Al-Bahith Journal

This study revealed the persuasive efforts made by Ibn Hani Al Andalusi and shed light on the metonymy mechanism that he used to reach the recipient to persuasion through his poetic discourse and to maintain high poetic quality and preserve aesthetic values. By investing the aesthetic value of the metonymy and its latent persuasive ability, he also used different types of metonymy to influence the recipient and opened up broad horizons for him in deducing the relationships between the parties to the relationship with high skill. He had to understand his creed first, and indeed his poetry carried the ideas of the Ismaili creed, and when we return to the Diwan of this poet, we find that he was well-acquainted with the religion. We learned that Ibn Hani had studied religion in a study that crowned him with righteousness and piety, and made him completely reject the vices that taint the sanctity of his adherent, to the extent that the poet lifted The spelling is out of respect for the responsibility that he volunteered to confront, and this is evidence that he was sincere in his faith and not just a profiteer from the Fatimid Mu'izz.

The current research aims to know (the effect of the 7Es strategy on the achievement of second-grade students in the average social subject), and to achieve this goal, the researcher formulated the null hypothesis as follows:
There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average achievement scores of the experimental group students who study social studies using the 7Es strategy and the average achievement scores of the control group students who study the same subject in the usual way in achievement. The researcher adopted the experimental approach and chose the experimental design with Partial control, achievement test and a measure of life skills, and the research community was identified with second-grade intermediate students in the governmental intermediate day schools of the Karbala Education Directorate \ the Center, and then Al-Thuraya Intermediate School for Girls was intentionally chosen because of its proximity to the researcher’s house, and Division (C) for the experimental group was randomly chosen and the division was chosen (D) for the control group also in a random way, and the section (C) studied according to the strategy, while the section (D) according to the traditional method, and the number of students for each group reached (34) students after excluding the students who failed, and the researcher rewarded the researcher between the students of the two research groups in several variables ( The chronological age calculated in months, the academic achievement of the fathers, the academic achievement of the mothers, the IQ test score, the students’ scores for the social subject for half the year), as the researcher used the experimental design with partial control in the experimental and control groups and the post-achievement test. choruses).
In light of the results of the research, the researcher concluded:
Strategic adequacy of teaching social sciences for second-grade intermediate students.
*Strategic effectiveness in collection.
The researcher recommended:
Adopting modern strategies instead of traditional methods of teaching social studies.
* Preparing courses and programs for teachers on how to use strategies.
The researcher suggested:
* Conducting a similar study to the current study in other stages.
* The need to focus on the use of modern strategies.

The religious schism in Europe was one of the main and important events in the history of the sixteenth century, as the Church resisted all the heresies of the Middle Ages, but it was soon torn apart without resistance. There is no doubt that the Catholic reform came late and slow. And that the agent of his life witnessed wars of extreme violence and horror, after the religious situation began to conflict with some, and armed disputes arose amid the boiling of ideas, the clash of beliefs and doctrines, and the competition of greed.
Grave dangers afflicted France as a result of the ecclesiastical schism, although it was not a factor and a home for it, as Luther was German, Erasmus was Dutch, and Calvin was French, but he wrote in French, but Switzerland was the center of his work and the pole of the spread of his doctrine.
The research was divided into several topics, the first of which is the internal conditions of France during (1516-1561) the beginning of a tragedy: the early wars of religion.

In the subject of the study, we dealt with the constitutional protection of the rights of persons with disabilities in the Iraqi constitution of 2005. The study included the basis for international protection under the Charter of the United Nations in accordance with international conventions and treaties, including qualitative charters, and charters in which persons with disabilities participate with others. Therefore, states have an obligation towards persons with disabilities with these rights through clear and explicit constitutional provisions, and their referral according to organized legislation that reflects the extent of interest of those countries in this category, and since the emergence of these constitutional and legislative texts is considered a quantum leap in the field of concern for people with disabilities. Thus, the provision of constitutional protection is sufficient to provide the rights covered for persons with disabilities, to affirm their selves as members of society, and to make them feel confident and proud of belonging, inclusion, and qualification to participate with the normal.

