Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

Background belief or assumption about the world shared by the speaker and the addressee is widely used, especially in linguistics, pragmatics, logic and epistemology; it is called presupposition. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part of this paper makes an excursion into different views on this concept. The second part relates the concept to a specific art – the theatre and to its corresponding literary genre – drama. There follows a discussion of some basic presuppositions that appear in the theatre and an exploration which shows the use of presuppositions as a means of understanding the workings of discourse in drama. The data items come from Shakespeare and G.B. Shaw.

In this research the spatial relationship between food security and the agricultural environment has been analyzed spatially and temporally. An index for the food security represented by the per capita rate of agricultural production has been used. This index reflects the relationship between the size of production of field crops and the size of population. Another index for the change of the agricultural environment represented by the change of areas occupied by the land uses for planting field crops has also been used. The first index has represented the dependent variable in our statistical analyses whereas the second index has represented the independent variable. The case study data stand for the period (2002-2010).
The hypothesis, here, attributes the problem of the research, i.e., the spatial variation of food security to this relationship. The use of GIS, here, shows a great importance in discovering the patterns of the spatial variation.
In the analyses, we have used the regression technique which led us to determine how much power the independent variable, here, has to explain the spatial variation of the dependent variable. That has been proved by measuring the change of food security during the years of the time series which represented an independent variable. There appeared to be a tendency for the increase of the size of change with the increase of the number of years as measured by the regression coefficient. This is shown in two thirds of the units of the study area, whereas this situation is reversed in the last third. That has also been proved in the interpretation of the spatial variation shown by the relative residuals, where it strongly appeared in most of the units of the study area whether in 2002 or 2010. This refers to the role of the environmental agricultural change in finding forms of these spatial patterns. These moving trends of the relative residuals appeared in each of the years in the time series. This confirms the explanatory power of the independent variable in explaining the spatial variation of food security variable.
The research, thus, shows the importance of considering the environmental agricultural change when developing any agricultural plan for food security, let alone the importance of adopting the regression model that has been reached at here for it presents a tool for prediction on the basis of the criteria that have been adopted.

The study examines the details of the Alamo and San Jacinto battles and it is shown that the Alamo took place between 187 Texans and about 4,ooo Mexican soldiers . The Texans are left alone to fight and the American government did not help them . Noted that Alamo revolutionaries send an appeal to the American people without any response, only 32 volunteers who killed during the battle . The study shows how the Texans revolutionaries defeat in the Alamo has been turned into a great victory during the San Jacinto which resulted in ending the war and in achieving the independence for Texas in 1836.

Biodiversity consider one of most important resources for peoples and nations and they responsible for their conservation. Healthy biodiversity responsible for huge numbers of environmental process and goods which life could not continue without them, such as decomposition of organic refuses , air purification, soils conservation ….etc. Therefore, biodiversity studies are important for environment protection. The biodiversity studies should give priority to the affected areas that need to special care and number of argent acts which able to eliminate the bad consequences. Razzaza Lake which considers the second largest lake in Iraq for fresh water was badly affected as results of their decreasing water quantity and increasing salinity. These factors contributed to destroy many of their biodiversity. Such factors extended their bad effects to the neighboring areas. The current study aimed to monitoring such changes depending mainly on field surveys which conducted between 2009 and 2010, authors field observations and on published data from literatures. The current study referred to the available species inside razzaza lake and at neighboring areas and they were as fallow : Fishes ,2 ; amphibians,2 ; reptiles,15 ; birds , 37 ; mammals , 8 and plants , 64 .

Web usage mining is a type of web mining, which exploits data mining techniques to discover valuable information from navigation behavior of World Wide Web users. The first phase of web usage mining is the data pre-processing phase, which includes the session reconstruction operation from server logs. Session reconstruction success directly affects the quality of the frequent patterns discovered in the next phase. In reactive web usage mining techniques, the source data is web server logs and the topology of the web pages served by the web server domain. Other kinds of information collected during the interactive browsing of web site by user, such as cookies or web logs containing similar information, are not used. The next phase of web usage mining is discovering frequent user navigation patterns. In this phase, pattern discovery methods are applied on the reconstructed sessions obtained in the first phase in order to discover frequent user patterns.
In this paper, we propose a frequent web usage pattern discovery method that can be applied after session reconstruction phase. In order to compare accuracy performance of session reconstruction phase and pattern discovery phase, we have used an agent simulator, which models behavior of web users and generates web user navigation as well as the log data kept by the web server.

