Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences

The present study aimed at identifying The level of quarter-life crisis young people And The significance of the differences in the relationship between the quarter-life crisis according to the variables: gender (males - females), professional status (unemployed - employed), and marital status (married - single). In order to achieve the objectives of the study. the researcher adopted Robinson's theory of the quarter-life crisis to build the quarter-life crisis scale, as the number of items in the quarter-life crisis scale amounted to (27) items in its final form. The two scales were applied to a sample of (400) young people (employed and unemployed, married and unmarried) aged 25-35 years, where the sample was chosen randomly. The researcher extracted validity and reliability indicators for the scales, where the reliability coefficient using the Cronbach’s alpha method for the quarter-life crisis scale reliability by the use of Cronbach’s alpha method amounted to (0.80).
After collecting the data and processing it statistically, the outcomes appeared as follows: There was a high level of quarter-life crisis. And There was a significant difference in the gender variable in favor of males in the quarter-life crisis, and there was a significant difference in favor of the unemployed in the occupational status variable.
To complete the research procedures, the researcher came up with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Relational uncertainty represents an individual's inability to describe, explain, explain, or predict behavior in a given social situation. When there is uncertainty in interpersonal relationships, it may cause the individual to lack perceived cognitive control, i.e. the ability to predict. This situation is associated with increased feelings of anxiety associated with poor Trust in relationships and other problems, including sadness, fear, and anger.
The current research aimed to identify relational uncertainty, and to identify differences in relational uncertainty according to gender (males and females), number of years of marriage (1-10 years - 11 or more), and educational level (preparatory, bachelor’s, diploma, postgraduate studies). Number of children (none, one child, two children, three children, four or more) and to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher built a measure of relational uncertainty and it consists of (19) An item with five-point alternatives in its final form, and after extracting the psychometric properties (discrimination, validity, and reliability of the items, the reliability coefficient according to the Cronbach’s Alpha method reached (0.88). This sample was chosen by a random method with a proportional distribution. The sample consisted of (400) married male and female employees working in the following ministries (Education , higher education and scientific research, labor and social affairs, industry), After processing the research data statistically, the research results showed that the research sample has a low level of relational uncertainty, and there is a statistically significant difference in relational uncertainty according to the gender variable and in favor of females, and there is no statistically significant difference in relational uncertainty according to the variable number of years of marriage and level. education and the number of children. In light of these results, the researcher reached a number of recommendations and proposals.
Key words :Relational uncertainty , Romantic relationships, distrust.

The aim of the current research is to identify:
1. Informational identity style among distinguished middle school students.
2. The level of academic perfectionism among outstanding middle school students.
3. The correlation between informational identity style and academic perfectionism among distinguished middle school students.
4. Differences in the correlation according to the gender variable (males, females).
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher translated the Berzonsky scale (Berzonsky, 1992) to measure the informational identity style, which has (10) items, and also translated the Hewitt and Flett scale (Hewitt & Flett, 2002), which has (45) items. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach. Correlative and selected a random sample of (200) male and female students. He analyzed the items of the two scales statistically and explained their psychometric properties. It was found that the two scales have good psychometric properties. The researcher reached the following results:
1. Distinguished middle school students have a high level of informational identity style.
2. Outstanding middle school students have a high level of academic perfection.
3. There is a positive correlation between the variables of informational identity style and academic perfectionism among distinguished middle school students.
4. There are no statistically significant differences in the correlation between informational identity style and academic perfectionism according to the gender variable (males, females).
Based on these results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals

Employees approaching retirement and retirees lack meaning as a result of the lack of the work environment and emotional participation between groups that share the same ideas and responsibilities. Their loss becomes a loss that leads to the emergence of some problems, and therefore meaning-making may appear. Therefore, the presence of meaning and hope is extremely important, because it makes it possible Dealing with extreme and exciting situations and changes, adapting to them, or managing them. The researcher investigates the meaning making found in the employees and the retirees in the Iraqi community.
The present study aims at identifying the following:
1. Meaning making found in the employees and the retirees.
2. The difference significance of meaning making according to (fe/male) variable, and the educational background (pre-or an equivalent to secondary school- BA graduate or postgraduate).
To achieve all of the above, the researcher designed a scale for meaning making, relying on the adopted theory of Park (2010), which consists of “33” item distributed on “3” levels that are responded to by five part alternatives. The research community consists of (400) employee and retiree to extract the psychometric features via SPSS program.
the study has come up with the following findings:

1. The employees and the retirees have a low degree of meaning making of statistical significance.
2. There is no difference in meaning making according to gender variable, and there is a difference of statistical significance according to the educational background variable in favour of (an equivalent or post-secondary school)
Then, a number of suggestions and recommendations are given.

The current research aims to identify:
Relative deprivation among middle school students without and without parents.
Statistically significant differences in relative deprivation among middle school students without and without parents according to the gender variable (males – females).
Statistically significant differences in relative deprivation among middle school students without fathers according to the variable duration of loss (less than 10 years - 10 years or more).
To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher prepared a measure of relative deprivation consisting of two domains: individual cognitive relative deprivation and individual emotional relative deprivation, each domain consisting of (7) items, a total of (14) items for both domains. She subjected it to the characteristics of statistical analysis, which are (distinctiveness and difficulty of the items, validity and reliability). I applied it to a statistical analysis sample of (250) male and female students from schools in the city of Ramadi, and after I analyzed the data using appropriate statistical methods, I applied the relative deprivation measure in its final form to (400) male and female students from the preparatory stage (without and without parents), and showed The following results:
The presence of relative deprivation among those without fathers.
The presence of relative deprivation to a moderate degree among those without fathers.
There are statistically significant differences in the relative deprivation of middle school students without parents according to the gender variable (males - females) and in favor of females in both areas.
There are no statistically significant differences in the relative deprivation of middle school students without parents according to the gender variable (males – females).
There are statistically significant differences in the relative deprivation of middle school students without parents according to the variable of the duration of loss (less than 10 years - 10 years or more) and in favor of the duration of loss 10 years or more).
Based on the research results, the researcher developed appropriate recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to reveal (the effect of the gamification strategy in developing the systematic thinking skills of fourth-grade students in the subject of Science for All): In light of the above, the researchers followed the experimental approach as it is the most appropriate to reach the results of the current research. The research sample included fourth-grade students at (Klawiz) Basic School in the center of Erbil Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024) with (63) students. The current research sample was distributed into two sections (31) students for the experimental group and (32) students for the control sample. The equivalence process was carried out between the two research groups in several variables (intelligence, chronological age calculated in months, academic achievement of mothers and fathers, and the systematic thinking scale). The (Lemon 2015) scale for systematic thinking was relied upon, with all paragraphs modified in a manner consistent with the current research sample. The gamification strategy was applied to the experimental sample and a pre-test was conducted for the systematic thinking scale, which was initially formed from (23) paragraphs and after statistical processing to distinguish the paragraphs, it became (20) paragraphs. After the end of the research experiment, the data was processed statistically using the statistical package (SPSS). The researchers concluded in the current research that there are statistically significant differences between the arithmetic averages of the paragraphs of the scale (pre- and post-) for systematic thinking, i.e. the superiority of the students of the experimental group who studied using the gamification strategy over the students of the control group who were taught according to the traditional method. In light of this, the researchers reached a number of recommendations and proposals, including the reliance of teachers on the gamification strategy in teaching science as it stimulates and develops the mental ability of students, and also the reliance on the results of the current research by the Erbil Education Directorate in opening guidance courses for primary school teachers for the effectiveness of the current strategy in developing systematic thinking skills in general.

