College Of Basic Education Researches Journal

The study aims to identify teaching language skills strategies and methods for non-Arabic speakers in the light of educational research results, classified them according to the axis of the educational process, this is done through digital databases and Arab libraries for research and educational thesis. The researcher uses the analytical method, prepares the analysis card and indicators for classifying teaching strategies and methods, and ensurs the validity and reliability of the analysis card. The sample of the study includes (268) researches and educational theses. It is found (66) teaching strategies appropriate for reading skill, (58) teaching strategies appropriate for writing skill, (53) teaching strategies appropriate for listening skill, and (82) strategies appropriate for teaching of speaking skill, and (28) appropriate teaching strategies for the four language skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking), The results of the study also reveal (71) teaching strategies appropriate for educational research based on the teacher, (74) teaching strategies based on the student, and (65) teaching strategies based on the student and the teacher. Finally, the study is ended with a number of recommendations and suggestions

The phenomenon of grammatical selection occupies a wide area of concern for grammar scholars. It has the largest share of their grammatical books, which is that there is a grammatical issue around which there are two or more opinions. The grammatical scholar favours one of the opinions and tends to it according to the rules followed in the science of grammar. The grammatical selection process is based on three pillars: first: the existence of a grammatical issue in which it differs, second: the existence of a grammatical scientist who distinguish on the issue to be weighted, third: the existence of comprehensive grammar rules that help the grammatical scholar to weight between opinions. The grammatical selection process enriches the grammatical memory and the intellectual mentality of the specialist. It is a process that opens the mind and opens wide field for it. We see the books concerned with this matter rich in ideas, full of sober grammatical knowledge that every interested person seeks, and which every student seeks. It also expands the culture of learning about other opinions, and not contenting itself with one opinion that the student adopts without intellectual renewal. We got acquainted with the scientific mentality that the grammarians possessed and the breadth of this knowledge, and it trained the student in fairness, impartiality and insightful consideration of grammatical disagreements.

Absorption overlapped and blended with the poetry of muslim ibn al-walid, who collapsed in his life a number of stimuli, perhaps the most prominent of which was his description of women and their impact on him, and he hesitated in his poetry to talk about (parting, distance, complaint ), especially after the death of his wife, and this was the most prominent axis, as the poet seemed to be identifled in the description and tha investigation of the possible meanings and expressive and aesthetis formations, and all of this reinforced the invocation of the axis of nature, which seemed to be the most positive and understanding reinforceer for the poet, and he relies on him for his strength and beauty at the same time. A number of topics that impressed his adderess for their sincerity and creativity in their formulation. As the poet organized many topics, he took in a number of them and excelled in mentioning their details in general.

The study investigates the areas of human knowledge and its potential in formulating a healthy, scientific image in defending human societies in the face of deviant extremist thought that has wreaked corruption in the land. It is beautiful to say Ibn Rushd, the Sultan of Andalusia, when he describes the tools of deviation, that ignorance leads to fear, fear leads to hatred, and hatred leads to violence. And that the phenomenon of extremism has intellectual agendas and narrow scientific axes and revolves around the methodology of adhering to the fundamentals and leaving the branches on the pretext that it does not possess scientific originality, and this is the case of the people of ijtihad, consideration and reasoning in the foundations and branches, and none of the predecessors and imams distinguished between origins and branches, but rather made religion two parts, origins and branches. The research revolves around the intellectual crisis between the members of our Islamic and Arab societies in the field of penetration of extremist deviant thought and what are the most important intellectual methods effective for this emergency disease and finding the ideological drawing of the cognitive approach. The goal of our research is to find the cognitive ideological idea in the crystallization of an easy and abstaining approach that can be applied to our current reality. The scientific methodology used includes planning, deep thinking, approach and interview to find scientific means that can achieve what we have established. The scientific importance lies in protecting the members of our societies to guarantee a scientific, intellectual, ideological, and cognitive process.

This research tackles the issue of the grammatical discrepancy in terms of declarative grammatical styles as being manifested in the book entitled: “Awdhah Al-Masalik” for the Alfiyyah of Ibn Malik by Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari, in order to reveal the truth of this discrepancy according to a scientific approach based on collecting its themes depicted in the book. Then, the study analyzes it according to the foundational principles approved by the grammarians; in other words, it discusses the opponent views of grammarians in issues that fall under the grammatical style as being clarified and referred to by Ibn Hisham in “Awdhah Al-Masalik”. The study shows that Ibn Hisham was not only restricted to identifying the points of disagreement in the grammatical styles, but also discussing that from different perspectives and illustrating his viewpoints therein, and so did the book reviewer, Sheikh Muhammad Muhyi al-Din Abd al-Hamid in terms of some of the study aspects. Also, it manifests the dispute forms, which ranges between grammatical schools in general and the grammarians themselves. It shows that Ibn Hisham did not tend to a specific school of thought, as he sometimes agrees with the Basrans in what they went to, and sometimes he disagrees with them to the opinion of the Kufans.