The geography and geopolitics look to the ethnical studies as an important subject because it can indicate the weakens and the power of the society there are two kinds or ethnical structures the first is the deferent and the second is not varietied for example Africa has amultibal linguistics and religonal structure such as the (Bagman) and Bushman and Nigros in Africa there is more than (1oo) languish and (518) languahs are in zair country because it is locked country by the equatorial fortes religions also is an important features of the Ethnical stricture There are aqrowp of religions in Africa one of them the classical , its believers is about (38%) present of the total number of Africans populations all or them living in the south of the desert , the huge dissert , This religions is based on the thinking by the sky , such as moon , sum and itc, the phiscal forces , the bodes death people and others . These religions are about 80% of some the Africa countries . Christians are about 22% of Africa populations , where the Islame is 50% of conlintef population , its ratio different from country to other . Hundoes religion is consisted a small number and jush one is about 107000 alotoy them living the haye cities The problem of this study is that the mulibal ethnics structures is a great challenge in Geopolitics because of its problems are made by that can flicts . The approach’s are used by this study are the historical, regional and analysis approach, This search is divided into two parts , the first explain the political geography or Africa and the second discuses the geopolitics Islam and the challenges faced the Muslims in Africa . Generally, it explains some internal and external challenges are faced by Muslims also the terrost is also covered.

In spite of the numerous studies written on Philip Larkin’s poetry, it still invites comments and further exploration, because of its richness and appeal to the professional as well as common reader. Philip Larkin established himself as a distinguished poet worthy of reading and study in a time that poetry lost its connection with immediate reality after the 1940s. He managed to restore to poetry its popularity among the ordinary readers; he became their poet, who lives next door, the voice that expressed their daily-life ventures and disappointments.
In his rejection to the modernist poetry of Eliot, he produced poetry easily flowing with images from daily life routines, free of the mythological burdens and historical juxtaposition. However, what sounds simple and direct is in fact rich with multi-layers of meaning as the poet conveys his themes with a tone of irony which meant hide the pathos of sympathy and failure. Thus his seeming detachment appears in fact to be only a curtain which covers the lyrical persona’s involvement with the experience.
The poems selected for the study are mostly published after 1945, when Larkin abandoned his romantic attitudes toward more empirical ones.

This paper demonstrates the biblical Influence on Stephen King's Desperation (DSPN).
The horror-novelist Stephen King (born 1947) writes as a free thinker in the majority of his works. But, in this novel he makes use of biblical elements. The new insight to be gained from this attempt is that the bestseller novelist can use biblical situations, settings, ideas, and paraphrases to give more depth to his novel.
This influence lends the novel authority and an audible voice dressed in the panoramic conflict of Good versus Evil. Not surprisingly, King's conclusion or epilogue to the novel is a restatement of the New Testament message. Above all, the appearance-and-reality theme and non-stop conflict are carried out in a manner that feeds on the guaranteed acceptability of the original source as an inexhaustible text.

All My Sons, Arthur Miller's mature success on Broadway, tells about a wealthy manufacturer, Joe Keller, who sold the army faulty cylinder heads during the Second World War causing the death of twenty one American pilots. Keller's elder son, Larry was reported missing during the war. Even after three and a half years, Keller's wife, Kate is firm in opposing the possibility of Larry's death.
Miller makes various drafts for the play, in the first ones he finds much interest to focus on Kate as a strong woman who enjoys supremacy over her household. Her superstitious nature and due belief in astrology receive the playwright's great concern. Even though in the final version, the main focus is on the father - son conflict ; Kate is no less striking as both a loving mother and a faithful wife. As a dramatic creation, Kate is a strange mixture of belief in superstitions, a woman with a strong desire to control and even with a stronger capacity for love. It is Kate's great capacity for love which makes her equally an interesting character as a passionate mother, even for the grown ups around her, and a loving loyal wife. This paper aims at showing the importance of the role which Kate considerably plays as to the life and relations of her family.

This research attempts to exam environmental issue from political geography point of view, focusing on international dimension, through analysis of relationships between environment, development and security because the environment represents the base of development and at the same time it is a source of conflict and instability specially in developing states. The research reached to the environment issue suffer from weak of coordination among different actors at international or national levels in addition, the relations among security, environment and development special gin a state like Iraq is connected and clear therefore must take that in the account when we put strategic planning .

