which considered the labor force to be the legitimate representative of the people and the advocate of their rights to achieve independence.

This research Knowing to Effect using strategy Paraphrasing in subject Social of Operational definition in achievement female pupils of fifth primary class, The research has formed (80) be havioural aims and she has prepared teaching plans for the subject materials which will be taught in the experiment. She has prepared learning post-test in Social test consisted of (30) items ,after ensuring of its correctness to be examined by a group of referees . While stability was known by using Spirmann - Prawn equation, which have value , the experiment ended. The different in the statistical sign at the level (0.05) between the medium for the females (pupils)which studied by using the strategy Paraphrasing of Operational in achievement and the control group has studied with a traditional method. In the light of the results the researcher reached to , she recommended with :
1- using strategy effect Paraphrasing of Operational teaching Social.
2-Holding training courses for effect Paraphrasing of Operational.
In order to accomplish the sides of the research, the researcher suggests the following:
1- Practicing studies on other classes in Social.
2- Practicing studies in Paraphrasing of Operational on the variables other like developing of Creativity thinking.

The jurisprudential legacy of the Noble Companions (may God be pleased with them) is considered a huge jurisprudential wealth, sound opinions, correct diligence, and deductions based on the Book of God and the Sunnah of His Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, and knowledge approved by scholars and jurists, and relied upon by them in every time and place in arriving at jurisprudential issues in new events. They worked hard and used their opinions in the light of the rules of Sharia law, its general principles, and their knowledge of its objectives. Thus, ijtihad based on opinion appeared as an independent source of jurisprudence in matters without text, and they became prominent in this because they lived the revelation and understood the interpretation.

The tagged research dealt with the aesthetics of the Arabic letter and its impact on contemporary sculpture. And the extent to which aesthetic discourse is used to express concepts related to the Arabic letter?
The first chapter also included the importance of research, which was:
Addressing a topic that carries an aesthetic vision that addresses contemporary sculptural works. 2- Among the scientifically and cognitively important studies, it can be considered an important source for specialists and researchers for aesthetic resources. 3- The library can be used as a resource for students interested in this field.
As for the objective of the research, it included: identifying the aesthetics of the Arabic letter in contemporary sculpture., while the current research was determined by studying the contemporary sculptural formations (2000-2016), which included the aesthetic use of the Arabic letter in the sculptural formations of four Arab artists.
The second chapter included the theoretical framework of two topics:
The first topic: formation in Arabic calligraphy and its aesthetics
The second topic: the emergence of literalism as an artistic phenomenon.
The third chapter, which is the research procedures, included:
The research community of the sculptural formations that were aesthetically inspired by the Arabic letter within the limits of the research. The research sample was: The research sample was intentionally set from the total sculptural achievements, which included the use of crafts in the sculptural formations of four Arab sculptors:
1-Asim Al-Basha (Syria). 2- Sabah Fakhreddin (Iraq). 3- Manal Al-Shariaan (Kuwait). 4- Ali Al-Jasser (Saudi Arabia).
The descriptive analytical method was used.
In the fourth chapter, the most important results were reached, which are:
1-The Arabic letter is of great importance and expressive of originality and identity.
2-The letter and the Arabic calligraphy, by including it in the structure of the sculptural composition, expressed art and an aesthetic woodblock.
3-Focusing on the Arabic letter and mixing it with the body, with its flexibility that is compatible with each other.
4-Lettering since ancient times included works of art.
5-There are types of Arabic calligraphy, since ancient times, that the sculptor was inspired by in his sculptural formations.

The research dealt with monitoring the urban expansion of the city of Medhatiya and the resulting urban growth that led to the expansion of the city from its four sides. This was revealed through the use of geographic information systems technology and remote sensing. It was found that the reason for this growth is the increase in the size of the population due to its distinguished location, as well as security stability and economic recovery. Which the region has witnessed, especially in recent years, and the research dealt with three axes to reveal this expansion. The first axis came to identify the trends of urban expansion, the factors affecting it, and the stages of expansion that the city went through, while the second axis highlighted the spatial suitability of urban expansion in the study area, and the third axis came. To address future urban expansion trends, the research concluded with results and recommendations.

The presence of AL-shia in Baghdad has been since its founding, and the migration of AL-shia to it increased after it included the shrines of Imams Musa bin Jaafar and Muhammad Al-Jawad (peace be upon them). Well-known scholarly families migrated to it, such as the Yaqtin family and the Al-Nubakhti family, and the Baghdad Hadith School emerged from its founding, where some of the companions of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) began narrating hadiths in it, and then the migration of hadith scholars to it successively continued until some historians counted approximately five in it. Thousands of Scholar.
The founding of the Baghdad School goes back to the efforts of Sheikh Al-Mufid, as he was the one who laid the first building blocks for the scientific edifice based on the thought of the ahl albayt (peace be upon them). Sheikh Al-Mufid studied with more than fifty sheikhs, the most prominent of whom were Ibn Qulwayh and Sheikh Al-Saduq, and among his most prominent students were Sheikh Al-Tusi and Al-Sayyid Al-Radi and Al-Murtada, and the school of Sheikh Al-Mufid was known for its reliance on reason and the application of thought in understanding legal texts in general, and combining them with reason in the process of deducing legal rulings and doctrinal issues.

The research reviews the historical roots of the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross by its founder, Henry Dunant, with a group of his friends in 1863. This organization was distinguished by its independence and neutrality in exercising its various activities of a humanitarian nature, represented by the protection of participants in internal and international armed conflicts and civilians who were victims of those conflicts in order to Preserving their lives and alleviating the burden of harm they suffered until 1914.

