Journal of Studies in Humanities and Educational Sciences

This study focuses on the different pragmatic strategies that can be used in order to conduct a successful cross-cultural communication in a globalized business landscape. The study particularly focuses on intercultural business negotiations and the areas where there are a lot of potentials for causing conflict between the negotiated parties. This study employed a mixed-methods research design of both scenario based experiments that can mirror an intercultural business negotiation and some interviews with the participants in the experiments to detect the pragmatic factors that play an important role in resolving the conflicts that arise in intercultural business negotiation. The findings revealed that some pragmatic strategies, such as indirect communication, face-saving techniques, and adherence to politeness norms, can be employed to conduct a successful negotiation and to overcome the negative effects that result from the lack of mutual cultural understanding or from the misinterpretation of nonverbal gestures.

This research aims to provide an overview of the subversive role of Minister Yusuf Ibn al-Naghrila in Granada. The nature of the material available for this study required that the research be divided into an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The introduction dealt with the political conditions of Andalusia and the conflicts that accompanied it over the seat of the caliphate until its fall and dissolution. The unity of Andalusia was stripped and fragmented into the so-called sectarian states, and then Ismail, Yusuf’s father, was installed as minister of Habus and his son Badis until his death, The research was directed to monitor, through its divisions, an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The introduction briefly explained the conditions of Andalusia before Yusuf assumed the ministry. As for the first section, it included Yusuf Ibn al-Naghrila, covering: his life and upbringing, his assumption of the ministry, and his assassination of the sons of Prince Badis. As for the second section: it includes his transgression on Muslims and their sanctities, and his attempt to establish a state for the Jews in Andalusia, and the revolution of the people of Granada against him and his death, and finally a conclusion of the most prominent findings of the researcher that came out of the study. The problem of the research was evident in the lack of historical sources on the subject of the study, and the scientific method was followed in this research in examining historical narratives. To become familiar with the research topic and its details.

The goal o f t his re search i s t o investigate t he opinions of teachers of English about the use of Interactive Whiteboards (IWB) in classrooms. To achieve the research goal, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method, using the interview (semi-structured interview) as a tool for collecting data, which consisted of (6) questions, The validity and reliability of the research tool was verified. The research tool was applied on (10) male and female teachers who teach the English in intermediate and secondary public day schools affiliated with Maysan Governorate/the center that are equipped with Interactive Whiteboards. They were chosen intentionally. The data was processed statistically. The results revealed that although teachers expressed a positive impression about the use of Interactive Whiteboards, they stated that they do not have the necessary competence to use them, and that they need more educational seminars. In light of the results, some suggestions were made.

The aim of the research was to: identify the effectiveness of the cognitive acceleration strategy in the achievement of third-year middle school students in biology, as well as to identify the effectiveness of the cognitive acceleration strategy in logical thinking among third-year middle school students in biology. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher followed the experimental method and the results appeared: The students who studied according to the cognitive acceleration strategy outperformed the students who studied according to the usual method in biology. Also, the students who studied according to the cognitive acceleration strategy outperformed the students who studied according to the usual method in logical thinking. In light of the results reached by the current research, the researcher recommends: Employing the cognitive acceleration strategy in teaching biology for its effectiveness and positive impact on achievement and logical thinking and teaching students how to think about their thinking processes through the motivational activities that the teacher prepares for the students, which develop their higher thinking skills and as a result they reach higher levels of thinking, as well as making some suggestions: Conducting other studies on the effectiveness of the cognitive acceleration strategy in academic achievement in other subjects, conducting studies similar to the current study on the effectiveness of the cognitive acceleration strategy in other variables.

The research aims to identify the level of mental habits among middle school students, and to know the differences in them according to the gender variable (males, females). The researches adopted the descriptive approach in their research, and the research community consisted of (2105) male and female middle school students in Dhi Qar Governorate for the year Academic year (2023- 2024) and (200) male and female students were chosen to represent the research sample. The researches adopted the Costa& Kallick(2000) scale, which consisted of (32) items with three- alternative graded answers. The researches verified the psychometric properties of the scale, especially the reliability of (0.88). After statistical processing of the data, the results showed : the presence of a high level of habits of mind among the members of the research sample, and the presence of statistically significant differences in favor of males in the scale of habits of mind,the researchers Concluded The presence of a high level of habits of mind among middle school students, the researches recommend Conducting training and development courses for teachers to develop the habits of mind among students,.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effectiveness of the proactive guide strategy in cognitive curiosity among students in colleges of education. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher conducted an experiment that lasted for a period of time of eight weeks. The researcher chose a quasi-experimental design with partial control with two equal groups, one representing the experimental group and the other representing the control group with a post-test to measure the cognitive curiosity of the research sample. The research community was represented by all students in the colleges of education in The Middle Euphrates region, and the researcher chose her sample in a purposive manner, which represented students from the College of Education at Al-Qadisiyah University. Then the researcher chose, by random assignment (lottery), the Arabic Language Department to be the current research sample, as it consisted of (68) male and female students, represented by two divisions representing Division (D). The experimental group numbered (33), and Section (B) represented the control group and consisted of (35) male and female students. The two research groups were rewarded statistically in the variables: (chronological age in months, intelligence test, general average in the first stage, previous information, and cognitive curiosity scale) The researcher was also keen to control extraneous variables that might affect the results of the experiment. The research tool was the cognitive curiosity scale prepared by the researchers Greo and Waad (2023), which targeted university students and which consisted of (23) items. The researcher also prepared a number of teaching plans for the group. The experiment, in accordance with the proactive guide strategy, also prepared teaching plans for the control group according to the traditional method (lecture). The experiment was applied in the first semester of the year (2023-2024), and the results were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Portfolio for the Social Sciences and the (SSPS) program. The results resulted in superior The students of the experimental group, who studied according to the proactive guide strategy, over the students of the control group, which studied according to the traditional method (lecture) in the cognitive curiosity scale. Based on the findings of the research, the researcher formulated a set of proposals.