This research aims to study the technical functions that Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari was aiming for by citing the analogue witness after the original witness. It was noted in his book (Mughni al-Labib) and other books of the previous grammarians that they cite an original witness to prove the rule, then they add to it with similar evidence expressed by (the analogy) and (the proverb). By the analogous witness, they mean the one that reinforces the rule that reinforces the original witness. It is similar to the original witness in a certain idea or aspect, but it differs from it in another part. By the original rulings, it means: the universal laws, the rule, and the evidence, and what is meant here is the meaning of the universal rules in the manner under which many issues fall under partial.
The research is divided into two sections. The first sections deal with the Qur’anic analogous witness in the elimination and similarity phenomena. The second section deals with the poetic analogue witness to the satiation, grammatical puzzles, and poetic necessity phenomena. The first section is divided into two topics, one of which is: the phenomenon of deletion and the phenomenon of similarity. The second section is divided into three topics: the first: the phenomenon of satisfaction, the second: grammatical puzzles, and the third: poetic necessity. Then, the results of the research, the index of sources and references are presented

Abstract
This research explains the ruling of Islamic Sharia and its legal foundation for the subject of the competition. It is divided into four sections. The first section deals with the definition of the competition in language and terminology. The second section deals with the evidences for the legitimacy of the competition. The third section tackles the importance of the competition. Finally, the fourth section is devoted to clarify the verdict of Sharia for the competition. Then, the conclusions of the most important results and recommendations that the research reached are presented.

The word in Arabic is divided into a noun, a verb and a letter, and each of them has a role in shaping the language and semantics. The verb has its distinct role because of its movement and change. Although the morphologists mentioned that the triple verb of more than three letters comes on four buildings (Istafal, ifawal, afaal, ifawal), but the traceability of the construction of (stafal) and its semantic meaning in hadiths of Al- Adhkaar show an active presence, as there are (29) verbs, and these verbs belong to different triple roots, and they have achieved diversity at the level of time and semantics. A division of the construction of (Istifa’la) and its connotations is done and based on what is mentioned in the morphological books, and the verbs came similar to those semantics, and there are also connotations that the verbs do not have the notice, as well as new connotations revealed by the context in which the verbs were mentioned. This study is limited to what is mentioned in those hadiths, so it requires dividing the semantics into two parts.

The research deals with introducing translations of chapters linguistically and terminologically, explaining the pillars of translation, clarifying the importance of tabulation in books in general and hadith books, including Sahih al-Bukhari in particular, and also explaining Imam al-Bukhari’s interest in hadith jurisprudence and clarifying the efforts of scholars in studying Bukhari’s biographies and the considerations for studying them.

Earrings and other things that a woman adorns with are part of the complement of her adornment and elegance. Piercing the ear and nose is one of the purposes by which one achieves desirable adornment for females. God Almighty said, “Is he who grows up in adornment while he is not clear in a quarrel?” [Surat Al-Zukhruf: Verse 18], This has been their custom in ancient and modern times, whether the earrings or the like are small or large, although this action is not without suffering, pain, or sensitivity sometimes. This is why we find that there are jurists who do not allow this matter. Because of the harm and pain it entails, while we find that another group of them permitted this matter on the grounds that the pain that accompanies it is minor, and because it is in the interest of women in terms of beautification and adornment; For this reason, we decided to study the ruling on piercing the ears of a female and a boy, and piercing their nose (a comparative study); To explain the sayings of jurists and present their evidence on these issues. This study required that the research consist of an introduction and three claims. As for the introduction: it stated the reasons for choosing the topic, its importance, its objectives and difficulties, previous studies, and then the research plan. The first requirement: What is the ruling on piercing a female’s ear? The second requirement: regarding the ruling on piercing a female’s nose. The third requirement: What is the ruling on piercing a boy’s ear?
This is followed by a conclusion in which I mentioned the most important findings that I reached through my study of these issues, and finally a list of sources and references.

The poet Shams al-Din al-Kufi (623-675 AH), one of the poets of later eras, is known of the lamentation for Baghdad in several poems, the most prominent of which is the well-known meme, in which he follows the path of lovelorn people who are tired of separation from loved ones and whose eyelids become sore from excessive crying from swallowing the pain of sorrow, the bitterness of deprivation, and the torment of loneliness. As is the custom of the poets who stood on the ruins with his oath to remain in the era of passion, and then he continues to cry and wail over what happened in the city of Baghdad, which was afflicted by the Mongols with devastation, destruction, killing, displacement, captivity, rape, plundering, and burning. Therefore, this requires various methods of expression to express the lamentation of Baghdad. This research chooses the memetic poem to analyze it stylistically according to three levels: connotation, structure, and sound (rhythm), starting with the largest linguistic unit (connotation) to reach (composition) and ending with the smallest linguistic unit (sound) to achieve the comprehensive vision in revealing the artistic and aesthetic values of the poem.
The research is based on an introduction and three sections. The introduction includes defining the concept of stylistics to develop the concept upon which the stylistic analysis is based. The first section is devoted to studying (the semantic level) the meaning of words: the contextual meaning, the associative meaning, and the suggestive meaning, the meaning of images: the simile image, the metaphorical image, and the metonymic image. The second section deals with the syntactic level: the structure of verbs: their timing and levels, and the structure of sentences: the nominal sentence and the verbal sentence. The third section presents the vocal/rhythmic level: the external rhythm in terms of meter and rhyme, and the internal rhythm in terms of repetition and vocal grouping.

Abstract
The current research aims to identify the effect of the Hands-on strategy on the achievement of first-grade intermediate students in science and the development of their scientific culture. The average from the Ali bin Abi Talib middle school located on the left side of the city of Mosul, and they completed the requirements of the research, the researchers formulated two null hypotheses, after preparing the teaching plans, the researchers made parity between the two research groups for a number of variables, and the researchers also prepared an achievement test and a test for scientific culture and after To ensure their sincerity and stability, the researchers conducted the two tests remotely, and after analyzing the data statistically using the statistical package (SPSS) program, the study reached a set of results, the most important of which is the presence of statistically significant differences in the achievement test in favor of the experimental group, and the presence of statistically significant differences in the scientific culture test in the post test in favor of the experimental group.