The most important features of judicial decisions are that they are issued according to procedures and within the framework of procedures in which the principle of confrontation and respect for the right of defense is achieved; that the procedures in which the decision is issued must be done in a legally correct manner until they are adopted; that the decision must be issued in accordance with the law and procedural rules; and that it is also important to be issued in accordance with the procedural rules; and that the judges are not free to form or declare their judicial decisions, but this declaration must be in a specific form stipulated by the law and specified by the law.

The Ottoman view of society is based on the origins of Islamiclaw, the traditions of the Turkish tribes and what they inherited from previous Islamic countries or benefited from mixing with the Byzantines. According to this view, society and class are necessary for humanity.During the reign of Sultan Murad III (1574-1595 AD), the Ottoman Empire witnessed in its social structure, both vertically and horizontally in its private and public classes, a clear diversity in Ottoman society, between its various components of the rural population and the urban population, which in turn differed in customs and traditions, and this attempts to The research demonstrates the features of this social structure on which this state relied during his reign.

Ulrich Beck tackled political philosophy and expressed it through multiple aspects, including globalization and modernity. He established principles and concepts for each of them, as he defined the concepts of globalization with different aspects, including: (the state, power, economy, market and ecology).
Beck was interested in the factors influencing the concept of globalization through the spread of networks of regional and global mutual relations, the global community, the lack of awareness of risks and appropriate work sites in the global environment, and the new global cultural industry.
Ulrich Beck looked at the modernist reversal and sees that the reason for its occurrence is the control of industrial modernity over nature, which led to unforeseen and already known consequences such as: (the global risk society, the global moment - a global world, the problem of ecology, the tragic turn to individualism).

This research deals with the collection of Zuhair Ibn Abi Salma (520 - 609 AH) with a stylistic study of his poetic dictionary, a study that takes the data of modern criticism, to rely on the language and its tools, in order to reveal the stylistic phenomena that distinguish the poet. This dictionary was studied by examining the most frequent semantic fields in the poetry of Zuhair bin Abi Salma. They are: (the field of the body - the field of time and space - the field of astronomy - the field of animals and birds). The research monitored his use of these fields for his various purposes, revealing the poet’s philosophy, his vision of the world, and his culture through its various uses.

The research aimed to employ the five-year learning cycle strategy in teaching biology and its impact on the achievement of second-year intermediate school students and developing their reflective thinking. To achieve the research goal, the researcher used the experimental approach, with two equal groups. The research sample consisted of two groups, one experimental (32) female students and the other a control group (34) A second-year middle school student. The researcher needed to build a tool for the achievement test consisting of (25) multiple-choice items for the second, third, and fourth chapters of the biology book scheduled to be taught to the second intermediate grade in the first semester of the academic year 2023/2024. To measure reflective thinking among the female students, the researcher adopted the (discursive) scale. (2018), consisting of (20) objective items, to measure the skills of contemplation and observation, detecting fallacies, reaching conclusions, giving convincing explanations, and developing proposed solutions. After procedures for finding honesty, reliability, difficulty coefficient, discrimination, and effectiveness of alternatives, the two scales were ready to be applied to the female students of the research sample. The results showed the superiority of the female students of the experimental group in achievement and in developing contemplative thinking, attributed to employing the five-year learning cycle strategy in teaching biology for the second intermediate grade. In light of the results, the research presented a number of conclusions, proposals and recommendations.

The research examined linguistic criticism, especially semantic criticism, in the literary battles that took place between poets in the twentieth century, in order to shed light on them and show the most important The semantic phenomena that the poets noticed in their battles, and they considered them the basic criterion in their criticism, including the phenomenon of synonymy. They criticized those who use Synonymous words in context One linguist considered this usage a stylistic and linguistic weakness, indicating the repetition of the same word, The other issue that the research focused on was the issue of the use of strange and abandoned words, which is one of the semantic phenomena that occurred in Our Arabic language has been around since ancient times, and it had a great share among linguists and lexicographers. They set the rules and regulations that Help to use and know it. The researcher sought to read this criticism critically and closely by referring to linguistic dictionaries and semantic books. To prove the validity of criticism or not, and to know the most important critical standards that poets adopted in their criticism, and what they used? Which they rely on, as they enter the abyss of money and wade into its sea, and was that their main purpose? It is to serve the language and defend it in good faith, and with sound intent, far from detracting from others. Because criticism is a human work that is subject to error, misreading, and misinterpretation; Therefore, it is amenable to the second reading; To correct his mistake and correct his path.
This research was a reading of the reading presented by the poets in their criticism, and a search into the areas of reading and tracking and extrapolating the phenomenon with criticism. Description and analysis; Because criticism is in constant need of another criticism to explore its secrets, read its lines, and investigate its evidence.
I sought to support the research with Qur’anic and poetic evidence. To prove what we are aiming for in this critical reading: To be based on scientific foundations and linguistic evidence.

This research deals with Russian diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire and its results during the period (1816-1856), that is, from the time Count Karl Robert Nesselrode assumed the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs until the issuance of the decisions of the Paris Conference in 1856, indicating the nature of the treaties and conferences that Russia concluded, whether with the Ottoman Empire or with other countries. The study was divided into four chapters: the first chapter dealt with Russia’s foreign policy towards the Ottoman Empire since Nesselrode assumed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until the Verona Conference was held (1816-1822), and the second chapter explained Russian diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire since The St. Petersburg Protocol was held until the Straits Agreement was concluded (1826-1841), while the third chapter explained Russian diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire from the visit of Tsar Nicholas I to London until the secret conference was held (1844-1852). As for the fourth chapter, it explained Russian diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire. During the Crimean War (1853-1856(.