Is The Sand Dunes Of The Shapes And The Resulting precipitate By Wind, One Of The Main Features Deployed In The Study Area Which Is Located In Southeastern Iraq, She Studied Sand Dunes In Terms Of Geomorphologic Processes Affecting The Composition And Organized The Study Of Natural Ingredients Statement Of The Study Area. And Describes Their Impact In The Formation Of Sand Dunes, And The Elements Of The Climate. The Research Study The Forms Of Sand Dunes Located In The Study Area And The Spatial And Geographical Distribution In Different Regions Of The Province.

One of the most important literary critical movements of the 20th century is Existentialism, which is European philosophy, distinguished by its emphasis on human existence. The existentialist's main focus lies on the individual's freedom and choice. One of the pioneers of this school is Jane Paul Sartre who asserts that "Man is free; but this freedom makes him responsible for the conditions he has put himself in as a result of his choice. So he becomes what he makes of himself; either he remains a common individual or finds himself a place among the stars." The existentialists' major concern is the 'self'; they believe that it is essential to understand it "in terms of possibilities, dread and decision." Many existentialists were pessimistic in their general view of the human position and destiny. They believe that the human beings can never understand why they are created and that the human situation is ambiguous and absurd. The existentialists have insisted that personal experiences and acting on ones own convictions are essential in reaching truth. So the understanding of a situation by someone involved in it is superior to that of a detached and objective observer.

The aim of research is focus on the influentatial forced migration on dynamic occupation of displacement family sponsor and also toexplain effective of forced migration to improve the soci-economic status for male migratory in destination area comparatively with provious status in mother home surdy there are may factors reflectis on the ability of migratory people to chang jobs som of this factor is the demographical characteristic like age-structure end the other reason oncern social characteristic like educational processes and residence duration which is offer comfort and har mony for migratory people , thise study has proved that the majority of migratory especially from agricultural sector have change their accupation to free job sothat this new activitiey tend to improve income level for most migratory whish is reflected on job sufficient.the stady explain that the level of unemployment dosnt goiny low compartivily with first place this crucial issues need more investigated and suggest appropriate ness resolvefor this problems

Culture is a theory about the world, the people in it, and the ways in which goods are ought to be distributed among them. It is the complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, costumes, and any other capabilities, and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Awareness of FL culture should be viewed as an important component of learning/teaching EFL. It involves a gradually inner sense of the equality of cultures and an increased understanding of one’s native and target cultures. Therefore, it is a necessity for teachers to include cultural components in the teaching of English language to maximize students’ learning. Teaching culture is considered the fifth control skill in language teaching/learning. So , certain cultural awareness strategies can be effected on teaching other language skills such as reading and writing. The problem of the present study is depicted in how to teach reading texts and writing paragraph effectively through using two cultural awareness strategies; namely culture capsule and culture clusters.

منظور از رنـگ : (( همان دلالت فنى است كه به عنوان يك عنصر پـويا در تجربه ى شاعر بحساب مى آيد كه همه ى مدلولهاى ومجازى درآن مى گـدازد ))(1) ، واگـر ((معنى كلمه ى دلالت : پـيوند لفظ به معنى باشد ، ودلالت هر لفظ :آن معنى ِ مدرك يامحسوس كه به ذهن آيد پـس همراه ميان ِكلمه ودلالت ِآن امرى ضرورى درزبان مى باشد))(2)
اين امر ، بررسى ادبى را بررسى زبانى بر نمى گـرداند وبحث ، رنـگ را راه توظيف كردن تكيه هاى دلالى مى گـيرد ، آن تكيه ها ، بحث را از چـار چـوب ادبى آن نمى رُبايد ، يا آنرا يك موضوع زبانى تام نمى گـرداند ، بلكه اين تكيه ها ، بمثابه روشنهائى كه بحث را در درون ژرفهاى پـديده ى رنـگى در يك انبوه ثمره ى شعرى وسيع راه مى نمايد ، تا بررسى مى تواند تحليل ونتيجه گيرى بكند ومى شناسد كدام رنگهائى كه نزد شاعر فَرُّخى سيستانى شايع وشناخت بود ، وآنرا در كدام غرضها بكاربرده است ، ونيز معرفت تأثير سايكولوژىِ رنگ در قصايد وى است 0
وبه اين رو ، بحث ما بررسى اى اجرائى است كه رنگ را در شعر ضمن دلالتها وتصويرهاى بسيار مى گيرد ، ومى دانيم شعر برترى هنرهاى ابداعى بشمارمى آيد ، ويقينا اگر شعرا ، رنگ را استخدام كردند در خدمت ونيازمند آن هنرى كه ساير هنرهاى ديگر را برترى مى يابد 0