The Analytical and Critical Study of Dr. Abdul Rahman Badawi's Lecture on Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya, According to the Historical-Analytical-Critical Approach ,This study presents the historical narratives regarding Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya and then critically analyzes them using the scientific method, in order to reach well-founded historical conclusions. Rabi'a opened a new chapter in the history of Islamic spiritual life. She was a pioneer who laid the foundations of love and grief within the framework of Islamic Sufism. She was immersed in the tendency of love to the degree of divine love. She was among the strugglers in detachment from all but God Almighty, turning away from worldly pleasures, mortifying desires, and elevating the inner spiritual content while upholding a lofty spiritual life.

The specific form of the HOLY QURAN that doesn't end for most of the writers and poets , the writers are still take from its words, images and meanings, the quran dsecription is describing with the colour and motion. The holy book show us the most brilliant and beautiful images, and agreat ability to effect the recipient . Its effection combines between the religious side and the aesthetic side, so its blessing verses seemed to be scenic picture standing by its living forms and its shapes that shedes with motion. Ibn Hamids said in his divan some of the Quran images to put beauty and brillians of expression on his verses, and the research stands on the more important poetic texts which Ibn Hamids used the holy quran pictures and the presence of those Quran texts and its role in refreshing the poetic text and directing it wheather this presence was for the holy verses in a direct pronunciation as it came in the holy Quran or in indirect pronunciation.

Interpol plays a crucial role in combating cyberterrorism by facilitating international cooperation and coordination among law enforcement agencies worldwide. Its role includes information exchange, operational support, capacity building, cyber threat assessment, collaboration with the private sector and international partners, and maintaining a dedicated team for responding to cyber incidents

The current research aimed to identify the subjective vitality and its relationship to the successful intelligence of Islamic education teachers and their attitudes towards it. The sample of the research level reached (166) schools of Islamic education teachers in the city center of Mosul for the academic year (2021-2022) for the right and left sides, the researcher adopted the measure of subjective vitality Fadel (2019), which is part of the basic requirements of the current research, which consists of four areas: 1 - physical 2 - emotional 3 - mental 4 - social consisting of (33 items, and the apparent validity was verified of the scale by presenting its paragraphs to a group of arbitrators, as well as extracting the discrimination coefficient and the correlation coefficient between the degree of each paragraph with the total score of the scale. The researcher used the Sternberg scale (2002), which consists of (36) items that reflect the activities of three analytical abilities, creative and practical with alternatives (excellent, very good, good, average, poor), Creative and practical analytical capabilities with alternatives (excellent, very good, good, average, poor), and it was presented to a group of arbitrators to extract the apparent validity of it, and the discrimination coefficient and the correlation coefficient between the degree of each paragraph with the degree were extracted, and the reliability coefficient was extracted as it reached 0.84 by retest method. After extracting the validity and stability of the two variables (self vitality and successful intelligence), the researcher applied the two scales to the basic research sample, and after collecting the forms, the data were processed statistically, and through the results reached by the researcher, she made a number of recommendations and suggestions.

In this research, an experimental application of the brainstorming strategy is applied to the important interactive knowledge in the subject of social studies, which is the achievement of first-grade intermediate students. The researchers wanted to verify the validity and results of the research hypothesis. The researchers chose an experimental design with partial control, which includes the current research community of first-grade intermediate students in government daytime intermediate and secondary schools for boys affiliated with the General Directorate of Education of Dhi Qar Governorate / Shatrah Education Department for the academic year (2023-2024), which number (76) schools. The research experiment was applied to a sample of students. This was applied by the researchers, where the sample of students was randomly selected from the first intermediate grade students at Al-Adl Secondary School for Boys to represent the experimental group, numbering (41) students, who study according to this research strategy, which is the brainstorming strategy. In the same way, Al-Urwa Al-Wuthqa Intermediate School for Boys was chosen to represent the control group, numbering (43) students, according to the usual method. After excluding the students who statistically failed for both groups, the total number reached (84) students. A post-achievement test was prepared by the researchers, where these two tests consist of (40) objective test paragraphs of the (multiple choice) type. It was verified and proven in addition to all its psychometric properties, where the data is initially analyzed after being collected, statistically using the statistical package program (SPSS), then it was found that the control group students outperformed when applying the post-achievement test. As for the group that studied according to the brainstorming strategy instead of the usual method, it was in favor of the experimental group students. In light of the research results, the researcher recommended several recommendations and suggestions.