A systematic recognition of scientists is to address important research provisions verses related to innovation, it is important to identify the particular verbal evidence applications and core evidence and this is what the study in this research, which included three detectives section introduced the concept of curriculum Wyatt provisions in language and terminology, methodology and applications in verbal evidence and endodontic relying on texts, and one of the most important findings of the researcher, the workbook (review opinions and scientific discussions within the process of inference, imparted to his search feature View other upcoming

The mythical memory has a plural dimension. This matter stems from the very nature of memory that a group of collective ideas and cultures form in their collective unconsciousness, and therefore the intention here is not to define memory in its narrow sense for a person to remember events that occurred in his life in order to expand educational psychology and medicine. Rather, the memory that did not pass permanently in a person’s life and was formed as a result of successive readings and the information he received to form his own ideology, which thus carries his cultural identity, and this ideology is hidden in Iraqi literature to form a political counter-arrangement.

The overlap between politics and its complex concepts within the social structure has produced a heated conflict between intellectual and philosophical trends within the circle of social performance, and since the novel is an objective art, it becomes the most art capable of approaching this conflict and containing human reality, as it is the most literary genre fusion with human history, human conflict and depiction Reality and transformations of his time.
Karim Katafa\'s novels attempt to condemn political oppression in societies; Because politics is actually a measure of power within a particular society, and this would generate conflict in that measure, and this measure may sometimes produce a catastrophic dimension , as it falls under the meaning of control, and this would create prejudice, violence and the power of influence.

The issue of the judiciary is one of the important topics that are considered one of the most important administrative systems of any state because it simply explains the centrality of the state and its legal administrative strength and the extent to which justice is achieved considering that the judiciary is one of the Islamic systems mentioned by the Holy Quran and its provisions and special conditions to be provided in the person who takes the office of the judiciary , the Islamic judiciary in general has clarified its first features from the state of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in Medina, which began the judiciary itself in its early days and which he assigned to competent Islamic figures later to develop the position of eliminating the various periods of time of the Islamic governments that pursued After the death of the Prophet (peace be upon him) whether in the Islamic Mashriq or in the Islamic Maghreb, where Islamic countries ruled different in their doctrines and political orientations, including the state of Al-Adarisah (172-375 AH/788-985 AD).

The issue of presentation and delay is one of the important issues in the Arabic language, as this study aims to monitor the presentation and delay that occur in the nominal sentences and phrasal sentences, and to clarify the indications that arose due to this phenomenon, and to clarify the opinion of the commentators, including Mr. and extracts) which is the home of the study, and an explanation of the role of composition in creating semantics, in order to identify the Qur’anic intent, because this introduction or delay did not arise arbitrarily

The importance of studying Damen bin Shedgum’s approach to historical writing lies in his book Waqa’at al-Jamal, an attempt to know his method of writing, and his methods of dealing with events in history. The Islamic nation, as he is one of the historians who have excelled in mentioning the historical events of Waqat al-Jamal. We also try to study the historical method in his book with an indication of its capabilities in collecting, arranging and criticizing the historical and civilized material, as well as revealing and identifying the works from which Ibn Shadgum drew his novels, especially the works. Which is today in the judgment of the missing from the Islamic heritage, and the study and criticism of some weak narrations and exaggerated news that were not proven by transmission, that extrapolating the methods of Muslim historians and identifying, criticizing and analyzing their narrations is of great importance because it studies history as a scientific and objective study., It also contributes to determining the trends of writing. Islamic history and reveal the tendencies taken by historians in their writings and show their adoptions and opinions

Abstract
The dramatic view of the death of Sir Thomas More in Robert Bolt's A Man for All Seasons shows a severe challenge of martyrdom. Martyrdom is to die for noble religious, political or other principles. More's personal life is marvelous example of integrity and faithfulness. This paper is going to examine his devotion to his religion and God, and his full readiness for sacrificing of his life for this excellent value. At the same time, it is a study of More's adherence to social justice and loyalty to the nation. The very traits of his character are more interesting to be provided as admired by us today