This study aims at investigating the scientific curiosity and the utility of information on departments of Arabic students of colleges of education
To achieve the aims of the study the researcher adopts the descriptive study in approaching his research , hence , The population of the study consists of (269) students (male and female ) , while the sample of the study consists of (100) students (male and female ).
The researcher adopts ( Heath) questionnaire to identify many types of styles which are ( recalling , critical questioning , fundamental principles and the application styles )
The validity of the questionnaire has been obtained logically and by applying the validity and reliability scales on the main sample , moreover , the pilot study has been administered to pilot sample , thus , the researcher adds the results of the pilot study to be ( 178) student as a sample to his study .
In the light of the findings of this study , the following results can be presented :
1. There is no common interest of the scientific curiosity on the sample of the study .
2. There is a clear common interest of the utility of information on the

Learning proper grammar and usage rules for the English language can be a complex and confusing task which can often end in frustration. Learning about modifiers, especially if you are out of school or struggling in school, is often a source of that frustration. In English sentences, many dangling modifiers occur at the beginning of sentences - often as introductory clauses or phrases, but can also appear at the end. A dangling modifier is a phrase or clause that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence, or that does not connect grammatically with what it is intended to modify. Dangling modifiers can make the meaning of the sentence unclear, so they should be avoided. In this paper, the meaning of dangling modifiers is being discussed. Besides, the researcher has presented the markers through which these/such modifiers can be recognized by learners of English. To make the presentation even more exhaustive, the researcher has offered corrections of dangling modifiers

Eski Türk masallarından derlenmiş bir hikaye kitabıdır. Kitabın asıl adı "kitab- ı Dede korkut Ala Lisan- 1 Taife- I oğuzan"dır. Yapıtın yazarı bilinmez . Bu öykülerin, önceler; oğuz Türkleri arasında söylendiği, XIV. Yüzyılın sonlarında yada XV.Yüzyılda da yazılarak tespit edildiği sanılıyor . Bu kitabın içinde kısa bir ansözle, 12 öykü vardır, hepsi bu öyküler lirik ve destan niteliğinde savaş hikayelerdir.(1)
Dede korkut hikayeler, Halk diliyle yazılmıştır. Şiir ile düzyazı karışıktır. Olaylar düzyazı ile anlatılır . Kahramanların konuşmaları ve kimi betimlemeler şiirlerle söylenir. Düzyazı kesimi alışılmış düzyazı değildir. Türkçenin benzetme, uyak gibi olanaklarından yararlanılır. Ezgili bir anlatılmla şiir düzeyine yaklaşılır. Böylece salt şiir bölümleri değil ,düzyazı tümcelerde de dorukta bir ses güzelliğine ulaşılır.
Dede korkut hikayelerinin dili, İslamlık etkisi ile kimi arapça farsça sözcükler kullanılmasına karşın yalındır,Günlük halk dil ve anlatım ağırlıklıdırç Bu dil Eski Anadolu Türkçesinin özgün özelliklarini içerir. Bir yanda Eski Türkçenin izlerini korurken, öte yandan Osmanlı Türkçesi özelliklerini içerir. Bu nedenle yapıt Eski anadolu Türkçesi ile Osmanlı Türkçesi arasında bir geçiş ürünüdür. Eski Anadolu Türkçesinin son döneminde yazıya geçirilmiş olmalıdır. Hikayelerde kullanılan yer adları,sözcükler ve deyimler, yapıtın Oğuz Türkçesinin Azeri alanında olduğu düşüncesini pekiştirir.(2)
Dede korkutun iki yazması vardır. Bunlardan biri Arap harfleriyle yazılmış Almanyada Dresde kitaplığında öbürü İtalyada vatikan kitaplığındadır.(3)

