Journal of University of Babylon

Several process improvements have recently been incorporated into this Hot Potassium ‎Carbonate process for CO2 removal. The influence of steel surface condition and ‎solution chemistry on the critical inhibitor concentration required for spontaneous ‎passivation of carbon steel in typical solutions of hot potassium carbonate plant (HPC) ‎was studied. V2O5 solution was used as an inhibitor. It was found that the critical ‎inhibitor concentration depended on solution composition and the steel surface ‎condition. An inhibitor concentration of 14-15 g/l required to ensure spontaneous ‎passivation under all conditions. A minimum level of V+5 ions is required for ‎inhibition, so that monitoring the V+5 concentrations above 30% of total vanadium ‎crucial to successfully managing corrosion protection in plant.‎

Traditionally, contact time of a chlorine contact tank (CCT) in waster water treatment plants is ‎determined by performing field tracer tests. This paper presents an alternative approach by using ‎computational fluids dynamics (CFD) modeling to predict the contact time. This method is known as ‎numerical tracer testing. Numerical tracer testing was used for determining the contact time at the Al-‎Dewanyia Wastewater Treatment Plant in Al-Dewanyia The CCT is of 1600 m3 volume, five-pass ‎baffled tank capable of handling up to 1000 m3/ hr . CFD results were compared to field data obtained ‎by a step-feed field tracer tests using Rhodamine-wt. The comparison shows that CFD modeling is ‎capable of accurately predicting contact times in the CCT. Results of CFD modeling, including flow ‎streamlines, velocity contours and vectors, were used to improve velocity distribution and reduce solids ‎deposition, short-circuiting and vortices with the inclusion of SolarBee mixers. The CFD modeling has ‎clearly illustrated the short-circuiting phenomenon that occurs without the SolarBee mixer in place. ‎SolarBees can be effectively used to prevent short-circuiting by being placed directly in the short-‎circuiting path. The study demonstrates that CFD modeling is a valuable modeling tool for wastewater ‎industry. ‎

In the past few years, fuzzy-rule-based modeling has become an active research field because of ‎its good merits in solving complex nonlinear system identification and control problems. A servo ‎system (SS) is a class of a nonlinear position system that needs to be positioned accurately and fastly ‎on a commanded position. The strategy followed in this paper in designing digital controller for such ‎system; first building a neuro-model that represents the open loop servo system. This is accomplished ‎by sufficiently collecting input-output data and used it off-line to build the neural network that will ‎represent the plant for the second design stage. Second design fuzzy controller through NN simulation ‎to reach the required closed –loop behavior. The design technique is based on the adjustment of the ‎scale factors, rule base and membership functions of the controller; it and was accomplished by fine ‎tuning and heuristic corrections linked to the knowledge of the process to be controlled. For the ‎specified plant, there are certain parameters, which produce a well-controlled response.‎

This paper focus on the fusion of the enhancement brain images come from different ‎multimodality systems ((Magnetic Resonance Image, MRI) and (Computed Tomography, CT ‎Scanner))‎‏ ‏at the same position section and dimension. The Two-Dimension of Discrete Wavelet ‎Transform and Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform theories of Daubechies 2 used to separate the low ‎and high frequencies of the taken images and the sophisticate hybrid enhancement fusion algorithm ‎used pixel by pixel maximum selection rule, for approximate information (low frequency) and details ‎information (high frequency) which was enhancement by (unsharp masking filter), which were ‎programmed in MATLAB to get more information image, So the decision of Physician will be more ‎accuracy in the diagnostic diseases field. ‎

Electro-oxidation of steel in a suitable solution has been done rather the chemical one which ‎operates with a strict conditions (T~140◦C and very high concentration of main components). For ‎temperature values of 60C and above and with the starting concentration of the solution of 10% good ‎results were obtained, meaning that the black oxide is formed by dissolution of steel electrode ‎‎(anodically) and hence transforming to FeO Fe2O3 (Fe3O4) or black oxide. Some useful inspection ‎procedures were qualified to inspect the quality of such oxide and the result was good.‎

‎ The use of an extended surface (fin) is one of the important ways to heat transfer from the ‎engines and all kinds of electrical transformers. Therefore, it is so important to study and obtain the ‎best conditions of operation to get the best performance per unit cost. This research presents an ‎analytical study to obtain the temperature distribution through a finned surface. Two new suggested ‎techniques based on the finite element method to obtain the optimum design of finned surface ‎subjected to logarithmic temperature profile were presented. The suggested techniques are based ‎mainly on the temperature difference along fins domain in the longitudinal and transverse directions. ‎A simple apparatus of rectangular fins is studied to obtain the optimum design related to its ‎dimensions. The finite element technique (Ansys 9) is used to simulate and solve the governing ‎differential equations. The problem was considered under free convection mode. It was noted that the ‎suggested optimized criterion give an excellent results as compared with the original fin shape. The ‎temperature response plays an important rule in the selection of suitable optimized criteria. It is so ‎important to present that the profile of the optimized fin length is largely depends on the temperature ‎profile that firstly applied on the fins surface.‎