هدف البحث الى التعرف على اثر استراتيجية حصيرة المكان في تنمية التفـكـير عالــي الرتبة لدى لدى تلامذة الصف الخامس الابتدائي, استخدمت الباحثة التصميم التجريبي ذي المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة , وتكونت عينة البحث من (40) تلميذ وتلميذة من تلامذة الصف الخامس ابتدائي بواقع (20) تلميذ وتلميذة للمجموعة التجريبية و(20) تلميذ وتلميذة للمجموعة الضابطة تم اختيارهم بالطريقة القصدية وتم التأكد من تكافؤ مجموعتي البحث في عدد من المتغيرات (العمر الزمني , مستوى التعليم للأبلاء والامهات ,نتائج الاختبار القبلي للتفكير عالي الرتبة ) , وتحقيقا لأهداف البحث فقد قامت الباحثة بإعداد اختبار لقياس التفـكـير عالـي الرتبة وذلك بعد الاطلاع على الادبيات السابقة في هذا المجال كما تم التأكد من صدق الاداة باستخدام الصدق الظاهري وذلك بعرض الاختبار على مجموعة من الخبراء من ذوي الاختصاص وتم الاتفاق على فقرات الاداة بعد الاخذ بآراء الخبراء اذ تكونت فقرات الاختبار من (28) فقرة وباستخدام مفتاح تصحيح ( صفر – واحد ) هذا وتم تطبيق الاختبار على عينة استطلاعية للتعرف على الزمن المستغرق للتطبيق كما تم التحقق من ثبات الاداة باستخدام معادلة كوردر ريتشاردسون – 20 لانها تتعامل مع درجتي(صفر – واحد) وقد بلغت قيمة الثبات (0,831) وهو معامل ثبات جيد , وبعد معالجة البيانات احصائيا اظهرت نتائج البحث ما يأتي:-
1- يوجد فرق دال احصائياً عند مستوى دلالة ( 0.05 ) في درجات اختبار التفـكـير عالي الرتبة للمجموعة التجريبية التي درست وفق استراتيجية حصيرة المكان وللاختبارين القبلي والبعدي ولصالح الاختبار البعدي.
2- لا يوجد فرق دال احصائياً عند مستوى دلالة ( 0.05 ) في درجات اختبار التفـكـير عالي الرتبة للمجموعة الضابطة التي درست وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية وللاختبارين القبلي والبعدي.
3- يوجد فرق دال احصائياً عند مستوى دلالة ( 0.05 ) بين متوسطي درجات المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في الاختبار البعدي للتفكير عالي الرتبة ولصالح المـجمـوعة التجريبية .
وفي ضوء نتائج البحث قدمت الباحثة مجموعة من التوصيات والمقترحات كان من بينها :- ضرورة استخدام استراتيجية حصيرة المكان في المرحلة الابتدائية وخاصتا الصفوف المنتهية وما قبل المنتهية وذلك لكونها تساعد في تنمية مهارات التفـكـير عالي الرتبة , كما كان من بين المقترحات القيام بدراسة للتعرف على اثر استراتيجية حصيرة المكان على التفكــير الابداعي لدى تلامذة الصف الخامس الابتدائي .

This study aims to reveal the effect of a training program based on teaching competencies in improving the teaching performance of Islamic education students in practical education at the AN-Najah National University The study depended on an experimental approach. The researcher prepared a training program based on teaching competencies, and a note card for students’ teaching performance in teaching Islamic education, and the validity and reliability of this study tool were verified.The study sample consisted of (41) students of Islamic education in the College of Education at the AN-Najah National University in the academic year (2021/2022), they were divided into two groups, an experimental group consisting of (20) male and female students, and a control group consisting of (21) male and female students. The study revealed an effect of the training program based on teaching competencies in improving the teaching performance of Islamic education students in practical education. The researcher recommended using the training program based on teaching competencies to improve the performance of Islamic education students in practical education.

Today, the applications of artificial intelligence are generally present in all areas of life such as converting audio speech into literal texts, recognizing an image among millions of images, as well as preventing viruses and spam, automated trading of commercial shares, autopilot, and others. Distance education has important advantages such as flexibility, ease of access, self-discipline with a sense of responsibility, and the development of students\' intellectual skills with the brainstorming method, ease of use, and a lower cost, with the possibility of organizing the time and schedule for education. E-learning requires the availability of high-speed Internet with the provision of the necessary digital devices and equipment such as computers, as well as securing and protecting the data that is circulated. Since smart learning is in relatively emerging stages, especially in the Arab world, it faces many barriers and challenges, the most important of which is that smart learning contradicts the rigid nature of traditional education, and educational institutions today focus more on managing personnel, buildings, and financing rather than the critical task of managing smart education. E-learning may lead to the neglect of social contacts and isolation, and thus the absence of collective feelings and solidarity among society in the long term, and it cannot fully take the role of the teacher or replace it.
Artificial intelligence technologies can provide the required support to the student outside the classroom, and then they can adapt the scientific material and even the entire educational process to suit the student’s capabilities, providing the required assistance and support at the exact time and in the appropriate form for each individual student. Artificial intelligence technologies can also customize courses Education for teachers by analyzing the learning abilities of students and their educational history, and artificial intelligence can give teachers a clear picture of the topics and lessons that need to be re-evaluated, and this analysis allows the development of the best educational program for students. By analyzing the specific needs of each student, teachers and professors can adjust their courses to address the most common knowledge gaps. Smart learning should be flexible and accessible to all students regardless of gender, physical abilities, age, religion and other issues. Affordability is the biggest problem in traditional education while smart learning reduces expenses in many areas such as transportation and classroom requirements, giving learners greater financial freedom to pursue learning and become active members of society.