Across the globe, there is a rising interest in incorporating multicultural education into academic curricula to foster tolerance, acceptance, and understanding among diverse communities. In Iraq, a nation renowned for its abundant cultural diversity and complex historical struggles, this goal is especially significant. The study aims to investigate the extent to which multicultural education is integrated into the curriculum at Iraqi universities and how it affects the attitudes and opinions of students. The research conducted a detailed quantitative analysis that involved collecting a vast amount of data through a well-structured questionnaire. The study concluded that Iraqi students value the importance of learning about different cultures, as it broadens their perspectives, promotes cultural understanding, and fosters tolerance and empathy. They are open-minded and eager to expand their knowledge about customs, traditions, and beliefs. Educational programs promoting intercultural understanding have significantly impacted their academic studies.

The use of drones has boomed in recent times, making them a tool for obtaining daily data in many applications such as 3D modeling, urban planning, mapping and updating, and surveillance operations. It allows taking vertical, oblique and horizontal images of individual elements or relatively large areas. (1)
Dramatic advances in automated digital image processing and the availability of software have made drone photogrammetry a tool for everyday data collection for a wide range of non-specialist users. Therefore, the importance of this research is evident in that it highlights new applications resulting from the application and availability of data with high spatial resolution such as this technology, under diverse and different working conditions at a low cost compared to traditional surveying techniques. This clearly explains why the use of this technology in developing and updating topographic plans and maps has grown, especially in many developing countries with the aim of improving urban planning and for agricultural applications. In addition to using drones to survey dangerous or difficult-to-reach environments using traditional techniques.

Imam Ali (peace be upon him) was raised in the care of the Prophet (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace) and he acquired divine knowledge from its original source, but he (peace be upon him) lived in a society steeped in ignorance and poverty of knowledge, so as a result of this knowledge difference a number of conflicts occurred, and it came The research titled (The Dramatic Conflict in Nahj al-Balagha) to depict the conflicts that occurred in this book, which included the speeches of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), his letters, his books, and his wisdom.
The conflict formed an important and striking dramatic mechanism in many of Imam Ali’s (peace be upon him) speeches and letters. This mechanism revealed to us the truth and brought it out of its hiding place, as he worked to interrogate the past, to tell about its events, through a highly suggestive and fruitful conflict.

It can be said that the ancient Babylonian era is the Age of Enlightenment in the structure of Mesopotamian civilization, as this era produced for us distinguished artistic products. We cannot risk saying that they are different or new products from the products of the Sumerians or Akkadians who preceded the Babylonians in Mesopotamian civilization., but it can be asserted that it is Artistic products that the Babylonians derived from their predecessors, and the Babylonians in their ancient era introduced a lot of development to them, so arts emerged with high aesthetic values. The artist enjoyed some freedom in that era, so he created, so this artist with the creative thought brought out to us the artistic models he left behind for us in Various fields of art, they are examples that reflect to us what was going on in the reality of that artist’s era, and they carry within them aesthetic values in their shapes, colors and sizes. The halls of the Iraqi Museum and most of the world’s museums were filled with the feats of that era of creative artistic achievements that included large numbers of buildings in both parts. Religious and secular, and relief sculptures in various forms, as well as wall paintings, cylinder seals, and other artistic examples.

The Americans desire to gain the Assyrians friendship was great and Very important ,and their officials expressed this on many occasions, and they were striving hardly to achieve their political interests and therefore they considered the issue of aid and support one of the important ways that would meet the ambitions and interests.
The involvement of the Assyrians themselves helped them in this in the first great war, there were powerless hardships and woes as they entered the neutral Persia at the time, and how the diseases Killed
alarge number of them due to hunger thirst heat and lost of sancuary, Then They organized their fighters and settled in the Persian regions of (Urmia and salams to meet the attoman army marching toward east to der troy them and the Possibility of protecting themselves with losses despite the conditions anal intensity of the fighting from the ottoman .
The Kurdish tribes and their New Iranian Neighbors and after that that were forced to leave the regions of Urmuan and salams With drawn them towards the south to obtien help from the allies after the Russian withdrawal from Northern Iran, and this is precisely where American connection them began as organizations, bodies and relief committees began to arrive Successively in the areas of the Assyrians and provide what Support could be provided to them.

Urban growth is one of the prominent geographical phenomena that the world has witnessed since the beginning of the industrial revolution، as the city of Hilla experienced significant increases in its population due to the emergence of the economic development movement, which resulted in an improvement in the standard of living and health، which was reflected in an increase in births and an increase in migration towards urban centers. Accordingly, it has Growth has become urban.
The growth witnessed by the city of Hilla constituted a phenomenon that must be addressed, represented by the expansion of the city’s area and the increase in the population. This matter contributed to the spread of slums on the outskirts of the city، and thus led to a change in land uses in the city, where urban expansion was at the expense of lands and in a way Especially in the western، southwestern, and northwestern regions of the city.
This urban expansion and population increase in the city of Hilla had a major impact in the deterioration of the urban condition of these housing units، the irregularity of the buildings and streets, in addition to the environmental effects through increased pollution in the city, and the deterioration of the economic situation, which led to the deterioration of the social reality in the city.

Every poet has a set of words that he used in his poetry until they became a stylistic feature of his own. Ibn Rashiq al-Qayrawani referred to this idea in his saying, “Poets have well-known words and familiar examples, and the poet should not repeat them or use anything else.” So it is self-evident that every poet has his own language. The characteristic that distinguishes him from other poets, and despite the diversity of their culture and literary trends, they take care of it because it represents the basic element for constructing poetry. The truth is that the poetic dictionary of any poet is not considered in itself an artistic value except to the extent that it is included in the poetic structure because the word does not carry its lexical meaning, but rather it carries A great aura of synonyms and homophones.