‎ Over the past years, great scientific and industrial achievements have been made in ‎the domain of existing many coloring technologies of aluminum alloys for different ‎applications ,mostly, coloring after anodizing for decoration and physical applications. ‎However, the coloring after anodizing process strongly depends on thickness and ‎color of Al2O3 thin film , and on its porosity and their distribution which can affect ‎the hardness of alumina layer. Also, this technology requires sequenced processes and ‎controlled conditions to get the desired color. The MPO technology has recently been ‎studied as a novel and effective means to provide improved properties such as thick ‎and hard ceramic coating with excellent load-bearing and wear resistance properties ‎on aluminum alloys. In the present study, the MPO technique was used for deposition ‎of ceramic layers colored with different colors and hardness better than those ‎produced by anodizing . This study is expected to promote the research in coloring of ‎aluminum alloys so as to meet the increased demands for colored aluminum alloys for ‎hard environmental applications ,where, such know-how can not be gained easily from ‎the literature and the internet.‎

This paper presents a theoretical investigation of the free transverse vibrations of a uniform beam that ‎is simply supported at both ends subjected to a static axial force. The beam is considered to have ‎different shapes of cross section (Rectangle section, Box section, I-section and T-section) with the ‎same value of area for all and at different values of second moments of area. The problem is ‎modeled and solved analytically. based on the analytical solution. The effect of static axial force ‎‎(tension or compression) on the characteristics of vibration ( natural frequency and mode shape) are ‎studied. It was concluded that increasing the tensile axial force causes an increase in the natural ‎frequency while increasing the compressive force resulting in decreasing the natural frequency. ‎
It is found that the beam of rectangular cross section have natural frequency lower than the ‎other types of cross sections for the same applied force, while the beam of T-section has the higher ‎value of natural frequency compared with other types. The beam of rectangle section losses its ‎stability by buckling with compression force less than the other types. The beams of the same shape of ‎cross section and the same value of the area have lower value of natural frequency at which have ‎smaller value of second moment of area.‎

In many of the digital image processing application, observing image is modeled to be corrupted ‎by different type of noise that result in a noisy version. Hence, image classification is an important ‎problem that aim to find an estimate version from image have a noise that is close to the original ‎image as possible. In the last few years, for image classification, accuracy of previous methods like ‎Fourier transform, wavelet transform, and other methods are not so high, so they neglect some ‎particular characters of image data. In this paper, classification method based on multiwavelet ‎transform and radon transform that proposed, and these two transforms combine together to extract ‎useful information from image, and then forward these features extraction for classification by using ‎robust method of artificial neural network. The aim of this paper is that how the noisy image can be ‎classified properly into original image via high recognition rate. A successful recognition rate of 99.3% ‎was achieved.‎

This research aim to monitor the concentrations of particles (dust) in Babylon Governorate ‎during years of 2009, and 2010. It was monitored and studied the dust of six monitoring stations ‎which distributed in the governorate in random form, in industrial (Al-Sena'ay) zone, nadir district, Al-‎Muhandiseen district, Al- Mahaweel Qaeda (17 July district), Al- mussayyab Qaeda (Al-Mualemeen ‎district), Al-Qassim district (passé to be him) and, agricultural station in Al- Sada village for comparison ‎purposes. This study has been done by corporation with Babylon Environment diredorate.‎
The results of study showed that the average of dust during year of 2009 at Babylon ‎governorate was 37.54 g/m2, while during 2010 it was reached to a value of 41.55 g/m2. the highest ‎value of dust concentration during year of 2009 was recorded in the industrial (Al-Sena'ay) zone, this ‎value was reached to a value of 56.85 g/m2. Also the highest value of dust concentration during 2010 ‎was 69.08 g/m2 recorded in the industrial (Al-Sena'ay) zone too.‎
The minimum value of dust concentration during years of 2009, 2010 were 24.77 g/m2, and ‎‎25.48 g/m2 respectively recorded in agricultural zone represented by Al- Sada village.‎
Also the results of this research showed that the highest value of dust concentration at year ‎‎2009 recorded in the industrial (Al-Sena'ay) zone during month of march and it was reached to 105.82 ‎g/m2, while the highest values of dust concentrations in year of 2010 in the industrial (Al-Sena'ay) ‎zone too during month of April and this value was 148.1 g/m2.‎
The minimum values recorded in agricultural zone in Al- Sada village and they reached to ‎‎9.94 g/m2 at 2009 during January month and 11.1 g/m2 at year 2010 during month of December. ‎