The research included the introduction and the importance of the research, and the introduction was addressed to Professor Dr. Adel Turki Hassan Abbas Al-Dalawi, who is the foundation of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Qadisiyah University. There is no doubt that we live in an era that has changed by all standards from previous eras. This era that we live in is called the information age, which means that the real power now belongs to those who possess information and can use it optimally and apply it scientifically in a manner that suits the needs of this era, as the research aimed to study the academic sports figures of great importance in the field of academic sports, especially those who contributed to the role of Prominent and left a mark in the history of Al-Qadisiyah University in the field of sports development and from this standpoint comes.

The aim of the research is to ( find out the trends of students of the mathematics department at the Faculty of basic education towards specialized and general study subjects) to achieve the research goal , the researcher adopted a descriptive curriculum, and the research community consisted of students of the mathematics department at the Faculty of basic education, Maysan University, a tool was built by which data could be collected (questionnaire) and the goal of the questionnaire was determined: which is to identify the degree of students ' orientation towards specialized and general study subjects, the questionnaire consisted of (40) paragraphs in its final form distributed over four questionnaires for each stage of the questionnaire in two areas for each questionnaire, the results were as follows:There are statistically significant differences between the arithmetic averages and in favor of males in the first field, as for the rest of the fields and the scale as a whole, and there are also statistically significant differences between the arithmetic averages of males and females in favor of female students in the second field, that is, students of the mathematics department have trends towards specialized subjects at a higher percentage than

Objective of the study: This study aims to explore the role and importance of cyber technology in securing the digital educational environment, understand how it is used to protect student and professor data, and provide security and privacy in student education online. Importance of the study: In the era of digital learning, the importance of protecting digital educational environments from increasing cyber threats has become increasingly important. This study represents an attempt to shed light on how to secure these environments and protect educational data.The approach followed: This study was implemented using an interpretive analytical approach, where the data that was distributed to a group of 243 professors at private Iraqi universities was collected and analyzed. The data was also analyzed using the descriptive approach to extract key information and trends. Most important conclusions: The study showed that cyber technology plays a vital role in securing the digital educational environment from increasing cyber threats. These technologies build virtual walls to protect data and provide security for students and professors. Most important recommendations: Based on the findings, it is recommended to enhance and implement careful cybersecurity policies and procedures in digital educational environments. Attention should be paid to providing ongoing training to professors and students on cybersecurity behaviors. Moreover, it stresses the need for continuous cooperation with IT specialists to stay informed of the latest threats and technologies.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effect of the (FATA) model on deductive thinking among middle school students in mathematics. The research sample was chosen from two of the green middle school classes for boys, which include a total of (67) students, with 35 students for the experimental group and (32). student for the control group. A test for deductive thinking was developed, which consists of seven skills and includes 35 items, and its validity and reliability were verified through psychometric tests. has been reached. The following results: There are statistically significant differences in the results of the deductive reasoning test between the experimental group and the control group, and in favor of the experimental group that was studied according to Form (FATA).

Study objective: This study aims to explore the role of sustainable leadership in implementing and sustaining green human resource management (Green HRM) practices at Al-Joud Investment Company. The study aims to understand how leaders influence the adoption and implementation of these environmental practices within the company. Study significance: The importance of the study is highlighted by highlighting the relationship between sustainable leadership and green HRM practices, which are vital to achieving a balance between the company's economic, social and environmental goals. This study helps provide insights into how sustainable leadership can be used as a strategic tool to promote sustainability within organizations, which can contribute to improving organizational performance and environmental commitment.Methodology: The study used the descriptive analytical approach, as data were collected through a questionnaire designed to measure the impact of sustainable leadership on green HRM practices. Statistical analytical methods were also used to analyze the data collected from the participants.Study population and sample: The study population included Al-Joud Company for Modern Industrial and Agricultural Technology, and the study sample targeted employees and administrators in the company, with a total of 177 responses.Main conclusion: The study concluded that there is a strong positive relationship between sustainable leadership and the adoption of green HRM practices. It was found that leaders who support sustainability contribute significantly to enhancing environmental practices within the company, which leads to improved environmental and organizational performance. Most important recommendation: The study recommends the need to enhance sustainable leadership in the company by training leaders on sustainability practices and developing clear policies that support sustainability in all departments of the company. It also recommends including specific environmental goals in job performance plans to enhance employees’ commitment to green practices.