The research problem in artistic expression to the language of children before they made verbal language for dialogue with Valtobeir is the language of the child and practiced during his aesthetic and innovate and express what touring in the same feelings that artistic expression gives freedom to practice movement and expression and develop mental abilities and physical and emotional and sentimental. The children's drawings forms part of the understanding, dialogue and communication with others, like words. The role of K lies in the discovery capabilities of children and their talents and help its growth through artistic activities directed and helps by providing the child with certain skills through his need to in the educational structure intact. Based on the foregoing, the research problem lies in the following: Does enrollment of children in Riyadh on the characteristics of sketches a formal perceived phase and is there a difference in the properties of sketches between enrolled and non-enrolled from both male and female kindergarten? And targeted current research to identify: 1 - significant difference between children enrolled and not enrolled in kindergarten on artistic expression in stage perceived formal .2 - significant difference between children's drawings at the stage of conscious formal depending on the variable of sex (males and females) .3 - Recognition characteristics of artistic expression in children enrolled in Riyadh and is enrolled in the phase perceived formal. and determine current research phase primary (second primary) to measure the expression of art drawing at the stage of conscious formal academic year (2010/2011) of the city of Baghdad. researcher followed the descriptive - analytical to achieve goals Find and prepared in accordance with the search procedures. consisted current research community of students and primary school pupils (II) age (7) years studying in primary schools in the province of Baghdad - Karkh / Rusafa. The sample of current research on (80) children and a child of primary school to the stage in the primary by (38) schoolgirl and (42) pupils. Includes research procedures offer the selected sample and nature and described the measure, which was adopted in the search as well as procedures for application of the guidance and tools statistical been used in the search. has prepared Albachth scale tool to search the current got the honesty and recognition by experts. After applied to the sample and the use of statistical methods in data analysis results showed the following: - 1 - shows that significant differences between children enrolled and not enrolled kindergarten technical Ptobeirathm in stage formal perceived that the percentage of duplicates (73.3%) while the proportion of duplicates of Ghent is enrolled (53.8%) for the same subject and this confirms that there is a difference between the two rates represent (20.5%) for the benefit of children enrolled . 2 - show that significant differences between the characteristics of children's drawings at the stage of conscious formal when enrolled in Riyadh depending on the sex variable (males and females) through the theme of the drawing (Multi free) as the percentage of duplicates in females (68.8%) and percentage (57.2%) for males any difference (11.6%). 3 - shows that the percentage of duplicates phenomenon to identify the characteristics of artistic expression in children enrolled and not enrolled in Riyadh formal perceived stage are: (83.5%). When enrolled in kindergarten and the percentage (52.3%) when the kids of others enrolled and margin (31.2%) in favor of attending and this objective is clear that most differences between the two groups. And recommended a researcher at the Dae that give importance to the lessons of art education as one of the lessons that provide for the children's experiences and visual stimuli to help them cognitive and mental development have. care and show the scientific and cognitive role played the role of kindergarten acquire scientific concepts and general information to help enhance academic achievement later. The proposed study of the relationship between psychological adjustment and children's drawings at the stage of formal perceived.

The principle operation of pulse width modulation (PWM) method is depending upon mathematical relationships between the voltage and the frequency to decrease the harmonics that take exists place due to the modulation process. This mathematic relationship is calculated in the main program where the storage in personal computer (PC). The control signal of PWM inverters is generated by comparing a reference sinusoidal wave and a triangular signal.

The manuscript is marked b (Sports boys and Talehm and disciplining) Highlighting the efforts value set by the author and approved opinions and theories schools modern educational, indicating the depth of thinking and originality of the author, and the safety of premises and foundations that quoted them, perhaps contributing to provide more steps sedate; to meet the needs of studentsscience and specialists, in order to access and benefit from them.
The importance of this manuscript; experience of the author, who spent a large portion of his life in education,
I thought I achieved and published for PET interest.

In this paper we considered solving shortest path problem; this problem is
widely applied in transportation and communication networks. The objective of this
problem is to determining a path with minimum distance, time or cost from source to
the destination. However, practical transportation networks will become much more
complicated and needed to solve efficiently. Roadway and telephone systems are the
examples of them. In this work we use genetic algorithms to solve the shortest path
problem. The proposed algorithms were tested on random generated shortest path
problems. The experimental results are very encouraging and show that genetic
algorithms a good approach for such kinds of difficult to solve problems.