The study aims to identify the degree of employing digital leadership in Palestinian universities from the point of view of academics in the light of the impact of some variables. The study followed the analytical descriptive approach. The annual statistician for higher education institutions 2020/2021, and the study relied on the questionnaire as a tool for data collection and analysis using descriptive statistics. on the total score and the fields of the questionnaire, and it was found that there were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α≤0.05) between the averages of the sample responses on the digital leadership scale in Palestinian universities from the academics’ point of view due to gender, specialization, and years of experience, while it revealed that there were differences Statistically significant at the significance level (α≤0.05) among the averages of the sample responses on the digital leadership scale in Palestinian universities from the academics point of view attributed to the university in favor of Hebron University.

The research aims to explore the effectiveness of interactive teaching on the academic achievement and spatial thinking skills acquisition of tenth-grade scientific stream students in physics. The sample consisted of 124 male and female students selected randomly from four secondary schools for boys and girls in Zakho city for the academic year 2019-2020. They were divided into four equally matched groups based on various variables: 33 males and 30 females for the two experimental groups (taught using interactive teaching), and 32 males and 29 females for the two control groups (taught using traditional methods). To achieve the research objective and test its hypotheses, the researcher designed an objective achievement test consisting of 23 multiple-choice items. Additionally, the researcher used Al-Jubouri's spatial thinking test (2017), comprising 18 subjective items distributed across six basic skills. Both instruments demonstrated reliability, validity, and psychometric properties.
Subsequently, the researcher implemented the research experiment by instructing physics teachers in the selected schools, administered the tests to the primary research sample, collected and statistically analyzed the data using Two-Way ANOVA. The results indicated:
There is a significant difference at the level (0.05) in the mean academic achievement of the research groups in physics based on the teaching method in favor of interactive teaching. and the same moral significance in the interaction between the variables (the method and the gender), while there are no significant differences in the variable of the gender.
There is a significant difference at the level of 0.05 between averages of formal thinking skills acquired by members of research groups according to the variable method and for the mutual teaching and gender of females, while there is no interaction between them.
In light of these results, the researcher drew several conclusions, provided recommendations, and suggested future research directions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the governmental school's administration applied the principles of governance from the point of view of teachers in the Jerusalem Directorate. The population of the study consisted of all teachers of governmental schools in Jerusalem Directorate for the academic year 2022/2023.
A stratified random sample of (262) teachers was chosen from the population. The researcher used the descriptive method, a two-part questionnaire consisted of two parts was developed. Part one solicited personal data from respondents; whereas part two contained 30 items soliciting the viewpoints of respondents with regard to the extent to which the school administration applied of the principles of governance. The questionnaire items were distributed into four domains: the participation domain, the justice and equality domain, the transparency domain, and the accountability domain. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were examined by appropriate statistical methods.
Results showed that the extent of school administration application of the of the principles of governance from the point of view of the teachers in Jerusalem Directorate was “Medium”, Results also showed no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the means of respondents' estimations of the extent of school administration application of the principles of governance in the Jerusalem Directorate due to the variables of gender, educational qualification, years of experience, the, while there were statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) between means of respondents' estimations of the extent of school administration application of the principles of governance in the Governorate of Jerusalem, to gender variable in favor of females , the school gender variant in favor of female schools
In the light of findings, the researcher made recommendations, of which were: the need to continue the adoption of periodic training programs especially for the rehabilitation of managers and teachers on how to employ of the principles of governance in school management that lead to the educational environment properly and in a spirit of cooperation to achieve the objectives of the school, and careful managers of schools to apply them to of the principles of governance in the administration school and seek to improve them for the better.

The study aims to stimulating educational creativity among kindergarten teachers. The researcher used the descriptive approach, and she collected data by using the scale of stimulating educational creativity and prepared by (Boufin (2012). The apparent validity of the scales was performed by presenting them to the experts, where some sections were deleted and others modified. Likewise, the reliability of scale shown by the test- retest method, according to the Pearson correlation equation, which reached (0.80). The sample was 100 teachers among the population of (130) teachers from kindergartens of Mosul city which is the center of Ninawa governorate. After applying the final scale, the researcher concluded that kindergarten principals have good skills, which in turn contributed to stimulating the educational creativity of kindergarten teachers in general. It also demonstrated the impact of years of experience in the field of contributing to stimulating the educational creativity of kindergarten teachers in favor of more experienced principals. In light of findings, the researcher presented some recommendations, including: focusing on supporting female teachers to use creativity in their work in order to achieve better performance for them and improve their work in implementing educational plans, while highlighting the role of distinguished female teachers as role models for female colleagues to follow. Finally, it is suggested to build a training program to improve educational creativity among kindergarten teachers.

Geography has witnessed, throughout its historical course from the 19th century to the 20th century, an evolution in its concepts and in its distinction as a field of science, as it has moved towards developing theories about humanity and its relationship with the earth. This geography has moved to form its own foundations and principles that represent a theoretical basis that distinguishes it from other fields of science. Studies in this field still require extensive research to reveal the contributions of geographers to modern and contemporary geographical thought. Hence, the thinking about writing geography in its modern and contemporary period of development began.

The research addresses agriculture and animal wealth in Yemen during the era of the Tahirid state (858-945 AH / 1454-1538 AD). Agriculture and animal wealth in Yemen flourished due to the availability of natural and human resources necessary for their development in Yemen, including fertile soil, diverse climate, abundant water, as well as the encouragement of rulers and governors in Yemen through the abolition of taxes on certain vegetables and fruits, which motivated farmers to pay more attention to them. This was achieved by caring for the crops and importing various seedlings from different regions, leading to a diversity of crops and sufficient production to meet the country's basic needs. The surplus agricultural production was exported outside Yemen. The study identified various types of vegetables, fruits, and fruit-bearing trees with nutritional value. Yemen became rich in natural pastures and diverse animal wealth, especially camels, horses, and sheep, to the extent that many countries competed to import Yemen's high-quality horses and sheep, including India and Egypt.