Study Objectives: Many organizations are witnessing the adoption of agile marketing strategies using advanced technology such as artificial intelligence to enhance efficiency and improve performance. This research aims to analyze the levels of success in using artificial intelligence to improve the management of agile marketing operations in the artificial intelligence research centers at the University of Baghdad and Al-Mustaqbal, in addition to identifying the challenges facing the application processes. A questionnaire was distributed to 125 researchers and experts in the two centers to collect and analyze data.Introduction to the study: The study addresses reliance on advanced technology and the application of artificial intelligence to improve agile marketing processes, which are crucial for success and sustainability in the modern digital business environment. Importance of the study: The importance of the study comes from providing new insights into the effectiveness of using artificial intelligence in improving the management of lean marketing operations, which enables research institutions to improve their performance and enhance their competitiveness in the market. Theoretical results: The use of artificial intelligence enhances the effectiveness of agile marketing operations, and the challenges facing the application of artificial intelligence range from absorptive capacity, cost, and organizational adoption. Practical results: There appears to be a gap between the levels of success achieved and the trend of organizations towards using artificial intelligence in managing agile marketing operations, and the challenges facing the application of artificial intelligence are considered a major obstacle that must be overcome to ensure the complete success of this process. Conclusions: The study emphasizes the importance of organizations adopting the use of advanced technology such as artificial intelligence in managing agile marketing operations, as well as the necessity of seriously thinking about planning and implementing agile marketing strategies in a way that is compatible with artificial intelligence applications. Recommendations: Efforts should be strengthened to train and qualify researchers and specialists to use artificial intelligence more in agile marketing processes. Communication and interaction between the various departments of the two centers should also be strengthened to exchange knowledge and experiences in the field of artificial intelligence and agile marketing.

The study topic was divided into three sections. The first section dealt with the historical origins of the Copts, where opinions differed in this regard. This section also addressed the most important stages that this minority went through in Egyptian history, while the second section addressed the study of the population representation of this minority and how it integrated into Egyptian society. As for the third section, it reviewed the positions of this minority on political developments in Egypt during the period (1952-2013). They were changing positions driven by government policies and the positions of those policies with the aforementioned minority.

The science of interpretation has faced a number of contemporary problems represented in many of the scientific problems that the interpreter faces. Among these problems is the interpreter's reliance on interpretive narrations without looking at the chains of transmission of these narrations. The researcher may accept these narrations if the narrations are covered by the rule of tolerance in the evidence of the Sunnah. So how if the field was the interpretation of the verses of rulings, the matter is serious, and its difficulty lies in how to obtain the correct or documented texts in the interpretation of the Qur’anic text. It is not hidden from anyone who has any mind that the interpretation of the verses of rulings falls within the objective interpretation, which depends on a specific topic, and regardless of what results from this objective approach of effects, the researcher can, in light of this study, enter into the books of hadiths of rulings. Because research into the interpretation of the verses of rulings is a scientific necessity, and the origin of the necessity is that understanding the religion, and even the principles of ijtihad, depend on knowledge of the interpretation of the verses of rulings, as stated by Sheikh Al-Akhund Al-Khorasani (d. 1329 AH), and the interpretation that derives its importance from two aspects: The first: its connection to the words of God Almighty and its honor, and the narrations have been abundant in contemplation of the Holy Quran. The second: the connection of the research to the legal rulings, and the honorable narrations have agreed on the necessity of understanding the religion. On the authority of Al-Hasan bin Saif, on the authority of his brother Ali, on the authority of Sulayman bin Umar, on the authority of Abu Abdullah, on the authority of his father, peace be upon him, who said: A servant does not complete the truth of faith until he has three qualities: understanding the religion, good judgment in living, and patience in calamities. And on the authority of Al-Husayn bin Muhammad, on the authority of Ja`far bin Muhammad, on the authority of Al-Qasim bin Al-Rabi`, on the authority of Mufaddal bin Omar said: I heard Abu Abdullah (AS) say: You must gain understanding in the religion of Allah and do not be like Arabs, for whoever does not gain understanding in the religion of Allah, Allah will not look at him on the Day of Resurrection and will not purify his deeds. On the authority of Muhammad bin Ismail, on the authority of Al-Fadl bin Shadhan, on the authority of Ibn Abi Umair, on the authority of Jamil bin Darraj, on the authority of Aban bin Taghlib, on the authority of Abu Abdullah, peace be upon him, who said: I would have liked that my companions' heads were whipped so that they would understand.
Therefore, the selection of this research was based on a problem and a method.

The current article tries to present a psychoanalytical and feminist critical analysis of Anita Mazumdar Desai's Fasting, Feasting (1999). The researcher does a close read-ing and a profound investigation of the novel within the conceptual framework of psychoanalytic theory drawing on well-known men figures like Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. Based on their theories, feminist notions are also utilized to offer expanded evidences relating to the target theme. The target concept of this study is phallic image of women. It will help us to clarify how the symbolic order attempts to change women to phallic beings. Ultimately, Desai asserts that her female characters are regulated in the hands of the patriarchal law.