The Abstract of the Study
This study has been chosen instead of the diversity of opinions about the concept of the globalization, hence , it attracts the attention of many types of social and cultural communities .Therefore , the globalization today is a great and complicated phenomena which has a dual effect ( positive and negative) on the main life dimensions (economical , cultural , political, social and educational dimension). The importance of this study come from the needs of confronting the challenges the globalization has imposed on the world especially the Arab and Islamic nations. It is important to mention that the aim of this study is to reach to the scientific procedures which derived from the soul of the Islam to enabling the our nation to deal with the all kinds of the challenges namely be called according to the educational considerations the globalization. Hence , the researchers to the following recommendations :
1- The globalization can be interpreted through the global view of the Islam , that the cultural diversity according to the Islam point of view is a desirable matter , but it can be dealt through the powerful insight and good planning .
2- The globalization phenomena has positive and negative on the global perspective on the different countries including the Arabic and Islamic , therefore , this process entail the diversity of performances on the different perspectives in relation to the globalization

Praise be to God the Creator of the heavens created, and the capacity of his throne, and peace and blessings be upon His Prophet Mustafa Karim and his family righteous divine.
The word is a superpower in every age, in every time and place where the reflected creation, creativity, and it can be truth, or support falsehood, ad wars, or amortized, they force the most powerful to change minds, and move people in the direction you want, they are not only means of communication, but an important tool of persuasion, since they can be manufactured force, and to make the world better. It occupies writing great importance in the present people, and their future, due to the effective role, and influential in the life, work, and study, and enlighten others, including benefit human societies, and makes them more cooperative, and harmonious, and understanding, rather than paid to the more jarring, and rivalry. The creative writing importance in the educational process - learning, Valhajat school depends mainly on writing his book expression, and attempts literary, and scientific papers, and presentations are all working on the development of creativity in individuals, as the writing of creativity, research develops feelings, fueling emotions, and the expansion of fantasy , which is a very important issue, should be given every care, and care, and when that happens we have contributed in the development of future generations on the right path, to communicate, and communicate with others, and created a favorable climate for blooming potential, and their talents

Differed from the concept of gifted Research to another, has fired by the number of researchers creative against individuals with highly innovative capabilities, and the others used the understood in their research as a superiority in capabilities such capabilities at music and sports, technical and linguistic ...... Etc.. Others see that the term more comprehensive and broader Valsohop is all a gift, whether intelligent or excellent ability of innovative high-readiness of any a special ability unique.
That Gifted in every society are the of national wealth, the power driving towards civilization, progress and building was narrated on their way has reached humanely inventions of of modern conveyed the human of lights of waxes to the age electricity and the era of to move Balboa and carriages horse to the age of the car and the train and plane, Vqrepett distances and merged communities and convergence of civilizations, Valsohopon in every society are the ammunition home and happiness and the sources of his wealth, and they are several present and future leaders in various fields and areas, and States to create and the leaders of civilized thought his own philosophies and potential to benefit the maximum multiple

The research aiming at to introduce the effect of Teaching history according to ( SWOM ) strategy in the out come of the fifth literary stage students and developing their ultra skills knowledge from the authentication of the following correctness of the zero hypotheses:
-There is difference of statistic significance at the level (5%) among the average of the students of the experimental group who are studying history material according to (SWOM) strategy and among the average of the control group students who are studying the same material in the classical method in developing their ultra skills knowledge.
The current research is specified for a sample of fifth literary stage students in the secondary and high morning school at Baghdad governorate.
And the subjects of the modern and contemporary curriculum of Europe for the fifth secondary literary stage in Iraq. For the first term, the year 2011-2012.
The researcher followed the experimental design of partial control for the research designing, and the community research included the secondary schools in Baghdad, and the researcher chose ( Sahil Bin Saad Alsaedi secondary school) for boys affiliated to the general directorate for education in Baghdad/ Russafa/3 randomly, and two classes were chosen from the fifth literary stages, one of them representing the experimental group and the another is the control group.
The two research groups were rewarded with te following variables:-
1- The time age counting in months.
2- Intelligence( through using DANELIS test)
3- The academic qualification for the parents.
4- The degrees of history material for the previous year.
In light with the current research results, the researcher has reached to number of recommendation and suggestions among them:-
1-(SWOM) strategy was of a good validly in increasing the academic qualification outcome and in developing the ultra skills development in the modern history of Europe with in the limitation of the current study.
2-Using(SWOM) strategy in teaching the material of Europe history could achieve the of the educational and behavior objectives required for this stage better than the classical method, because it provides the student with general opinion of the studied details of the subject, and intellectual bridging between what he is learning and its knowledge structure and the educational attitude