The study sheds light on the foundations of the Umayyad Caliphate. The Umayyads relied on military power, based on the loyalty of the Syrian tribes, including the Yamani and Qahtani tribes, and a policy of balancing between them. In addition, its legitimacy was fundamentally represented by the introduction of the principle of divine ordainment in the face of opposition from other factions. The strength and continuity of the caliphate depended on adhering to these principles. However, the later caliphs were unable to adhere to this policy. They neglected the balance between the tribes, which weakened the caliphate and ultimately led to its downfall. 

The measures taken by Mustafa Kemal during the War of Independence, in which he attempted to consolidate power in his hands, and the subsequent developments of the War of Independence, including the abolition of the Sultanate in 1922, the declaration of the Republic in 1923, and the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924, stirred dissent among Mustafa Kemal's colleagues, particularly those who supported him during the War of Independence, especially those with religious inclinations. Given that most of his colleagues were loyal to the Ottoman Sultan, this led to differences in perspectives between the two sides, prompting them to form an opposition party, the Progressive Republican Party, in 1924. This was the first opposition party in the history of the Turkish Republic. Although the party's strength did not reach the level its founders aspired to, it nonetheless formed an opposition that raised concerns among the followers of the Kemalist line, which represented the mainstream in Turkish political life.
The research is divided into four axes. The first axis addresses the political opposition in Turkey during the period 1922-1924, while the second axis focuses on the establishment of the Progressive Republican Party in 1924. The third axis highlights the party's goals and programs, while the fourth axis sheds light on the role of the party in the dismissal of the İnönü government, and the fifth axis discusses the end of the party in 1925.

It is not surprising that Russia seeks to regain its lost status following the collapse of the Soviet Union, which represented a resounding end to the Soviet empire and its geopolitical ambitions. Russia has returned through a strategy of self-construction to serve as an internal starting point for regional and international orientation within the framework of geopolitical considerations. In the context of the geopolitical orientation on how to regain regional and international status, there was no deep intellectual separation regarding the importance of the regions that were under its control or in its previous strategic perspective during the Soviet era, compared to the current perspective of the Russian Federation. Some geopolitical regions still hold the same importance, and their significance may have increased due to international changes and the evolving global reliance in various fields. For example, the Russian dream of reaching warm waters remains an eternal goal, and it is not expected that Russia will abandon it in the future. The Russian Federation has set a range of priorities to achieve its national security and subsequently regain its international status by adopting a new military doctrine in shaping Russian security policy. In addition, its foreign policy places significant emphasis on energy security, which has defined the Russian orientation through self-construction and addressing the internal gaps left by the collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as setting the goals and principles for dealing with its new orientation within its regional and international environment. Therefore, this study will attempt to address the new Russian orientation and the essence of the Russian strategic perception in the post-Soviet era and the entry of the new Russia, especially during the administration of President Putin (Eurasian Russia).

The research deals with an aspect of economic life, which is trade. It deals with the trade of plants and their manufactured materials in the Rashidun era for the regions of the Arab Mashreq (Egypt, the Levant, Iraq, the Arabian Peninsula). We must show the internal trade and commercial relations between these regions with each other and the foreign trade of the regions of the East The Arab countries and their trade relations with other and neighboring countries (India, China, the Romans, Persia, Africa, and countries beyond the river), and the quality of commodities and vegetable merchandise and their materials exchanged between the trading parties, While the Levant was famous for its export of grapes, vines, olive oil and grains, Iraq exported the finest types of dates as well as wheat and barley, and the Arabian Peninsula exported various types of incense and perfumes such as frankincense, in addition to its export of henna, roses and types of dates. As for the imports of the Arab Mashreq, they varied between fruits, wood, spices, spices, perfumes, dyes and herbal medicines, as well as linen and cotton textiles. It is important to show the interest of the adult state in following up the movement of trade despite the continuation of the Islamic conquests, and their role in stimulating and supporting the trade movement..

After the resumption of military operations between the government of Abdul Karim Qasim and the Kurds in 1961, the opposition forces moved to remove him. For this purpose, the Baath Party established communication channels with the Kurds in 1962. After several consultations, they agreed to guarantee Kurdish rights and grant them self-rule in the event of the success of their planned coup against Qasim's government.
Following their successful coup on February 8, 1963, the Kurds announced the cessation of military operations in support of the new regime. The Kurdish leadership sent a delegation to Baghdad to implement the pre-coup agreements, but negotiations with the new government did not yield a satisfactory solution. Tensions escalated, leading the Iraqi government to announce the resumption of military operations in Kurdish regions on June 10, 1963. The battles between the two parties continued until November 18, 1963, when Abd al-Salam Aref turned against the Baathists, marking a new phase in Kurdish-Iraqi government relations and their stance on developments in the Iraqi arena.

The study focused on the positions of the Islamic Reformist and Intellectual Literature Association for the period from 1946-1949. Its reformist attempts came to meet the needs of the society, which was changing intellectually, politically, culturally, and socially, by promoting Islamic literature, virtuous ethics, and religious awareness among individuals in the community through various means and methods, supported by its headquarters and branches spread across different regions of Iraq and its newspaper (Al-Kifah). This was aimed at providing a suitable environment for the development of a spiritually, mentally, and physically Islamic generation, to be more in tune with these changes, which have become an urgent necessity and a characteristic of the work of contemporary Islamic associations.