The current study sheds light on explaining rhetorical questions in holy qur’an and specially in Yasin Surat. A figure of speech with a question form is called a rhetorical question. ,but it does not need an answer .Several aims and purposes are used through this kind of questin .The study aims at explaining the meaning of rhetorical question and how it is used in Yasin Surat and pinpointing the types of rhetorical question that are used in Yasin surat .To achieve the aims of the study it is hypothesized that :Rhetorical question has different functions and purposes that are used by the speaker to achieve his goal; Holy Qur’an is full with rhetorical questions to convey different messages and different aims.

The goal of the research is to identify the values of digital citizenship, and to reveal if there are differences in the values of digital citizenship to variables (gender, specialization, and years of service). The researcher used the descriptive analytical method for a questionnaire consisting of (7) areas that included (36) items. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. A random sample of the teaching staff consisted of (44) male and female teachers. The results of the research showed that the areas of digital citizenship values in general came in at a (medium) degree according to the responses of faculty members at the Open Educational College, and the t-test for two independent samples did not show a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) in the responses to the items of the research tool with regard to gender. (males - females), and years of service (less than and more than 10 years), while there was a statistically significant difference with regard to specialization and in favor of humanitarian specialization. The research came out with a number of recommendations, including: the need for the Open Educational College, through its centers spread across the governorates, to pay attention to developing the values of digital citizenship, and to show its interest in the fields of (digital culture) and (e-commerce). The research also came up with a number of suggestions, including: conducting a similar study on the role Colleges of education in Iraqi universities in developing the values of digital citizenship.

The current research aims to: There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of students in the emotional resilience test at a significance level of (0.05) and the average scores of students in the students' achievement in emotional resilience. There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of students in the emotional resilience scale at a significance level of (0.05) in the gender variable. The research sample consisted of (154) male and female students from the College of Basic Education, Department of Geography. The sample was chosen intentionally. To achieve the objectives of the research, a resilience scale was constructed, consisting of (24) multiple-choice optional items. The researcher used the statistical package (SPSS) and reached the following results: High-achieving students enjoy high emotional flexibility because they look forward to active participation with their teachers and colleagues. Males enjoy greater freedom than females because they are more liberated than females, and this is due to the customs and traditions that prevail in our Iraqi society. The researcher reached a set of conclusions, including: There is a direct relationship between emotional flexibility and students' academic achievement. The researcher suggested conducting a descriptive study to find out the emotional flexibility of teachers. She also recommended: Benefiting instructors in the scientific and educational specialization from the emotional flexibility scale and its impact on students' achievement.

The current research aims to identify:
1. The encouraging thinking of social studies teachers.
2. The job performance of social studies teachers.
3. Differences in encouraging thinking and job performance according to the gender variable.
4. The relationship between encouraging thinking and job performance among social studies teachers.
To achieve the objectives of the current research, two scales were constructed: the first to measure encouraging thinking and the second to measure job performance. These two scales were applied to a sample of (210) teachers, of whom (105) were male teachers and (105) were female teachers. After verifying the measurement characteristics of the scales, they were applied to the research sample, and the data was then processed using appropriate statistical methods. The results were as follows:
1. There is a high level of encouraging thinking among social studies teachers.
2. There is a high level of job performance among social studies teachers.
3. There is a positive correlation between encouraging thinking and job performance among the research sample.
In light of the results of the current research, the researcher has set a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This study seeks to analyze the role of digital marketing mood across social media platforms and its impact on audience interaction and consumer behavior. As the use of social media as a marketing tool continues to increase, it has become necessary to understand how the mood conveyed through digital marketing campaigns affects users’ engagement and purchasing decisions. This study is based on a descriptive analytical research approach, where data was collected by analyzing the content of marketing campaigns on social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Questionnaires were also used to collect consumer opinions via social media platforms for more than 1,260 responses about the impact of digital marketing sentiment on their interaction and purchasing behavior.The results showed that digital marketing mood plays a pivotal role in enhancing audience interaction with digital content. Marketing campaigns that convey a positive mood and are based on attractive emotional elements have higher engagement rates compared to campaigns with a negative or neutral mood. The study also revealed a clear impact of digital marketing mood on consumer behavior, as it was found that positive mood increases the likelihood of making immediate purchasing decisions and enhances customer loyalty to the brand.Based on these results, the study recommends that companies adopt marketing strategies based on positive digital moods and effectively use emotional elements to enhance interaction with the audience and stimulate positive purchasing behavior.