The present study aims to identify the difficulties of teaching for measurement and evaluation text book in teachers' preparation institutes in Baghdad from students point view. This is done by answering the following questions:
1. 1- What is the difficulties facing the students in study evaluation and measurement textbook?
2. 2- Is there a significant difference exist between students` answer according to field of specialize variable?
To achieve this purpose the researcher followed a designed procedure as follows:
1- 1- The descriptive research was used in describing and diagnosing the problem or specific events, and collecting data and notes regarding them.
2- 2- Selecting sample size (350) for students representing (40,70%) of the population.
3- 3- The questionnaire was constructed to achieve the aim of the study. It has (43) items divided by four aspects.
4- 4- The statistical analysis tools (Pearson correlation coefficient, weighted average, percentage weight and chi square) were used to analyze the collected data.
The results indicate that there are many difficulties facing the students in teachers' preparation institute.

The current research aims to identify the level of mindfulness among the students of the university. And to identify the differences in the level of mindfulness among the students of the university according to the variables (sex and specialization). In order to achieve objectives of the research the researcher prepared a measure of mental alertness, depending on the theory (Allen Langer) in mindfulness and deportation identified are: (Discrimination vigilant, openness to new orientation towards the present, awareness of the views multiple), was calculated honesty and virtual calculation of stability in a re-test it was (0.79), and are standard in final form of (36), paragraph valid for measuring mindfulness, and applied the standard on the research sample's (500 ) students were processing the data statistically using Pearson's correlation coefficient and testing Altaúa for one sample and analysis of variance and bilateral test, showed, researcher reached the following conclusions: that the level of mindfulness was high among the students of the university. no statistically significant differences according to gender (males, females ) and in favor of males, and there is no statistically significant differences depending on the specialization variable (scientific humanist), and no statistically significant differences depending on the interaction of gender and specialty.

The goal of this study is to know the effect of choral repetition in increasing loudly reading skills for the fourth year primary classes . To achieve This goal of research . The researcher put these three hypotheses:
1)There are no differences among the pupils who study with the way of choral repetition and the pupils who study with traditional way in level 5% in the skill of correct reading . 2) There are no differences among the pupils who study with the way of choral repetition and the pupils who studyn with the tradititionol way in level 5% in the skill of reading speed .
3) Ther are no differences among the pupils who study with the way of choral repetition and the pupils who study with way of traditional way in level 5% in the skill of comprehension . Arbitrary , a sample of pupils from Qurtuba primary school for boys are chosen for the recent research . The number of pupils for the two groups (experimental and regular ) (76) pupils . statistically ,the researcher , befor starting the expriment , put in consideration the equality of the two groups in many variables . The researcher limits the scientific material which is given to the pupils of research within the experiment which are many subjects of the text- book of the fourth year primary classes , for the year (2006-2007) The total are (16) subjects .
For the importance of behaviour goals to any teaching program , and because it helps the teacher to limit the content of the learning material and systematize it , the researcher illustrates (96) behaviour goals in three aspects (knowledge – comprehension and application )
The researcher makes teaching plans for the subjects of the reading text – book which are taught within the experiment including the contents of the book and hehaviour goals .
Accoding to the traditional way with the choral repetition by the experimental group and without choral repetition with the regular group .
The researcher chooses a subject from the text –book (From Arab generousmen ). The number of the words a bout (175) in order to be a test for the correct reading , comprehension and speed .
After , analizing the statements the researcher achieves the following :
1)There is a diffrence with statistical evidence among the pupils who study with the choral repetition way

and the pupils who study with the traditional way . The experimental group is better thanthe regular group in correct reading .
2) There is a difference with statistical evidence among the pupils who study with choral repetition (experimental group ) and the pupils who study with regular group . The experimental group is better than the regular group in the skill of reading speed .
3) There is adifference with statistical evidence among the pupils who study with choral repetition way ( experimental group ) and the pupils who study with regulur way . The experimental group is better than the regular group in the skill of comprehension .
The researcher concluded that the use of choral repetition in reading raises the level of fourth year primary pupils and grows their loudly reading skills . The skills of loudly reading (correct reading – the speed of reading and comprehension ) grow in a way better than the way of choral repetition for the pupils of fourth year primary .
The researcher finishes his study in many recommendations :
1)The use of choral repetition in reading proves its effect in teaching reading text book of the fourth year primary pupils .
2) put an ideal lesson in the beginning of supervisors recommendation book of Arabic language illustrating the use of choral repetition .