During the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte (1804-1815), France became a powerful influential state within the European continent, expanding at the expense of various European powers. This led to the formation of European alliances, with the Russian Emperor Alexander I (1801-1825) at the forefront, striving to curb France's ambitions in Europe. These alliances, led by Russia, ultimately succeeded in defeating Napoleon and his military strength.
The study is divided into an introduction and three sections. In the introduction, the main reasons that prompted Russia to be among the first countries to resist Napoleon and his foreign policy are discussed. The first section covers the military efforts exerted by Emperor Alexander I to confront Napoleon Bonaparte between 1812-1813, with the failed campaign of Napoleon on Moscow in 1812 marking the beginning of the end for his empire and glory. This defeat led to successive defeats for Napoleon and his army, making Emperor Alexander I the leader of the European monarchs in their wars against Napoleon.
The second section focuses on the important preparations made by Emperor Alexander I and his allies to storm Paris and defeat Napoleon from late 1813 to the first quarter of 1814. It discusses the seriousness of the Russian attempt to seek revenge on Napoleon in his own territory, in collaboration with the countries affected by Napoleon's continuous policies and wars. The Emperor worked to establish alliances with these countries, proving their effectiveness in battles against Napoleon, notably the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, which opened the way to Paris for the allies after Napoleon's retreat.
The third section addresses the entry of the Russian Emperor Alexander I and his allies into the city of Paris on March 31, 1814, imposing their conditions as victorious over the greatest leader in Europe, causing great impact on the kings and peoples of Europe, resonating significantly in the world at that time.

The Invasion of Khaybar is considered one of the important invasions in history, which took place in the seventh year of the noble prophetic migration. It differed from other battles due to the presence of towering fortresses, as well as being equipped with all the necessities of siege such as water, supplies, and weapons, giving it strength and immunity to repel any attack. The Jews did not leave the Prophet (PBUH) and the Muslims to spread Islam and uphold the word of God, but they resorted to numerous schemes and alliances in an attempt to kill the Prophet (PBUH) and harm him in every possible way. However, Allah protected and saved him, and ordered him to head towards Khaybar.
The research addresses the reasons and consequences of the Prophet's (PBUH) invasion of the Jews of Khaybar, including several topics such as the meaning of Khaybar and the reason for its name, the geographical location of the city of Khaybar, the origin of the Jews in Khaybar, the importance of the fortresses of Khaybar, the steps taken by the Prophet (PBUH) to conquer Khaybar, the reasons for the conquest of Khaybar, the Muslims' direction towards Khaybar, the preparations of the Muslims to conquer Khaybar, the battle to conquer the city's fortresses, the martyrs of Khaybar, and the consequences of the invasion. The conclusion highlights the most significant results reached by the research.

The research sheds light on the most important and prominent Arab unity projects in the Arab world during the 1940s, represented by the Fertile Crescent Project proposed by the Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Said under the name of Al- Kitab Al-Azraq. The project focused on the establishment of unity between Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and eastern Jordan, including the restoration of Hashemite influence in the Arab Mashriq region. The project embodied al-Said's desire to expand his areas of influence and gain more political and military power available through the union of the Arab countries mentioned in the project. The research also aims to understand its political effects on those countries in general and Lebanon in particular, due to Lebanon's geographic and political proximity to the project. This resulted in varied official and partisan Lebanese positions towards dealing with the idea of establishing the project and its objectives, ranging from accepting the idea of unity to outright rejection due to its impact on Lebanon's sectarian political system and the 1943 National Pact. Lebanon aimed to maintain its independence away from all unity projects, regardless of their merits and objectives, as it had invested greatly in achieving this independence. Lebanon also viewed the Arab unity projects as suspicious endeavors seeking Lebanon's inclusion to serve their own interests.

The research aims to investigate the impact of the multi-level self-training method on the acquisition of some basic handball skills for female students. The researcher prepared an educational program using the multi-level self-training method to acquire some basic handball skills for female students. The researcher used an experimental method with equivalent groups and a post-test. The sample included 32 students from the second stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul. The researcher used tests to measure skill acquisition and developed an educational program using the multi-level self-training method, consisting of 12 instructional units with a duration of 90 minutes. A post-test was conducted for the research groups to measure acquisition after the completion of the main experiment. Statistical methods (SPSS) were used to process the data. The conclusions reached by the researcher showed that the use of the multi-level self-training method was effective in acquiring some basic handball skills for female students. The recommendations and suggestions included using the multi-level self-training method in other subjects and conducting similar studies to find the best methods for training and teaching students to acquire basic skills in all sports.

The current research aims to identify the impact of both physical and exploratory games in reducing hyperactivity and developing some basic motor skills in third grade students. The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the research, and the research sample consisted of 40 students, randomly divided into two experimental groups, 20 students in each group. Group (A) applied exploratory games as the first experimental group, while group (B) applied physical games as the second experimental group. Equivalence between the two groups was achieved in variables such as age, weight, and height, as well as in the dependent research variables (under study). The experiment took six weeks, with two educational plans per week for each group, totaling 12 educational plans. The duration of each educational plan was 40 minutes. The experiment began on Sunday, 10/23/2022, and ended on Wednesday, 11/30/2022.

The researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) to obtain the research results. After analyzing the data statistically, the researcher reached the following conclusions:
- The effectiveness of exploratory and physical games in developing basic motor skills among students.
- Both exploratory and physical games had a positive role in reducing the level of hyperactivity among students.
- Exploratory games were better compared to physical games in their impact on reducing hyperactivity and developing some basic motor skills among students.