The current research aims to identify
1- Self-protection for university students
2- The statistically significant differences in the digital self according to the gender variables (males - females). And specialization (scientific - human).
The researchers used the descriptive approach to reveal the level of self-protection among university students
The search tool was:
- Self-protection scale: After reviewing previous studies and reviewing psychological literature that dealt with self-protection, the researchers found a scale that matches the sample and objectives of the current research. The researchers adopted the Thompson & Dinnel (2003) scale based on the definition (Marten Covingtion 1992).
Research sample: The research sample consisted of (500) male and female students from the University of Karbala for scientific and humanitarian specialization.
Research results: After data collection and statistical processing, the research reached the following results:
1. The segment of university students has protection for themselves
2. There is no statistically significant difference in self-protection according to the gender variables (males - females).
And specialization (scientific - human).
The research came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions

Air is one of the most important resources for humans, as the air that a person breathes must be clean, and since the problem of air pollution is one of the most important and most dangerous global problems that threaten human life in most countries of the world, especially with the spread of pollution sources and the environmental impacts they cause on humans in a way. Especially and on living organisms in general, as the research aims to know the level of pollution as well as the health risks resulting from air pollution, and this information is provided by providing a summary indicator known as the Air Quality Index (AQI) so that the population is informed about the potential health effects of air pollution levels. Measured or projected surroundings to provide easy-to-understand information for residents and administrative authorities for each day.
Therefore, the research included calculating the Air Quality Index (AQI) for the city of Al-Musayyib and for (20) sites in the city during the month of July, which represents the summer season, and for the month of January, which represents the winter season, whose locations were determined by relying on the GPS device and using six main indicators. They are ((carbon monoxide ((CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and PM2.5, PM10)), and the (GIS) program was used to find out each site within which category it falls, and thus Knowing the health effects of each indicator.

The current research aims to identify the extent to which the teachers of the history department at the University of Karbala possess the skill of divergent thinking from the students' point of view, according to the variables (gender-stage); In order to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher proceeded to prepare the research tool after reviewing a large group of literature and previous studies and everything related to the topic of the current research, as a research tool was prepared, which is (a questionnaire) consisting of (7) fields and by (36) paragraphs. Its apparent validity was extracted by presenting it to a group of experts and arbitrators, and then extracting the stability of the tool in two ways. The first method was to re-test on a random sample of (50) male and female students, as the reliability coefficient reached (0.84) after correction, and the second was the Alpha Cronbach equation for internal consistency To extract stability in this way, the Facronbach equation was applied to the responses of the statistical analysis sample, which amounted to (200) male and female students, and after applying the equation, the reliability coefficient reached (0.82). A male and female student from the Department of History at the College of Education for Human Sciences, and after analyzing the results of the research statistically, the researcher reached the following results:
- The history department teachers possess the divergent thinking skill at a high level
- There are no statistically significant differences in divergent thinking according to the gender variable.

The training needs of Arabic language teachers and female teachers in light of the integration of technology in education from their point of view
Hiba Oleiwi Mtaylib / Babylon Education Directorate
Summary of the research
The current research aims to identify the training needs of Arabic language teachers and female teachers in light of integrating technology into education from their point of view. Of them, (35) teachers, and (30) female teachers were chosen by random method, and the questionnaire was analyzed using the (spss) program. The researcher recommended a number of recommendations, including
1-The necessity of involving Arabic language teachers in determining the required training needs in light of the integration of technology in education . 2- Providing good training for students during their studies at the university level on the use of modern and necessary technological programs in education.