The current research aims to know effect of Carinś model to Acquire Historical Concepts at Students of First Secondary Class and their Desiring Towards the Subject, to fulfill the aim of the research , the researcher included the following zero hypotheses :
1 – There are no differentiations have statistical indication at level ( 0.05 ) between mediums of degrees of two groups ( experimental & Adjustment ) to acquire historical concepts in post test
2- There are no differentiations have statistical indication at level ( 0.05 ) in mediums of degrees of desiring towards subject between two experimental & adjustment groups in measurement of direction
Society of the research has consisted of students of first secondary class of learners of subject of history of ancient civilizations in morning secondary schools for (2011 – 2012 ) , the researcher chose school of ( Oqba Bin Nafee ) intentionally of schools , because the school is near to area of his residence , the management of the school presented its readiness to cooperate with the researcher in addition to the school contains five divisions of first secondary class , by randomly choosing , division (w) was chosen to represent experimental group that its students will learn history of ancient civilizations by use Carinś model , its students reached to (35 ) students , division ( d ) to represent adjustment group that its students will learn the same subject by usual method , its students reached to (37) students , the researcher removed statistically (8) students in both divisions because they are from the failed students , because they have accumulated experiences of past year may affect on accuracy of experiment's results , the model that depended by the researcher reached to (64 ) students distributed (32 ) students in ( experimental group ) and (32 ) students in adjustment group

Study aimed to build a measure of behavior Bullying of students at the intermediate stage and measuring the behavior Alastqoaúa their behavior Bullying in the city of Baquba, has adopted a researcher of social learning theory in the construction measure that was displayed on a group of experts from education and psychology who confirmed the validity of the scale of the application and has also extracted the characteristics Alsekoumtria of scale through the application of the scale Besorth initial sample statistical analysis of $ (400) students who were selected from the research community has been all paragraphs distinct except the paragraph number (42), has been extracted stability by preparing the test, which amounted to (0.85) has been the results showed Yan second graders with behavior Bullying a conduct similar studies of came out research with a number of recommendations, including benefit extension of the scale that the researcher prepared by the diagnosis of students who have behavior Bullying a and Kzllk study has come out with a number of proposals, including finding the relationship between behavior Bullying and emotional intelligence

Show the need for such a study based on the recent evolution of the concept of school administration ,and the concept of guidance and counseling education. Who Astmda their development of the evolution of the concept of education and education and education of the transfer of knowledge from generation ,and attention to students education education spiritual, emotional, social, mental and physical .
From this point of showing the importance of educational guidance and counseling, and shows the evolution of his concept of kamalea is essential to count him a lot of school administration in achieving educational goals. And tells us the concept of educational counseling in our schools to the existence of people specializing in this area hum the first and last to help students to psychological adjustment and emotional balance to overcome anything that might impede the march of the student scientific and practical and thus enable him to reach the goals that would like to achieve through his studies .We wondered if the ex tension of an entrepreneur Alterboye school ? Say that it is common Colossus is the responsibility of the school and guide the class and the school administration, but without the work of these plans or have plans and temporary ,timely and sometimes discretionary behaviors, so there must be the right person for this area, but counselor

The current research aims to identify identify the level of perceived self-efficacy among the students of the university. And to identify the differences in the level of self- efficacy perceived among the students of the university according to the variables (sex and specialization). In order to achieve objectives of the research the researcher prepared a measure of self- efficacy perceived, depending on the theory Pandor in social learning cognitive and deportation identified are: (the standard of efficiency, public sufficiently , the stability of efficiency), were calculated honesty and virtual calculation of stability in a re-test, amounting to (0.80), and are standard in final form of (51) paragraph is valid for measurement of self- efficacy perceived, and applied the standard on the research sample's (500) male and female students, was to address the data statistically using Pearson's correlation coefficient and testing Altaúa for one sample and analysis of variance and bilateral test, showed, researcher reached the following conclusions: that the level of self- efficacy perceived was high among the students of the university. no statistically significant differences according to gender (males, females) and in favor of males, and there is no statistically significant differences depending on the specialization variable (scientific humanist), and no statistically significant differences depending on the interaction of gender and special.