This research aims to:
1- Build a proposed educational program according to flexible thinking.
2- Measure its effectiveness in improving achievement and distributed thinking among students of colleges of education. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the experimental approach and prepared an educational program that includes educational objectives, educational content, teaching methods, strategies, activities, educational tools, and evaluation methods, and a teacher's guide that verified its validity by presenting it to a group of arbitrators. The researcher used an experimental design with partial control to determine the effectiveness of the educational program in improving academic achievement and distributed thinking. Students were divided into two groups, one of which was exposed to the educational program and the other by the usual methods, and a post-test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. The researcher intentionally chose Al-Nasr Secondary School for Boys to conduct the experiment, and used the random drawing method to select two sections, each of which includes (34) students. The researcher prepared the research tools that included a test for academic achievement in the subject of history, consisting of 40 paragraphs, including 36 optional paragraphs and 4 essay paragraphs, in addition to a scale for distributed thinking (attention to detail and analysis, creativity and positive thinking, the ability to plan and organize, interest in results and evaluation, looking at problems from different angles, and teamwork to solve them). Its validity and reliability were verified and applied to a sample of students. After that, the researcher studied the two research groups during the experiment period in the academic year 2022-2023 AD. After analyzing the data, the research concluded that using the proposed educational program led to improving academic achievement and distributed thinking among students, which confirms the effectiveness of the educational program in improving educational outcomes. Based on the results, the researcher made recommendations and proposals.

This study attempts to examine the possibility of achieving creativity through reading and writing poetry. The study is divided into two sections, the first one is an introduction which deals with the meaning and scope of "creativity" in general. Section one, as well as, includes the problem of limited creative thinking and its causes with some possible solutions. The second section of the study, concerns with the application of creative thinking possibility in poetic texts of important poets from the Romantic poetry and Modern poetry. These poets are William Wordsworth(1770-1850) from Romantic age and Grace Paley (1922-2007) from modern age.

The researcher used the descriptive analytical research method to identify the most important difficulties and obstacles facing students and teaching staff at the university. To achieve this, a representative sample of the original community of teaching staff and students at the university was randomly tested in the Arabic language departments in the colleges of the University of Diyala (Education and Basic Education) morning study for the academic year (2021-2022), numbering (121) professors from the teaching staff in the colleges of education for human sciences and basic education and (357) male and female students. The sample consisted of some of the teaching staff, numbering (40) teachers and (128) A male and female student in the Faculties of Education and Basic Education. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher prepared a questionnaire that includes the most important obstacles facing teaching staff and students in using modern technologies and artificial intelligence at the university. The researcher prepared an appropriate tool by reviewing theories, scientific sources and previous studies related to the current research. It consisted of (20) paragraphs distributed over two areas, some of which relate to teaching staff and some of which relate to students. Using Pearson's correlation coefficient, weighted mean, percentage weight and percentage, the researcher reached results in the teachers' questionnaire that diagnosed these obstacles, some of which faced the teachers themselves. The number of its paragraphs was (10) scientific paragraphs, and its weighted averages ranged from the highest, which is (2.77), to the highest weight, which is (92%), which was obtained by paragraph (8) of Appendix (1), which stated (lack of motivation and experience by teaching staff) and the lowest weighted average, which is (1.91).) The lowest weight is (53%), which was obtained by paragraph (8) of Appendix (1), which stated (the speed of development and updating of applications and devices). As for the results of the students’ questionnaire, the difficulties of this questionnaire were diagnosed, which showed the paragraphs facing students in light of the questionnaire presented to them and the comparison between the paragraphs. The number of paragraphs achieved practically and realistically by students reached (7) paragraphs, and the highest weighted average in it reached (2.99) and the highest weight was (90), and the lowest weighted average in it reached (1.85) and the lowest weight was shown to be (62%). Through the results that appeared, it became clear that there are a number of results that were achieved in which both teachers and students participated, and it is considered one of the common difficulties, and their number reached (8) paragraphs. Through the above, the researcher recommended appropriate recommendations and proposals.

This research came to shed light on the role of the authority of Najaf Al-Ashraf, which is present in the personalities of its prominent scholars, including His Eminence Grand Ayatollah Sayyed Muhammad Saeed Tabatabai Al-Hakim (may God sanctify his secret), one of its prominent figures, and one of the major religious authorities, known for his authenticity, frankness, and realism. He lived with more than one general authority, and was close to From the famous and effective authority of Imam Muhsin al-Hakim (may God bless him) - we chose it as the research sample to provide a clear picture of the authority’s nobility and its pioneering scientific possessions. And clarifying its positions and visions in the political, social, and cultural fields. In his writings, he called for tolerance, forgetting the past, contentment with religious, national, and sectarian diversity, resorting to the judiciary under the law, and adhering to values. He was keen to distance the authority from partisan suspicions, and built his relationship with his imitators on trust, transparency, and giving. Money played a secondary role, and indifference to the large number of followers and supporters, nor to showmanship and love of appearance, nor to other fleeting temptations of the world, and the destructive motives of Satan, these are the constants that characterized his authority. Which was characterized by openness to others intellectually, socially and culturally, in addition to openness to modern technology and harnessing it in the service of the true religion. The Najaf seminary interacted with modernization throughout its scientific and literary life and was keen to preserve the ancient in an attempt to combine the modern and ancient trends in a way that suits the requirements of developing the religious community in the field of The Islamic world in this era.