Toni Morrison, an eminent Afro-American novelist, boasts a remarkable literary legacy. With numerous novels to her credit, many of which have transcended linguistic boundaries, she has consistently explored the experiences and struggles of the black American community within the context of racial discrimination. This paper presents an analysis of the portrayal of slavery in her novel A Mercy in the light of Racism and underscores Morrison\'s propensity to draw insights from America\'s historical past that reflects the contemporary reality. Of paramount significance is the inextricable link between history and the persistent issue of racial discrimination against black Americans. The novel eloquently conveys the tragic consequences of the historical slave trade in America, illustrating the enduring impact of this dark side. The paper also unveils the profound spiritual and physical alienation experienced by individuals subjected to prolonged rights deprivation, treated as mere commodities for sale, and subjected to the brutal cruelty of slave traders in America. Furthermore, the exploration of motherhood and its profound significance within the narrative adds a layer of complexity to the state of women in America.

This research aims to identify the effect of differences in the level of educational control in an electronic course for the Foundations of Education subject on the development of metacognitive skills among students of the College of Education for Girls. To achieve this goal, the researcher employed an experimental design involving two experimental groups with pre- and post-measurements. The research procedures included the design of an electronic course for the foundations of education subject with two different levels of educational control (learner control versus program control). Additionally, the researcher adopted and utilized the metacognitive skills scale developed by Lamia Ghadban (2021) after ensuring its validity and reliability. The research sample comprised two experimental groups consisting of first-year female students in the Department of Qur’anic Sciences and Islamic Education at the College of Education for Girls, University of Mosul. The first group learned from the course with learner control, consisting of (29) members, while the second group learned from the course with program control, comprising (25) members. After administering the scale to the sample, conducting the experimental treatment, and re-administering the scale post-experiment, the results revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the average scores of female students in the first experimental group in the pre- and post-applications of the metacognitive skills scale. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the average scores of female students in the second experimental group in the pre- and post-applications of the metacognitive skills scale, favoring the post-application. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the average differences in scores for female students in the first experimental group and the average differences in scores for female students in the second experimental group in the pre- and post-applications of the metacognitive skills scale, favoring the second experimental group. In conclusion, the study presented recommendations and suggestions for future research.

In this research, we will study the antecedents of verb morphemes as linguistic signs, since they do not exist in isolation and the meaning of each derived antecedent depends on other antecedents associated with it and the probability of their compatibility with verbs with a specific connotation. In other words, the value of derived antecedents as structural components of derived verbs depends not only on the typical, but also on the syntactic relations that enter into them, since these relations determine "the special meaning of each linguistic unit, regardless of which classification it belongs to".[Kemelev, 1971, р. 6].

The research aims to demonstrate the role of two cost techniques of strategic management accounting, represented by the value flow costing technique and the continuous improvement technique in reducing costs. The value flow costing technique represents one of the lean accounting techniques that plays a major role in rationalizing and controlling costs, as well as reducing waste and loss of resources, and meeting customer requirements. As for the continuous improvement technique, it is one of the lean production techniques that represents a strategy according to which all employees work together proactively. To achieve gradual and regular improvements in the production process (i.e. continuous elimination of losses in the production process). These two techniques were applied in one of the factories of the General Company for Southern Cement represented by the Kufa Cement Factory (research sample). To achieve this goal, the researchers relied on applying lean accounting tools to data Laboratory data obtained as a result of field experience and review of laboratory records, the research sample.
The researchers reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the research sample represented by the Kufa Cement Factory is far from the concept of lean accounting, with the important tools it contains and the role its application reflects in terms of rationalizing and controlling costs, as this concept carries multiple meanings, in addition to not paying sufficient attention to achieving customer satisfaction, which It is considered one of the important components of the success of economic units because the customer has become the starting point for the work of these units and the basis for their survival in the market.

First – Aims of the study:
1) Knowing the factors influencing young people’s drug use at the current stage
2) Identifying the psychological, social and economic effects of drug abuse on young people, and its impact on their future, cultural formation, and social interaction in their families and society.
Secondly, the topic and importance of the research:
The phenomenon of drug abuse and addiction is one of the most serious psychological and social problems that young people in Iraqi society suffer from at the current stage. The importance of the research lies in its effort to provide theoretical and applied knowledge about an interactive phenomenon in Iraqi society at the current stage, and the cognitive or theoretical importance emerges in the fact that this research is not satisfied with description only, but rather seeks to form theoretical knowledge about a phenomenon in Iraqi society as a goal that anthropology seeks to create heritage. Theoretical knowledge, while applied knowledge, is formed by testing the validity of theoretical frameworks in the field and the extent of the research’s ability to achieve its goals.
Third - Research methodology -
This research relies on the descriptive approach, which describes phenomena objectively through data obtained using scientific research tools and techniques, including interviews, questionnaires, and participatory observation.
Fourth - The most important results reached by the research:
1) It was found that the highest number and percentage of drug users in the sample’s professions were students and unemployed graduates, whose percentage reached (44%) of the total sample, while the percentage of self-employed workers reached (40%) of the total sample.
2) It was found that most cases of abuse were among unmarried people, especially young people, for whom it is difficult or unable to provide for their life’s requirements or think about their professional and marital future due to the circumstances or problems they encounter. The percentage reached (52) out of the total sample.
3) The circumstances that Iraq is going through, represented by many economic and social problems that occurred after 2003 and their repercussions on the Iraqi individual, have revealed the most important motives for taking drugs as a result of psychological frustrations and family problems, which are the first of these motives, and constituted a percentage of (88%).

The aim of this study is to diagnose the difficulties of using modern teaching strategies in teaching science material for intermediate classes from the teachers\' point of view, and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher followed descriptive research method, and the research community consisted teachers of science material in high schools, intermediate schools affiliated to general directorates of education in Baghdad Rusafa Governorate the first, second, and third , and due to the lack of an appropriate tool ready to collect information, and appropriate data for research purposes, the researcher prepared the same tool, which included the following field (teachers, students, textbooks, administration and supervision, school environment) , and based on the answers of the research sample, an open questionnaire was prepared which included(41), A paragraph, it was distributed in its final form to the basic research sample, which numbered (167) teachers distributed among (72) schools, and, the research reached a set of results, including most of them do not know modern teaching strategies, the large number of students the intensity of the knowledge content of the textbook, and according to the results of the research, a number of recommendations and proposals were presented.