The current research aims to identify the relationship between institutional excellence and organizational health of the Iraqi Aquatic Sports Federation from the perspective of subsidiary federations. The researcher used a descriptive approach on a sample of members of subsidiary federations, totaling 78 members representing 13 subsidiary federations. The researcher used the institutional excellence scale developed by Al-Moulla (2020) and the organizational health scale developed by Mohammed (2021). To obtain the results of the current research, the researcher utilized mean, standard deviation, and percentage as appropriate statistical methods. The researcher concluded that the management of the Iraqi Aquatic Sports Federation's institutional excellence contributes to creating an effective and organized work environment, enabling members to contribute their best experiences and capabilities to enhance the administrative work of the federation. The researcher recommended the necessity of focusing on implementing institutional excellence in the administrative work within subsidiary federations to elevate aquatic sports in the Iraqi governorates.

The researcher came up with the idea of inventing an innovative device to measure and develop accuracy in some basic skills in table tennis and to create a device that keeps up with the scientific development in sports training, measurement, and evaluation. The research aims to:
- Invent a device to measure and develop accuracy in some basic skills in table tennis.
- Design tests to measure accuracy in some basic skills on the M.T.Table Tennis device in table tennis.
- Prepare exercises on the M.T.Table Tennis device to develop accuracy in some basic skills in table tennis.
- Determine the impact of the training program on the accuracy of some basic skills in table tennis between the pre-test and post-test of the research sample.
The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the research. The accuracy of basic skills in table tennis exercises was implemented on the M.T.Table Tennis device on a sample of advanced players above the age of 19 from Al-Futiwa Sports Club, consisting of 7 players selected by purposive sampling. The M.T.Table Tennis device was invented to measure and develop accuracy in some basic skills in table tennis, and the reliability, validity, and objectivity of this device and tests were achieved. Homogeneity was achieved in the research sample in the following variables (age, height, weight). The researcher used a single-group experimental design, where the research sample underwent a pre-test to determine their level before the introduction of the experimental variable. Then, the research sample was exposed to the experimental variable, followed by a post-test. The difference between the pre-test and post-test results is a result of the impact of the experimental variable.
The researcher designed exercises to improve the accuracy of some basic skills in table tennis and incorporated them into a training program to assess their impact on a number of basic skills in table tennis. The researcher then conducted pre-tests on the research sample and proceeded to implement the training program, which lasted for 8 weeks, consisting of two 4-week cycles with a 3-1 load fluctuation, totaling 3 training units per week. After completing the training programs, the researcher conducted post-tests on the research sample.
The researcher reached the following conclusions:
1. The exercises to improve the accuracy of basic skills in table tennis on the M.T.Table Tennis device resulted in the development of skills (short serve, long serve, straight forehand, straight backhand, topspin forehand, topspin backhand) between the pre-test and post-test, in favor of the post-test.
2. The M.T.Table Tennis device demonstrated the ability to measure the accuracy of basic skills in (short serve, long serve, straight forehand, straight backhand, topspin forehand, topspin backhand).

This study aims to explore the relationship between personal strengths, mental toughness, and scoring accuracy in football. A sample of youth players from Shaqlawa Club was collected, consisting of 20 players. Psychological measures and skill tests suitable for this sample were used to assess their personal strengths, mental toughness, and scoring accuracy in football. After statistical data analysis, the study reached the following results: No relationship was found between personal strengths and scoring accuracy in football. This means that neither personal strengths nor mental toughness are directly related to scoring accuracy.

The importance of the research is evident in the following:
- Activating the role of the psychological skills training program accompanying the stages of preparation and competitions to take modern and effective guiding trends and concepts in facing problems, for the purpose of developing the trait of courage among eyeball players and applying it for the first time in the Iraqi environment and in the sports field in particular.
In the course of the foregoing, it can be said that the current research constitutes a new scientific and cognitive addition in the field of psychological preparation associated with physical and skill preparation, which is one of the modern trends used in the psychological preparation of athletes.
The research aims to:
- Identifying the level of athletic courage for Al-Ain football players at Al-Hadbaa Sports Club in Nineveh Governorate.
- Identifying the effectiveness of some psychological skills program in developing the athletic courage of the eyeball players at Al-Hadbaa Sports Club in Nineveh Governorate.
The researchers used the experimental approach, and the research sample (application) included (24) players from Al-Hadbaa Sports Club for Al-Ain Football from the youth category, and in the light of the research results and their discussion and within the limits of the research sample.
The researchers used the experimental approach, and the research sample (application) included (24) players from Al-Hadbaa Sports Club for Al-Ain Football from the youth category.
- The effectiveness of a proposed program for a number of psychological skills in developing the athletic courage of eyeball players.
- There are significant differences between the pre and post tests in athletic courage and in favor of the post test for the control and experimental groups in all fields.
- There are significant differences between the two post-tests of the control and experimental groups in athletic courage and in favor of the experimental group in all domains.

Over the last few years, microplastics in indoor air have increasingly gained attention; however, the rates, shapes, and polymer types of MPs are rarely discussed. In this study, we investigated the abundance and characteristics of microplastic suspended in ninety indoor environments in Mosul City, Iraq, with three replicates at each site for six months. Kindergartens had the highest average MPs among sampling sites (20.2±1.7 MPs/ m3), while the lowest average was in the medical clinics at about (2.7±0.8 MPs/ m3). The majority of indoor suspended samples contained MPs in the form of fibers. In suspended samples collected from indoor environments, the colour of MPs was mainly transparent, followed by black, red, blue, green, and yellow. The main types of polymers identified were polystyrene (PS, 40%), polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 25%), polypropylene (PP, 15%), polyethylene (PE, 14%), polyamide (PA, 5%), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC, 1%). Among the most common MPs polymer types found in samples are PS, PET, and PP because they are used in various materials, such as fabrics, furniture, carpets, packaging, and synthetic fibers. The results were statistically analyzed using Excel 2019. Statistically significant differences were found between each site and the others, except between shops, hospital shops, and offices, as between pharmacies and medical clinics, which were not significant. The similarity in terms of population density, furniture, and the lack of carpets and curtains might explain the insignificant difference between these sites.