The Imamate in the Fatimid state didn't continue to pass among the imams in a sequential manner from fathers to sons, as the Ismailies organized for it, whom Al-Hafiz Lideen Allah had assumed control, whose father was not a caliph and to whom the Imamate moved after the death of his cousin (Al-A'mir BiAhkam Allah), which this led to the division of the Musta'li Ismailis during the era of Al-Hafiz, whose Imamate was rejected by the preachers in Yemen and they considered it illegitimate; in to two calls: the Hafiz or Majeedi call in Egypt, and the Tayyibi call in Yemen considering that the Caliph Al-Hafiz Lideen Allah usurped the Imamate and didn't adhere to the rule of the mandate of the Covenant, because he was the crown prince ; A repository of Imam al-Tayyib ibn al-Amr, and that the real Imam is the Imam al-Tayyib

The current research aims to identify the moral orientation and self-regulation of the teaching staff of Karbala University and the correlation between them, and the significance of the differences in moral orientation and self-regulation according to the variables of sex (males, females) and specialization (scientific, human). ) Of the teaching staff of Karbala University for the academic year (2020-2021), where the researchers adopted the Conway moral orientation scale (Conway, 2017), based on four areas of the scale which are (effective orientation, deliberative orientation, rule orientation, emotional orientation), The two researchers conducted statistical analysis of the paragraphs and verified the psychometric properties of (validity, constancy) as they extracted the apparent validity by presenting it to a group of referees and specialists in the field of psychology and psychometrics to express their views on the validity of the paragraphs, and the stability was extracted in two ways, namely the Alpha Konbach method and Kan The amount of (0.87), and the method of retesting its value (0,80), and the two researchers also adopted the self-regulation scale prepared by (Al- Hasnawi, 2018), which was built based on the theory (Pandora, 1986) based on three programs. The machines are (self-observation, self-evaluation, and self-response). The two researchers carried out the same procedures that were used with the measure of moral orientation, as the value of the Konbach alpha coefficient reached (0.89), and the method of retesting as it reached (0.83), and after making sure The validity of the tools through indicators of validity and reliability, and applying these tools to the research sample, and then collecting data and treating them statistically. The current research has reached the following results:
1- University teachers in general enjoy a high degree of moral orientation.
2- There are no statistically significant differences in the moral orientation according to the gender variable (male, female), while the specialization variable (scientific, human) was statistically significant and in favor of the scientific specialization
3- The university teaching staff in general are self-organizing.
4- There are no statistically significant differences in self-regulation according to the gender variable (male, female), while the specialization variable (scientific, human) was statistically significant and in favor of the scientific specialization
5- There is a direct correlation between the moral orientation and self-regulation of the research sample and for both sexes (male - female) and the two disciplines (scientific – human ) .
In light of these results that were reached in the current research, a set of recommendations and proposals have been developed.

This research sheds light on the positions of the leader Khaled Mohieldin in opposing the political system during the rule of President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak. Investing in a crisis Investing in a crisis, start investing in a worsening crisis, armed violence, airplanes, houses of worship, "churches' In addition to the case of the Egyptian soldier Suleiman Khater, who killed a number of Israelis after illegally crossing the border

Referral is considered one of the important means in achieving coherence and coherence between the parts and units of the text, as it is one of the data of the text that contributes to its textuality, not only as a tool of consistency, but also because it contributes - also - to achieving a number of things that achieve textuality, as it is one of the most important Syntactic consistency tools.
From this point of view, this study aims to highlight the referral in the interpretations of the Imami Shiites and their view of the text and its consistency, as the importance of this study is evident in the service of the Holy Qur’an.

The phenomenon of blogging is one of the important aspects dealt with by books. The orientalists, in their theories, went to the fact that written blogging was not common in the early days of Islam during the era of the first caliphs. Rather, they claim that it was forbidden by Sharia, and they rely on words that were narrated from the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, in preventing writing. Authorship and that this was only common after the expansion of Islam, that they saw in that hadiths suggesting writing and compiling on the authority of the Noble Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family. And in line with the historical research method, I divided my research into an introduction and a conclusion, and two sections.