تسعي هذه الدراسة التي جاءت بعنوان " شعر محمد حسين آل ياسين ( دراسة حجاجية)" إلى تسليط الضوء على أهمية ديوان "آل ياسين" وتحليله بشكل حجاجي، إذ يعد ديوان "آل ياسين" من الأعمال البارزة في الأدب العربي المعاصر، حيث يتميز بأسلوب شعري فريد يمزج بين الأصالة والتجديد، وتبرز الحجاجية في ديوانه كجوهر أساسي، معبرة عن رؤية فنية وروحية تعكس تفاعله مع الحياة والمعاني العميقة، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن استخدام الحجاج في الحياة اليومية يعتبر أمرًا أساسيًا في عملية التواصل، الإقناع، والتأثير، ويعتبر أداة لا غنى عنها، كما أن الحجاج لا يعني مجرد تقديم حجة معينة للدفاع عن وجهة نظر معينة، بل يتضمن أيضًا بناء رأي أو فكرة وتعزيزها بالشواهد والأدلة المنطقية أو التراثية أو الثقافية، وقد تحدث العلماء عن مفهوم الحجاج كجزء أساسي من عملية التواصل والإقناع في سياق البلاغة العربية، وقد استخدام محمد حسين آل ياسين في ديوان آل ياسين بشكل ماهر في قصائده لبناء رؤى فلسفية واجتماعية وسياسية والدفاع عنها بأدلة قوية من خلال شعره، مما يعزز تأثيره وإقناعه للقراء والمستمعين، حيث يتبنى "آل ياسين" رؤى وأفكاراً ويدافع عنها في شعره باستخدام الشواهد والتراث الديني والثقافي والأدبي، مما يجعل قصائده تتمتع بمستوى عالي من الإقناع والتأثير على القراء، كما يعتمد الشاعر "محمد حسين آل ياسين" على استخدام الآيات القرآنية والأدب الديني لتعزيز رسائله الدينية والروحانية في قصائده، مما يضفي عليها عمقًا دينيًا وروحيًا، ويُستخدم الأمثلة والتشبيهات لتوضيح أفكاره وتوجيه القارئ بشكل أكثر وضوحًا وقربًا، حيث يُقارن مواقف دينية بمواقف حياتية يومية. ينقل آل ياسين تجاربه الشخصية والعواطف ليوصل رسالته بشكل يتفاعل معه القارئ، ويستخدم الاستعارة والمجاز لتعميق معاني قصائده وإثراء تجربة القراءة، ويضفي على قصائده جمالية ورونقًا خاصًا من خلال القافية والوزن والتركيب الشعري، ويعتمد على لغة سهلة التفاهم ومباشرة لنقل رسائله بوضوح وفهم لجمهوره.

Dialogue is considered one of the most important narrative elements that neutralized the implied author, through the artistic characteristic that characterizes the dialogue, which allowed the interlocutors to reveal their internal and external thoughts and aspirations. Although there are some indications of the intervention of the all-knowing narrator, these indications did not diminish the comprehensive vision of the thoughts of the interlocutors. Within novelistic work, the concept of dialogue in critical and narrative studies in particular has received wide attention, due to the transparency of this element compared to the various elements and methods of narration.
Researching the application space, the work of dialogue in the novel The Palm Tree and the Neighbors by the great novelist Ghaib Tohme Farman demonstrated the great space for the characters despite the compelling circumstances that these characters went through, whether in terms of events, place, or time, but they (i.e. the characters) were able to It takes its leading role without pressure from the author's authoritarianism.

The research seeks to prepare a proposed conception of the curriculum of sociology in the third grade according to the elements of the curriculum, but in light of the dimensions of sustainable development, then identify the effectiveness of the developed curriculum and the development of life skills in it when the target group, to show the expected intention in achieving the goals, and rely on building a list of dimensions of sustainable development to be included in the curriculum of sociology, As well as the analysis tool for the content of the book, which comes according to the proposed dimensions, and measure the process of inclusion in the analyzed book by dividing the three main dimensions, namely "the environmental dimension, the social dimension, and the economic dimension" and referring to the sub-indicators, then the researcher concludes the study by preparing a measure of life skills in the target sample, and this shows us the results that can be summarized as follows:
1. The curriculum of the subject of sociology prepared for the third grade of the intermediate, It did not have the three dimensions of sustainable education.
2. The difference in the statistical significance at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group for both applications pre, and post-wave ...

One of the modern trends and strategies in the world of teaching, and because of the rapid development that the world is witnessing in general, has had a significant impact on the educational reality. New teaching methods have emerged to keep pace with the movement of scientific and technological progress. Among these methods (the theatrical teaching method), it is an influential method that has a positive impact on students by providing them with information in ways It is unconventional and is based on dividing students into two categories: the first group is a lecturer and the second group is a listener. It also requires the teacher to be active and have distinguished intellectual skills. This method is classified as a direct means of communication in which the student is a positive participant and acquires moral qualities Social and other positive qualities in an easy and clear way without boredom or complaining. Among its advantages is that it develops mental abilities and helps improve the classical Arabic language and makes the student the focus of the educational process. However, it is understood that it requires a cadre of students and students with distinguished awareness and a teacher who is proficient in the skills. Mental and administrative.

The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a proposed program formulated according to the mental thinking strategy in academic achievement and developing generative thinking skills among second-year middle school students in history.
The study adopted the experimental method with partial control by adopting two experimental and control groups, each consisting of (32) students. The experimental group was taught the first academic unit of the second semester of the history course according to the strategy of stimulating mental thinking, while the control group was taught in the traditional method.
The results of the study showed that employing the strategy of stimulating mental thinking led to an increase in the academic achievement of second-year middle school students in history, and also led to an increase in their scores on the generative thinking skills test.