The research will be on the problems of governance and its contemporary applications, and that among these contemporary applications of the term governance is what was used by (extremist groups) that built their ideas on wrong understandings that deviated them to excommunicate the other and analyze the shedding of his blood, and that the wrong understanding according to which Muslims are excommunicated is based on the interpretation of the verses of governance and their narrations to the interpretation of the verses of excommunication and their narrations and the interpretation of the verses of fighting and their narrations, and accordingly the research came to clarify the concept of governance in language and terminology, and after that clarify the emergence of the concept of governance, and then present a number of contemporary applications of the term (governance) among extremist groups, especially ISIS

Possible worlds are an old idea that has been present among many philosophers. Kripke revived this idea in a new and innovative way to prove many basic and important issues.Saul Kripke (1940-2022) is a logical philosopher and mathematician known for reintroducing important concepts such as necessity and possibility through his book (Naming and Necessity). He generalized the idea of possible worlds as a way to analyze many concepts such as essentialism and a priori and a posteriori knowledge. The possible worlds that Kripke assumes are not real worlds, as they do not exist in another dimension or in an unknown galaxy. Rather, they are worlds that only exist within the limits of the mind, which is a method that the mind invents to distinguish between many philosophical issues, whether logical, linguistic, or rational. Kripke believes that names are not specific characteristics, as Russell assumed, but rather they necessarily return to their references in all possible worlds, regardless of the change in the characteristics given to them. He also believes that the necessary truth is not always a priori. In some cases, it may be a posteriori and can only be realized through experience. Thus, Kripke created a new theory of meaning through which he defended essence. He argued that things possess an unchanging essence, and no matter how different the characteristics of a thing are, it possesses an unchanging essence. Through this, he established the idea of necessity that the mind discovers through experience, and he revived the ancient doctrine of essentialism, according to which things that possess certain properties are necessarily determined, and without these properties, things would not exist at all.

The current research aims to measure the level of academic motivation and its relationship to emotional regulation among students of the College of Pharmacy at Dhi Qar University. The research sample consisted of (200) male and female students from the College of Pharmacy. For the purpose of achieving the research objectives, the researchers built two research scales for academic motivation and emotional regulation and after extracting the statistical and psychometric characteristics. The two scales were applied to the primary

The current research aims to identify the role of school administration in developing creative thinking among intermediate school students from the teachers' point of view. As well as identifying the statistically significant differences at the level (0.5) for the role of school administration in developing creative thinking methods among intermediate school students from the teachers' point of view according to gender (males - females). Are there statistically significant differences at the level (0.5) for the role of school administration in developing creative thinking methods among intermediate school students from the teachers' point of view according to years of service (1-5) (6-10) (11- and above). The research was limited to teachers in middle schools in the center of Diwaniyah Governorate, as their number reached (250) male and female teachers. The research tool was built for the role of the school in developing creative thinking methods among students. The tool reached in its final form after conducting the validity and reliability processes, amounting to (36) paragraphs. The research came out with a set of results that were interpreted according to the theoretical framework of the subject and came out with a set of conclusions and recommendations consistent with the results of the current research.

The Watergate affair is one of the most significant political crises in American history, which not only led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974, but also redefined the relationship between political power, journalism, and public accountability. This paper presents an analysis of the origins, development, and consequences of the affair, from the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters, the cover-up that followed, the role of investigative journalism, and the legal and political processes that culminated in Nixon becoming the first American president to resign. It also examines the long-term consequences of the affair for American politics, including changes in campaign finance laws, and the strengthening of checks and balances within the American political system.

The current research aims to find out methods to limit the spread of the phenomenon of homosexuality from the point of view of university professors. The two researchers took as a research community the professors of the University of Babylon and the College of Education for the Humanities as a sample for the research. The sample size was (241) of which (117) for males (124) for females. They constructed a questionnaire consisting of (45) items that were presented to experts from psychology and linguistic sciences to demonstrate its validity (I modified and deleted them). (5) paragraphs to remain at (40) paragraphs distributed to the professors, and their answers were correct solutions from the psychological and social aspects and were very appropriate for both the Iraqi and Islamic environment. The researchers used the descriptive analytical method, and after conducting statistical operations for the research sample’s responses, it became clear that the solutions were the necessity of state intervention in Preventing sex reassignment surgery, and the legality of homosexual activity is unacceptable , The researchers concluded that there is no society in which homosexuality has become widespread until it has become a practice or a phenomenon except that God has afflicted it with immediate punishment (the most famous example is the people of Lot), and homosexuality is an aberrant behavior that goes against the flow of natural life that God Almighty has decreed for the perpetuation of the race and the human species. The study recommended that Arab parliaments, including the Iraqi parliament, enact special constitutions to curb these practices, form community committees whose role is to combat such practices, and hold seminars to educate people. One of her suggestions to the Iraqi Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research was to highlight the bright history of the Arabs in rejecting these shameful practices through the curricula.