Spatial structure of the arrangement and organization of phenomena is one of the most important demographic sections of geographical studies that examines the distribution of population in a spatial area. An important issue here is the structure of the spatial distribution of the population. Population is one of the fundamental elements in economic, social and cultural programs. Therefore, balanced space organization in cities is a kind of urban sustainability and will be achieved when there is a logical coordination between the distribution of population and the distribution of services in cities. In the city of Karbala, a large part of the population is located in a small area of the city and the pattern of population distribution per unit area is unbalanced. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify the distribution of population structure in the city of Karbala and the relationship between this distribution structure and the distribution of urban services. The present research is applied and descriptive-analytical and quantitative method, which includes the study of library documents and references to relevant organizations and institutions and data analysis. In theoretical foundations and research literature, library study and in later stages to complete the information, OSM sites and Google spatial services are used, and the necessary information in the form of religious services, sports, culture, daily services, recreational facilities, park and green space, health and education has been collected and downloaded from https://data.humdata.org/ population density map of Karbala city. Using Zonal Statically, service information and population density are spatially connected to hexagonal networks. The global Moran's method is used for spatial distribution of population and geographical weight regressions method is used to evaluate the population structure of the city and its relationship with service distribution. The results of Moran's method indicate that the population structure is clustered and Moran's index is equal to Moran's I = 0.9514. Also, the relationship between population density and service distribution is equal to 0.814, which indicates the acceptable accuracy of the variables of the present study in modeling the spatial structure of population distribution in the city of Karbala. This means that the model has been able to evaluate up to 81% of the existing relationship and has a high ratio of this coefficient of adequacy and appropriateness of the geographical weight regression model in the distribution of population structure

The current research aims to know the authentic pride among the medical group students. Authentic Pride: It is one of the emotions of a sense of self and expresses superiority and obtaining reputation and high status. The results of the research concluded that the students of the medical group have authentic pride and are distinguished by it at a high level. There are no significant differences in the original pride in terms of (stage, gender, and specialization

Ideology is a mental framework which is communicated and reproduced by means of language including negation. As a typical grammatical phenomenon, negation can be represented in several ways: morphological affixation, pronouns, addition of the particle (not) and words signifying the sense of negation. The current paper detects the ideological implication of negating as a textual- conceptual tool in Woolf’s novel Mrs. Dalloway that deals with woman’s victimization. The researchers find out that Woolf dedicates the four categories of negation to refer to victims’ deficiency in various entities like dignity, sentiments, money, attention, attraction, beauty and intimacy. Further, the linguistic tool of negating helps to uncover the two negative ideologies namely: non-existence and denigration that accompany victimization

After the killing of the Caliph Othman bin Affan, the pledge of allegiance to Imam Ali (peace be upon him) for the caliphate began, seditions and political conflicts that were the cause of fierce battles between Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and their loyalists on the one hand, and between the renegades, the renegades, the renegades and their loyalists on the other hand.

Research summary / The research dealt with (the paradigm of power and its representations in Persian arts), as it shed light on the explanation of the meaning of (paradigm) and the meaning of (power) and what it represented within the artistic production of the ancient civilization of Persia, and the research included four chapters, so the first chapter dealt with the methodological framework through several axes Including: Research problem: As the problem began from the general framework to the framework of a logical scientific gradation and chronological sequence, then the importance of research and the need for it, and the temporal, spatial and objective limits of research, and then defining the procedural term for the research. And then go to:
The second chapter (theoretical framework) and its indicators, and previous studies, as the theoretical framework included three topics: the first topic / paradigm conceptually - intellectually - philosophically, the second topic / power - conceptually - its types, while the third dealt with the Assyrian arts, while the third chapter included procedures The researcher and the representative of the research community: as the research community consisted of (15) works of art distributed among the works of relief and rounded sculpture (hologram), pottery, metal works, and architecture, the research sample: the researcher relied on selecting models according to the intentional random sample of (3) samples, After excluding the similar and repetitive. Method of sample analysis: The researcher proceeded to extract his research sample in a random and intentional manner according to several justifications, and by moving to the fourth chapter, as it appeared to the researcher several results such as:
1- The intellectual dimensions of transforming the ancient Assyrian artistic forms according to the guiding representations of the pictorial coding system, the technique of removal and formation, and the good control of the available materials, stem from the main issue that revolves around the human struggle with the cosmic powers.
2-) Assyrian works differ from other products of neighboring civilizations, as in all samples, to show the features of (the paradigm of sociological authority), combined in most of the artworks.
The researcher also reached several conclusions, including:
1- The unseen powers represented by (the paradigm of religious and political authority) are considered a feature in the artistic diversity of Assyrian works, stemming from Assyrian thought and social heritage.
The ancient Assyrian artist played with the relationships and the foundations of artistic systems, in terms of rhythm, contrast, opposition and harmony in the technical field.