Human world entails different syndromes marked by different signs and symptoms which are often associated with certain disease or disorder. Tourette syndrome is a condition characterized by the presence of repeated motions or undesired noises (tics) that are difficult to manage. The study deals with the form of Ellie Terry's novel Forget Me Not (2017); it highlights the fictional techniques the novelist utilizes in order to reflect on Tourette syndrome. According to this context, the study adopts the framework of disabled literature that fosters the fictional and real experiences of "Othered" individuals. It argues that Terry's novel speaks about and for disabled individuals and thus utilizes certain fictional strategies in terms of narration, characterization, portrayal of characters, nature of conflict, and structure so as to achieve this aim. The study aims at introducing Tourette syndrome in relation to disabled literature, it further aims at answering the question of how the form of the novel goes hand in hand with its content. The study follows a structural approach that examines the text as a whole system constituted of different layers.

The writer Ghazala Alizadeh used a special style and structure in her work (Tehran Nights). Thus, he presents different situations in a clear way that plays an important role in the narrative in the novel. The author's novel was characterized by social and cultural diversity, which made the author include the language and lifestyle of the city's people in his novel. It is clear that we see in the pages of the novel that he is influenced by the geographical and social environment in which he lives and interacts. But with regard to the themes of the novel, the theories determine the transformation of the themes of the novel according to social and political variables.
In this article, the researcher attempts to study the structure and content of the novel, in terms of style, method, narrative structure, male dominance over females, content and theme based on an analysis of the elements of the story. In this research, the author conveys his different opinions and ideas to the reader through his heroes. Like other realist writers, he deals with various issues of Iranian society, such as societal problems, political and social signs, women and their deprivation, and patriarchal power and its dominance over women. It is interesting that the novel Tehran Nights was presented as a model of a woman rebelling against reality. The writer creates an active woman with the character of constant and effective presence in all events, especially social and political events, which can clearly reflect the conditions of the nation.

This paper focuses on one of the most vital topics, racism, in Lynn Nottage’s play Intimate Apparel. It sheds light on the real life of Esther a Black sewer, as she makes her way through a world that teems with race prejudice and discrimination. Nottage lets the readers know how Black individuals are subjected to the systemic blocks and injustices that are carried out in daily life. Through the lens of Esther, Nottage successfully attracts the audience's attention to the racial inequalities and socio-economic disparities that dominated early 20th-century America. The play is set in Lower Manhattan in 1905. The play depicts the consequences of racism in the lives of the characters. Esther strives to fulfill her dreams in a world that lacks straightforwardness and shows pure racial hate. Lynn Nottage masterfully portrays what it was to be colored, working-class, and female in 20th-century America.

During our discussion of this topic, we are clarifying a grammatical idea that is unknown in our speech. However, there is evidence in the speech of the Arabs that suggests it, which is carrying a word over a word because it is adjacent to it, even if it is not grammatically related, and it is close to the subject of illusion, as it carries the word over its neighborhood in an imaginary way. It is related to it, like the Bedouin saying: These are the paths of rough horses, so the noun “rugged” is because they are adjacent to “horses”, and the original is nominative because it is an adjective for “sabil”, and it is one of the topics that raises controversy due to the lack of discussion by researchers.

The current research aims to identify: linguistic competencies and social intelligence among students in Arabic language departments, and to determine the relationship between them. Therefore, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach based on knowing the relationship between two variables, and the number of sample members reached (150) students, from the fourth stage of the Arabic Language Department, Ibn Rushd College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Baghdad, for the academic year (2023-2024), and in order to achieve Objectives of the research: The researcher adopted the linguistic competencies test for the university level (by Dakhel and Abdullah 2024), and adopted the social intelligence measure (by Al-Maghazi 2005). After extracting the psychometric properties of the two tools, the researcher applied them to the research sample and used statistical treatments appropriate to the research. The results showed for the first objective that there was a difference between The average grades of the students in the research sample in linguistic competencies, and it appeared that the research sample had linguistic competencies. The results for the second goal showed that there was a difference between the average grades of the students in the research sample in social intelligence, and it appeared that the research sample had social intelligence. As for the third goal, it showed The results show that there is a direct relationship between linguistic competencies and social intelligence, and they positively affect the individual’s possession of them. In light of the research results, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and proposed a number of prop

The research monitors the concept of
belonging and citizenship in all its details and ramifications among an Arab Aroub poet. The research undertook the task of investigating these two dimensions (belonging and citizenship) in the poetry of the poet Ahmed Al-Saqqaf. It became clear that belonging in the poet’s poetry is based on two pillars: the first: belonging in its own concept, while the second is belonging in its concept. General
The first form of belonging reflects the poet’s loyalty to a country of his nationality, which is Kuwait. There are many forms of expression of this belonging for the poet.
As for the second form of belonging, it is the form in which the poet seemed to have the longest lasting and most enjoyable feelings, because he (i.e. the poet) possessed national feelings beyond imagination. The poet was not able to curb those feelings or mitigate their intensity, so they escaped from their control in the form of poems that traveled throughout the Arab world from the ocean. To the Gulf.

The present research is aimed at determining the level of environmental awareness and the level of natural intelligence of university students and the relationship between them. In this research, the associated descriptive research curriculum was adopted by a sample of 146 students in the fourth cycle of the chemistry department for the school year 2023–2024 for morning and evening studies (65%) of society, selected randomly. To verify the research objective, the researchers built two tools to achieve the desired results. The first was an environmental awareness measure to measure the level of environmental awareness among university students, and the second was a natural intelligence measure to measure the level of natural intelligence of university students after calculating the bathymetric properties of the two scales. The data were statistically treated using the portfolio (SPSS-22) for statistical analysis. It was found that there was a statistically significant correlation at the level of sign (0.05) between the average scores of students in the research sample for the benefit of the virtual average environmental awareness measure and the natural intelligence measure, indicating a weakness in the level of environmental awareness and the natural intelligence of students.