The rapid development witnessed by the world in the sports field has become the distinctive feature of this era, as psychology is one of the modern sciences that researchers are interested in, as sports psychology emerged from it in order to know and understand many problems related to sports behavior. The research aimed to build a measure of anxiety for referees of first division clubs in Diwaniyah Governorate, and followed the descriptive approach with the survey method to address the problem and relied on the referees of the first division football in Diwaniyah as a community, numbering (24) referees, and the most important conclusions were that the pressures of the crowds became an obstacle for referees due to their behavior, while the most important recommendations were to work on developing scientific curricula to develop the physical, psychological and mental aspects of referees due to their great connection to the level of their performance.

This research dealt with the topic (The selective feature in the modernists' reading of the Quranic text) with the aim of standing on those readings that tried to twist the texts to reach an understanding far from their intended meaning by leaving the constants of the origins and axioms known to Muslims and shifting their Islamic faith in their souls by mixing between the original and the foreign, so they distorted the words from their place; By selecting the sayings of deviant sects such as the Mu'tazila, philosophers such as Ibn Rushd, and Sufis such as Ibn Arabi, their goal is not to present the religious heritage in its complete form to the Western reader on the one hand, and to expatriates on the other hand, who were influenced by Orientalists in the field of their Quranic research in particular. The method adopted in this research is the analytical, descriptive, and critical method in dismantling and returning the generalities to their origins and roots, by describing and criticizing them. The research also included employing the comparative method between the modernist discourse and the divine discourse outlined in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Messenger (6) and his family (:) and what followed in their footsteps from Muslim scholars (4) of jurists and interpreters. The research concluded that the goal of the modernists' selectivity of the ideas of philosophers, Sufis, and deviant sects is to show that their theses are not innovations, but rather have heritage effects that have been practiced. The research also showed that their reading, characterized by (reading (The members) that prevail in picking and choosing and far from objectivity and then will lead to the cancellation of the correct understanding of religion.

The current research aimed to identify the habits of the productive mind and its relationship to academic immersion. The researcher used the descriptive approach and prepared two tools to measure the habits of the productive mind and based on a model consisting of three dimensions and the number of paragraphs reached (30) paragraphs in its final form, including the habits of the ability to organize oneself and this field included (10) behavioral positions, and the habits of the ability to think critically and this field includes (12) positions, and the habits of the ability to think creatively and included (8) behavioral positions, and the apparent validity and construct validity and reliability were verified by Cronbach's alpha, and the academic immersion scale consisting of (20) paragraphs was built, and its validity and reliability were achieved. The research sample consisted of female students of the College of Education for Girls - University of Al-Qadisiyah, numbering (120) students (60) from the first stage and (60) from the fourth stage, and the results showed that the sample members They have a degree of productive mind habits. There is no difference between the sample members (first and fourth) in productive mind habits, and the sample members have a degree of academic immersion, and there is no difference between the sample members (first and fourth) in academic immersion, and there is a strong direct relationship between productive mind habits and academic immersion.

The derivative is one of the most prominent Quranic vocabulary, as words are one of the most important issues in the science of deriving Islamic rulings, and the derivative has two terms: grammatical, which means the pronunciation taken from another word with matching letters and order, while the presumption of the state is one of the secondary evidences in the science of the principles of jurisprudence. Its meaning in the language: requesting companionship, it is said: he accompanied something if he adhered to it. Technically, it is the ruling on the establishment or denial of a matter in the present or future based on its establishment or non – existence in the past.

The research aims to demonstrate the effect of linguistic (nature) as an innate nature that creates man and is rooted in him, and thus it is a tool of linguistic production and linguistic performance, as well as linguistic generation. Accordingly, it has contact with concepts such as linguistic (instinct and competence); therefore, the research sought to demonstrate the effect of linguistic nature by examining its effect and, before that, examining the most important opinions that have been said on this subject, whether by the ancients or the moderns

After the end of World War II, and the dimise of Nazi threat, the attention of decision-makers in the United States of America started to turn towards then, a new and growing threat, represented by the Soviet Union, so the United States began to adopt strategies marred by confrontation and conflict in dealing with the prior. However, these strategies increased the possibility of the Soviet threat to American interests in the world. Opinions within America were divided. Some saw the necessity of moving towards limiting the capabilities of the Soviet Union and stripping it of the capabilities to expand by adopting stronger and more stringent strategies, especially with the acceleration of the nuclear arms race, which brought the world to the brink of a devastating nuclear war. From this standpoint, the need to adopt a strategy that reflects the challenges of the new reality that has characterized the international arena during the second half of the twentieth century has increased, represented by the strategy of the of Brinksmanship.

The aim of the current research is to identify the level of mental motivation among primary school principals in the center of Wasit Governorate. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach and the target community consisted of school principals in the center of Kut city, numbering (311) principals, and the sample size reached (281) school principals. The researcher adopted the research tool, which is the mental motivation scale prepared by (De Bono, 1998), and translated and Arabized by Muhammad Bakr Nofal 2004, consisting of four dimensions of mental motivation, which are (mental focus, orientation towards learning, creative problem solving, cognitive integration). The results indicated the presence of a medium degree of mental motivation among school principals in the center of Wasit Governorate. In light of the results, the researcher developed recommendations and proposals.