This research is concerned with the linguistic studies of the morphological structures of the abstract and incremental triple verbs and their meanings in the explanation of the sahifah al- sajjadiyya

The current research aims to find out the effectiveness of the two models of stimulating mental thinking and Zimmerman in the achievement of middle school students in the Arabic grammar subject, and the research sample consisted of (94) students from the second intermediate grade students in Al-Afaq Secondary School for Girls, and the researcher adopted the experimental approach with partial control to find out the effectiveness of the two models in the achievement of students in the grammar material, and behavioral goals were formulated, And the preparation of teaching plans for the two experimental groups and the control group and the researcher built a research tool, which was the achievement test has made sure the researcher of its stability and honesty and to find out the significance of the differences between the averages of the degrees of the research groups and the researcher used the analysis of single variance and test Scheffe for that, and the results of the research reached the superiority of the students of the two experimental groups on the control group in the achievement test

The form of the linguistic context and the case context in Arabic grammar is an important basis in revealing the grammatical meanings, and the ancient grammarians separated it and linked it to the meaning, and indicated the places and conditions of the linguistic context, as well as the context of the case (the position), and the same is the case with the modernists. They shed light and separated the contexts, and linked them with the clarity of the grammatical meanings, so my choice came for the title of the research tagged with (Thinking about the context and the meaning of Dr. Karim Hussein Nasih Al-Khalidi), this is on the one hand, and on the other hand what it has, namely: thinking about the context and its relationship to the meaning from his grandmother; Because he linked the context and the phenomenon of deletion, suggesting an alternative, which is the moral alternative to the phenomenon of deletion, so the study came on several axes, which are (the context of the case and the meaning, the thinking of the speaker, the thinking of the addressee, the science of the addressee, syntax and meaning, definition and indefiniteness), so the study concluded with important results, Including: that the linguistic and grammatical context plays a major role in clarifying the meaning, and that its two parties (the speaker and the addressee) constitute a pivot in their communication, and that the context is divided into two parts by looking at the meaning in itself: a revealing context, and a context that creates the meaning, and that the context reveals the factor in the grammatical structure The study ended with the conclusion, research results, footnotes, sources and references.

Almost all of Virginia Woolf and Charlotte Perkins’ works are about women’s suffering in a patriarchal society, the society that ‘’ promotes male privilege by being male dominated, male identified, and male centered.” (Johnson,2014:p.5) In the context of spatiality, women and men are literally segregated in a patriarchal society by assigning women to domestic space and men to public space. In fact, this unjust segregation in spaces leads to much more limitation of women’s daily interactions and experiences compared to men. Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper both deal with women’s spatial experience. The two feminist writers try to explore the concept of space and relate it to women’s role in society. Actually, the American and European women have been submitted to an unfair rank in the social paradigm due to the gender roles, which excluded them from the public activities, depriving them from their rights in education or work. The two writers have always tried to draw their readers’ attention to the fact that women’s mental and intellectual capabilities could successfully contribute to build a conscious, educated society. Cleverly, with the ingenuity of a literary writer, the two writers use the spatial metaphor of ‘’room’’ in its both senses, the physical and spiritual, to depict women’s eternal state of undergoing pain and anguish. However, the metaphor of ‘’room’’ comes in different meanings in the literary works of the two writers. On the one hand, it means freedom and independence in Virginia Woolf’s The Room of One’s Own, and on the other hand, it means spiritual and physical confinment in Charlotte Perkins’ The Yellow Wallpaper. The present paper studies the different meanings of the spatial metaphor “room” in the works of the two prominent writers

The Role of Lord John Russell in British Politics Since He Became the Foreign Office Until he headed the ministry for the second time (1852-1865)