There is no doubt that Salafist thought is considered one of the greatest feeders to religious culture in our contemporary world in general, and to Islamic movements in particular. Indeed, many Muslims may imagine that criticism of Salafist thought is a criticism of the Islamic religion, and there is no doubt that this perception is contrary to truth and reality. Rather, we can say that thought Salafism, especially the thought of Ibn Taymiyyah, is considered one of the approaches farthest from the truth of Islam preached by the Noble Messenger Muhammad (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family)

One of the poets of the pre-Islamic period is Antara bin Shaddad. He is regarded as one of the most well-known Arab novelists and Nabataean poets. Especially when it comes to his beloved Abla, Antara is renowned for his exquisite and powerful poetry that exudes a strong sense of spirit and persuasive style.
A number of components that support persuasion are what define Antara's persuasive poetic style. His poetry captivates the reader with vivid imagery and powerful language, transporting them to the world of poetry and the events it portrays. Antara deftly highlights emotions and sensations while expressing his point through metaphors and similes.
Antara's poetry exhibits a remarkable proficiency with rhythm and harmony. His poetry has a lovely tone and an obvious rhythm because of the way he evenly and harmoniously divides words and rhymes. The story of Abla and the events that surround her is particularly engaging to the reader because of this frequent distribution.
Antara writes poetry that is full of intriguing details and anecdotes, particularly his chivalry and passion. His captivating tales and realistic, expressive descriptions of the events' specifics evoke empathy in the reader and leave them feeling touched and moved. He also highlights his vision and persuades the audience of the power of his words by employing dramatic characters and circumstances.
Ultimately, it can be concluded that the use of powerful language and captivating imagery, combined with rhythm, harmony, and the telling of captivating tales, are what give Antara bin Shaddad's poetry its persuasive style. Together, these components persuade readers and listeners of his thoughts and feelings and help them to feel impacted and sympathetic.
One of the great works of ancient Arabic literature, Antara bin Shaddad's poetry is regarded as a representation of bravery and salvation. The poems that are credited to Antara bin Shaddad are composed of pre-Islamic poetry and were later translated into Arabic by poets with expertise in the genre.
The critical style found in the poetry of Antara bin Shaddad is distinguished by a number of features. First of all, it is straightforward and honest in its expression of feelings, which makes it simple and spontaneous. Secondly, it speaks about life, love, and courage in a profound and powerful way that moves people's hearts and arouses their emotions.
Poet Antara bin Shaddad is regarded as courageous and heroic. His love story for Abla bint Ma'bad is the main subject of his poems. He conveys in his poems his abiding love for Abla as well as his bravery in taking on obstacles and facing his detractors. Antara describes his emotions and conscience in his poems by utilizing metaphorical language and imagery.
The poetry of Antara Bin Shaddad is the subject of multiple facets of literary criticism. The focus of the criticism is on analyzing the poems' rhetorical and poetic structures, as well as their word choice, similes, and meanings. Evaluation criteria also include the poet's capacity to effectively communicate the reader's emotions and sentiments.
An invaluable resource for researching ancient Arabic literature and understanding the beliefs, practices, and customs of that time period is Antara bin Shaddad. These poems are regarded as one of the cornerstones of classical Arabic poetry and are highly valued by critics and scholars. The critical tone of Antara bin Shaddad's poetry showcases the beauty of Arabic language and its capacity to convey ideas and emotions in a profound and impactful manner.

The study of symbolic violence and social media revealed how the use of social media affects the spread and embodiment of symbolic violence, and the repercussions of this relationship on the individual and society, as well as how these means are used to spread violent symbols, images, videos, and texts, which affect culture and social behaviors, and the manifestations of their negative effects on victims on the ground At the psychological, social and economic levels, one of the implications of these effects is the creation of a climate dominated by tension, rivalry and violence between individuals, as understanding this bilateral relationship is considered a vital and effective matter for developing systematic protocols to address the dangers of this phenomenon and limit its inhuman impact on societies in the age of cyberspace or the age of the information revolution.

Arbitration is one of the important means that the contracting parties resort to in all contracts, especially in foreign investment contracts, to resolve disputes that may arise, and this is due to the many advantages it has that are compatible with the nature of foreign investment contracts, so it reduces the fears of our investors. It follows from this that I guarantee the impartiality of the decision taken to resolve the dispute through the guarantee of not favoring the interest of the host country for the investment at the expense of the interest of the foreign investor, and on the other hand, arbitration is characterized by secrecy, which leads to the avoidance of damage to their position and reputation in the field of economic activity, in addition to Speed in deciding the dispute, which leads to saving time.
Also, the foreign investor insists on arbitration due to the specificity of the investment contracts in terms of the parties, currently, although the host country for the investment is a single party to the contract with the foreign investor, they are nevertheless an unusual party in terms of the sovereign advantages that they enjoy and enable them, in addition to the possibility of disturbing the economic balance of the violation contract. Also, with the neutrality that must be available to the national judicial authority, which can be submitted to the dispute in the event of its origin, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the foreign investor adheres to the condition of consolidation due to the fear of the state\\\\'s adherence to judicial immunity, since the state enjoys its independence and sovereignty, making them equal to The other state has judicial immunity, which overrides the national judiciary of another state, regarding disputes in which the state is a party.