In this research, we demonstrated the Modeling and simulation of Mach-Zehnder modulator(MZM) with optoelectronic feedback(OEFB) to generate optical instabilities output (periodic, quasi-periodic and chaos spatial signal). The Integrodifferential equation is the basis of this model. Control of the instabilities region of optical output from MZM been done optoelectronic feedback OEF delay time. The results of the numerical solutions of the system of delay differential equations (DDE) for the OEO system showed that there is very large diversity in the oscillation systems, ranging from single oscillation, double-period oscillation, multi-period oscillations, and chaotic oscillations respectively, as functions of the photoelectric feedback delay times τD when the linear gain coefficient is fixed at the value of 3. The results of the numerical solutions also showed an increase in the dimensions of the chaotic oscillations at the large values of the delay times τD of the optoelectronic feedback. Numerical simulation results of the bifurcation diagram showed wide diversity of oscillation regimes, ranging fromsingle period, period two, mixed-mode, quasi-periodic and chaotic oscillations, which are all functions of delay time parameter τD .

In this study, three isolates of Alternaria sp are used. Two of these are Alternaria alternata, one Alternaria dianthi, and three Fusarium sp. One belonged to the type Fusarium solani, the other belonged to the type Fusarium verticilliodies, and the third was Fusarium oxysporum. The pathogenicity of germinating radish seeds was tested, and all isolates gave varying degrees in disease severity index (DSI), as the F.verticilliodies isolate obtained pathogenicity score of (6.5), followed by isolates fungus A.dianthi has a pathogenicity index of (5.2), which means that it is highly pathogenic. As for the rest of the isolates, their pathogenicity varied. The toxic effect of the studied fungus filtrates showed a clear effect on the wilting of the branches of Gerbera, Felix and Eggplant plants, compared to branches of these plants immersed in water, which indicates the toxic effect. For the infiltrates of these fungi and their pathogenic ability, local necrosis test of leaves of these plants confirmed clear pathological effects of appearance spots and cell death in pricking areas. By analyzing the absorption spectrum of fungal filtrates using the Spectrophotometer. Two peaks appeared for F.verticilliodies, as well as two absorption peaks in curves of the fungus A.dianthi and A.alternata filtrates, which indicates the toxicity of the fungus F. verticilliodies the appearance of one peak with a retention time of 2.8 minutes/sec, which indicates the presence of Fumisen B1 toxin at a concentration of 0.5 µg/ml. Also, a peak was obtained with a retention time of 2.84 minutes, which indicates the presence of Alternariol (AOH) toxin at a concentration of 1.1 µg/ml.

Intelligence is viewed holistically and is generally measured through tests and scales of multiple intelligences, providing an overview of an individual's overall intelligence regardless of their possession of multiple mental, cognitive, and physical abilities. The general custom has often linked intelligence to academic achievement. Hence, the theory of multiple intelligences, introduced by Gardner in 1983, has gained necessary attention in developing educational programs and curricula. He identified seven intelligences: linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and intrapersonal intelligence. Later, in 1995, Gardner added two more intelligences: naturalistic intelligence and existential intelligence. This research presents activities for teaching the skills related to different intelligences independently, starting with simple activities for primary and secondary school students, followed by more advanced activities for high school students and beyond. It also utilizes educational applications for multiple intelligences in mathematics.

This study examined groundwater in five villages located south of Nineveh Governorate, northern Iraq, which are (Asfiya, Harara, Al-Rasif, Al-Na'ana, and Tal Wai). One well was selected from each village during the autumn, winter and spring seasons for studying it and showing its quality by studying its physical and chemical properties and compared results with the upper limits allowed by the World Health Organization and the application of the water quality index (WQI) to determine the suitability of the studied water for drinking and various domestic uses. The study indicated that the pH rates ranged between (7.75) in the water of village Al-Na'ana to (8.08) in the water of village Al-Rasif, and the values of the total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged between (1123) mg/l in the water of village Tal Wai and (1933) mg/l in the water of village Asfiya. The total alkaline rates ranged between (220-490) mg/l, and the study areas recorded an increase in the total hardness values as far as the limits allowed by World Health Organization, their rates ranged between (1100-1660) mg/l, and the concentrations of calcium ions ranged between (214-492) mg/l. The results of the water quality index (WQI) indicated that the WQI values of the studied groundwater ranged between (51) in the water of villages Harara and Al-Na'ana and (60) in the water of village Al-Rasif, which indicated that the studied water is of poor use for drinking and of various domestic uses.

The present study is a contrastive study which shows the scientific description of the syllable as a phonological unit in English and Arabic. One of the main problems in learning a foreign language is developing a unique set of transfer-related first language behaviours. So, the current study attempts to: 1. give an overview of the syllable in Phonology as a branch of linguistics, 2. define the syllable in English and Arabic, 3. state the most prominent theories on which the syllable in English and Arabic is based, and 4. show the structures and functions of the syllable in English and Arabic. In light of comparisons between both English and Arabic languages in terms of similarities and differences, this kind of contrastive analysis aids in the prediction of the characteristics that would indicate difficulty or ease in learning English. In terms of such comparisons between both aforementioned languages, the researchers draw conclusions about all the issues mentioned above.