This research sheds light on the role of Lord John Russell in British politics since he assumed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until he headed the Ministry for the second time (1852-1865), which is an important period in the history of Britain that witnessed many events, in which Lord John Russell had an important role, and the research was divided into an introduction And Three chapters and a conclusion: The first chapter explained the role of John Russell in British politics since he took over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until the end of the Crimean War (1852-1856) and devoted the second chapter to studying the policy of Lord John Russell towards the Syrian crisis (1860) after he assumed the position of Foreign Minister during the era of the government of Lord Palmerston As for the third chapter, it dealt with John Russell's position on the American Civil War (1861-1865).

The current research aims to find out (the effect of the two strategies of matting the place and finding the fib in developing the dexterous thinking of the eleventh grade students in the subject of history), and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher chose an experimental design with a partial control of the three research groups and a pre-test and a post-test, and defining the research community is limited to Eleventh grade students, who are studying in preparatory and secondary day schools of the General Directorate of Erbil Education - Department of Education Dashti Hawler for the academic year 2022-2023. The research sample was intentionally chosen, which exaggerated (84) students, with (24) students in the first experimental group who studied history according to the place mat strategy. Besides, (25) students in the second experimental group who studied history according to the find the fib strategy and (27) A female student in the control group who studied the same subject in the traditional way.
As for the research tool, the researcher created a scale to assess quick thinking, with a total of 42 paragraphs spread across 14 sections. In terms of statistics, the Shevian technique and one-way analysis of variance are used to determine the significance of the difference between groups at the level (0.05). The findings showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the three groups\' mean student scores on the skilled thinking scale, with the two experimental groups coming out on top. The study produced a variety of findings, ideas, and recommendations.

The current study seeks to understand (the impact of PECS techniques and a network of questions in fostering optimistic thinking among eleventh-grade geography students), and in order to do so, the researcher has chosen an experimental design with partial control over the three research groups, a pre- and post-test, and a definition of the research community. Restricted to 11th graders enrolled in preparatory and secondary day schools run by the General Directorate of Erbil Education - Department of Education Dashti Hawler for the academic year (2022-2023), the research sample, which totaled (84) individuals with (24) in the group, was consciously chosen.
the first experimental group, which studied geography using the PECS method, the second experimental group, which studied geography using the question grid method, and the control group, which studied the same topic the conventional manner, each had 25 students. Regarding the research tool, the researcher created a scale to assess positive thinking. As it reached 44 paragraphs spread across five categories, the scale was considered sufficiently comprehensive. In terms of statistics, the Shevian technique and one-way analysis of variance are used to determine the significance of the difference between groups at the level (0.05). The findings showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the three groups\' mean student scores on the positive thinking scale, with the two experimental groups coming out on top. The investigation produced a variety of recommendations, conclusions, and proposals.

The research targeted ten samples of irrigation water, seven of which were in agricultural areas, and three of them were from the Husseiniya River, which is the main river in supplying agricultural lands in the Hassaniya district of Karbala Governorate. ), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd), and through laboratory examination of water samples, there was a clear variation in the proportions of heavy elements during the winter and summer seasons in (February, August) and the highest rate of cadmium in the samples was (1,2 , 27) all by (0.027, 0.023, 0.024%, ppm) Respectively, these results are higher than the permissible limits locally and globally, and this is evidence of the presence of high percentages in winter and summer for the aforementioned sample sites because there are different agricultural irrigation operations from polluted drains, as well as well water during periods of lack of water quotas for the Hassaniya River, especially in summer. The percentage of lead in the water samples exceeded the permissible limits for the heavy elements in the soil of agricultural lands. It was clear through the laboratory examination for the month of February that there were no high levels of cadmium in the water samples, so the highest rate was recorded in the samples (1, 27) by (0.08%, 0.07). % ppm) As for the rest of the samples, the results were negative, as cadmium levels were generally very low in the winter and even in the summer.