Conversation is an important aspect of communication in which people can transfer and express their thoughts and feelings. People need communication to interact with others. In conversation process , sometimes participants can do some violations that make the exchange irrelevant , obscure ,repetitive or untrue for certain reasons. Based on Grice's Cooperative Principle (henceforth,CP), this research attempts to explore the types of the uncooperative principle in Harold Pinter's The Room. In achieving the aforementioned point, four violations of Grice's maxims are examined: The violation of quantity, quality, relevance and manner. Then, a thourough analysis and interpretation of Pinter's characters will be revealed. Via the analysis of the violations of Grice's maxims in Harold Pinter's (The Room), the study analyzes the extracts in which Pinter's characters violate these maxims dominantly and explains the reasons behind such violations .

Autism is considered one of the modern diseases affecting human societies in general and our society in particular, as this disease has repercussions and is a real challenge for the family and all its members because of the repercussions this disease has on the family and its members. Try to study this to know the repercussions of the life of autism on the control of family members, from In order to reach a clear and clear vision for France through which ideas, mechanisms and visions for solutions and scientific treatments can be developed, to support the Iraqi family and the institutions and bodies concerned with such a social and humanitarian problem...
The research was clearly chosen, consisting of (80) families, distributed among four autism centers, from each center (20) families. The study yielded a set of results, conclusions, and recommendations.

Toni Morrison, an eminent Afro-American novelist, boasts a remarkable literary legacy. With numerous novels to her credit, many of which have transcended linguistic boundaries, she has consistently explored the experiences and struggles of the black American community within the context of racial discrimination. This paper presents an analysis of the portrayal of slavery in her novel A Mercy in the light of Racism and underscores Morrison's propensity to draw insights from America's historical past that reflects the contemporary reality. Of paramount significance is the inextricable link between history and the persistent issue of racial discrimination against black Americans. The novel eloquently conveys the tragic consequences of the historical slave trade in America, illustrating the enduring impact of this dark side. The paper also unveils the profound spiritual and physical alienation experienced by individuals subjected to prolonged rights deprivation, treated as mere commodities for sale, and subjected to the brutal cruelty of slave traders in America. Furthermore, the exploration of motherhood and its profound significance within the narrative adds a layer of complexity to the state of women in America.

Interpretation scholars differed in the interpretation of verse 23 of Surat Al-Anbiya, and two trends emerged in its interpretation, The first trend: that inferred from the verse that God does not act for a purpose or purpose, and The second trend: that inferred from the verse that God’s actions are justified and that He acts for wisdom. The researcher adopts the saying of the philosophers: God has no purpose for his actions except Himself, for His essence is His purpose.
By studying the context of the verse, the researcher concluded that it came to prove the lordship of God, and he took God’s questioning of His servants as evidence of His lordship, and His questioning and holding them accountable as evidence that they are owned servants and not gods

This study intends To investigate the classroom management style open adopted by the students of the primary classes depart ment in the Eductional College Diayla centre the chosen Sample of the study involves (75)male and Female students To achiev the objective of the study the researcher followed the steps of the descriptive method Based on the Scale of classroom management set by the Havahisha and Khwalidah (2009) ,the dat a has been collected and procedures using a number of statistical procedures At the end ,the study proves that the researched sample have a high level of classroom management it also ends up py drawing conclusion,re commend ation and giving suggestions.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of guidance, and the light of care, our Master Muhammad, and upon his pure family and honorable companions, and..
Societal custom has become necessary to be regulated by systems that individuals are accustomed to in order to achieve ideal care by concerned and specialists There is no doubt that the most perfect and exemplary system is the moderate Islamic legal system and the intermediate legal rule. Islamic jurisprudence is the one that carries the banner of justice and is far from the many differences, conflicts and divisions that tear everyone apart. Frameworks and principles Through research and study of ancient and modern books of jurists, we found the term (theory of jurisprudence), this new and important term for a society that is almost far from lofty values and principles, so we decided to do a modern study entitled ((Theory of Social Jurisprudence and its Role in Achieving Peace and Social and Economic Standards)) I divided this research into an introduction, which includes the importance of the topic, the reason for choosing it, the objectives of the research, the necessity of research, preparation, three sections, a conclusion, references, and an index of the topic, as follows:
The first section: The concept of social jurisprudence theory, and it contains four demands:
The second topic: The role of jurisprudence in society, and the ruling based on the existence of the theory of social jurisprudence, and it has two requirements: The third section: sections of social jurisprudence, and its relationship to family jurisprudence, and it contains four voices:
The fourth topic: The importance of social jurisprudence in achieving social life and its economic and legal effects. It includes four voices, and then its episode mentioned the research and the most important results and recommendations.

This present study aimed to identify the degree of practicing literary appreciation instructional skills by Arabic teachers in literature and text topics for the second-grade intermediate literature students in Iraq. The problem of the study was determined to answer on the following questions:
1. What is the degree of practicing literary appreciation instructional skills by Arabic teachers in literature and text topics for the second-grade students ?
2. Are there statistical significance at (α=0.05) in the degree of practicing literary appreciation instructional skills by Arabic teachers in literature and text topics for the second-grade students due to the variables of gender, years of experience, and the scientific qualification?
To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive approach was applied as it is appropriate for this study. The data are collected and a note card was prepared for this purpose where (40) teachers from both genders representing (50%) of the population were selected randomly. After conducting the statistical process, the study was reached for the following results: the extent of practicing Arabic language teachers for the skills of literary appreciation with second-grade was medium degree in general. There are statistical significant at (α=0.05) in the degree of practicing for the skills of literary appreciation due to the variable of (gender, and teaching experience). There are no statistical significant at (α=0.05) in the degree of practicing due to the variable of (scientific qualification) through displaying results.
In the light of the results, it has been recommended in the following suggestions:
The necessity to make Arabic language teachers interested in sonnets allow the chance of developing the skills of literary appreciation in all of its kinds. The need to make the universities taking into account providing the students of Arabic language the most important skills that enable them for teaching the literary appreciation at the schools on the long run.