The phenomenon of early marriage in our Arab society in general and in Iraq in particular has positive and negative causes and results at the same time, as it can be a blessing for us when the early married bear the responsibilities entrusted to them, and at the same time it can be a curse in the event that the married are unable to Carrying those burdens and responsibilities, and in the end we can say that the phenomenon of early marriage is a phenomenon that exists at all times and places in our customs and societies and cannot be dispensed with by many of the population because it constitutes an inheritance inherited by the ancestors in marrying their children and considers it a sound basis in building the family
People get married for many reasons, including: exchanging love with another person, some
for economic security, an independent home, having children, achieving emotional security, responding to the wishes of parents, escaping from loneliness or from the parental home or from an unwanted situation, obtaining money and companionship, sexual attraction, or seeking protection and fame. Or the attainment of a certain social status, or the fulfillment of gratitude, or pity, or euphemism, or adventure, and many other interests are endless.
The study showed the totality of the governorate, and the first place reached the positivity of
marriage (chastity and concealment) with percentages (33.6%, 31.9%, and 24.6%), respectively, for urban, rural, and total, and the second place got percentages (26.3%, 25, 2% and 20.2%, respectively, for the positivity of marriage (early settling down), while the positivity of marriage (disengagement from spinsterhood) was in the third place with rates (27.7%, 20.4%, 18.7%), respectively, while Positiveness (psychological and social stability) ranked fourth with rates of (10.9%, 13.1%, 11.4%), respectively, and rates (3.3%, 8.2%, 7.2%), respectively. (Others) ranked fifth, and finally the positive (there are no positives) rates were recorded (2.33.7%, 3.9%, 11.1%), respectively, for urban, rural, and total.
With regard to the distribution of negative aspects of early marriage at the general level, administrative units, and the environment (urban – rural), the governorate’s general record is negative (early divorce) with rates of (28.1%, 29.5%, 29.9%), respectively, and the second rank goes to the share of Negativity (lack of understanding and taking responsibility) was estimated at (29.8%, 25.1%, 28.9%), respectively, and the percentages were (15.8%, 15.3%, 15.7%), respectively, in rank The third was for (there are no negatives), while the fourth rank was for negativity (frequent childbearing) with rates of (10.7%, 12.5%, 11%), respectively, and the fifth rank appeared among the negative (Killing of Innocence) with rates (10, 4%, 12.2%, 10.8%, respectively, and finally a record of negativity (others) with rates (3.4%, 6.8%, 4.1%), respectively, for all levels, urban, rural, and total.

المقدمة :

This research is devoted to talking about the phenomenon of linguistic differences that exist in the collection of the poet Faraj Allah Al-Hawizi Al-Hairi, from the scholars of the twelfth century AH (1035 AH), investigated by Dr. Muhammad Abdul Rasul Jasem . Linguistic differences: the concept of differences comes to express that linguistic phenomenon that preoccupied the minds of ancient and modern scholars. Here, Abu Hilal Al-Askari singled out a book entitled “Linguistic Differences” in which he dealt with the concept of the latter as: “The difference between meanings that converged until I formed the difference between them, towards science.” knowledge, acumen, and telligence.” Linguists look at words that are similar in meaning, and try to extract differences between them. “The meanings may be close, but each word differs from the other in at least one important feature, and it can be represented from Arabic by the two words dream and vision (which are from the Qur’anic words), while We find this similarity in the connotations and convergence in the meanings noticeable among the ancient Arabs, however, with the passage of time and the length of the era, and due to the frequent use, the significance of these terms developed, and people began to use them in one sense, ignoring the subtle differences between them. The differences are a phenomenon that exists in the Arabic language and cannot be denied It appeared in Al-Haeri's Diwan, and I found it clearly in the Investigated Diwan.

This research deals with the study and analysis of two important topics of derivation in Arabic, which is the source of the bitter and the synthetic source, and their study is a morphological and semantic study of what was mentioned from their constructions in the sacred hadiths, and the disclosure of the meanings of these formulas lexically and morphologically, and the clarification of their precise semantic aspects by observing the context contained in it, In addition to a group of related issues. According to the statistical analytical method.