The current research aims to know "the effect of a brain-based learning strategy on the achievement and retention of mathematics among fifth -grade primary school pupils", and in light of the research goal the following two hypotheses have been formulated:
• The first zero hypothesis "There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group that were taught using brain-based learning strategy and the mean of the scores of the control group that were taught in the usual way in the achievement test.
• The second zero hypothesis "There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group that were taught using brain-based learning strategy and the mean of the scores of the control group that were taught in the usual way in the retention of mathematics.
The researchers followed the experimental research methodology and the research sample consisted of (53) students for the fifth grade of primary school in Maysan Governorate for the second semester of the academic year (2022-2023).
The researchers prepared an achievement test consisting of (24) substantive test paragraphs of the multiple choice type in the initial form, after which it was presented to a group of educators and specialists in the field of mathematics teaching, then the test was applied to an exploratory sample consisting of (30) students, and for the purpose of verifying The necessary psychometric properties of the research instrument, as well as the calculation of the coefficient of difficulty and discrimination of the test items, then it was applied to a sample for basic research and the following results were reached:
- There are statistically significant differences between the mean of the experimental group and the control group in the achievement test and in favor of the experimental group.
- There are statistically significant differences between the mean of the experimental group and the control group in the retention test and in favor of the experimental group.
In light of these results, the two researchers reached a set of conclusions and made some recommendations and suggestions.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic illness that is becoming a significant global health issue. On a global scale, the incidence of diabetes mellitus is increasing rapidly and significantly. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the predominant manifestation of diabetes mellitus. Effective social support leads to improvements in the medical, psychological, and social well-being of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Psychosocial aspects, including self-efficacy, diabetes distress, and diabetes empowerment capacity, have a significant impact on the quality of life. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between psychosocial support and quality of life in patients who have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The descriptive correlational investigation was conducted at the Specialised Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus in the Al-Muthanna Government. The study included participants who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus throughout the period from October 2023 to April 2024. A total of 220 people were included in the investigation. Data was gathered from each patient through the use of a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) to evaluate social support. Additionally, the Arabic version of the diabetes quality of life questionnaire was used to measure the quality of life. The study found that patients with higher psychosocial support tend to have an increased QoL (r = 0.620; P <0.001). Given that diabetes mellitus has an impact on peoples\' quality of life, receiving psychosocial support, especially from family members, is crucial for effectively managing self-care and enhancing quality of life.

Background: Psychological hardiness is a personality trait that helps individuals maintain good health and performance even under stressful circumstances. This study aims to determine the correlation between psychological hardiness and Socio-demographic characteristics for renal failure patients.
Method: A descriptive correlational study is conducted from December 2023 to May 2024. A purposive "non-probability" sample of (200) patients was selected from hospitals in Baghdad. Patients who received care via a hemodialysis machine were chosen purposefully for this study. A questionnaire that has been selected consists of three parts. The first part is the patient's socio-demographic characteristics, the "Psychological Hardiness Scale,".
Results: This study shows that the average age of our participants was 48.21 years, and most patients (53%) were male. Psychological hardiness among renal failure patients: 52.5% of them have a moderate level of psychological hardiness. The study reveals the considerable significance of differences in proportions between psychological hardiness and renal failure patients regarding patient's education level and occupation at p-values= .026 p-values=.039, respectively.
Conclusions: Renal failure patients exhibit moderate levels of psychological hardiness. Education level and occupation may influence psychological hardiness, highlighting the potential impact of occupational factors.
Recommendations: The study suggests educate people around someone with kidney failure to improve psychological hardiness and provide social care. Create a cognitive counseling program to support psychological hardiness and social and self-affirmation of people with kidney failure, especially those who are socially isolated.

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This is a critical case that needs prompt and efficient intervention to avoid serious complications. Nurses play a crucial role in caring for these patients, in critical care settings.
Objectives: In this study, we want to know if the educational program changed nurses' knowledge about DKA
Methods: At Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, a quasi-experimental design was used to examine the effectiveness of the educational program on nurses’ knowledge in cardiac care units, respiratory care units, and emergency rooms. A non-probability (purposive) sample was selected from nurses who works in these three unites, the study group consisted of 35 nurses, while the control group comprised 41 nurses. A statistical package for social science (SPSS) program, version 26 was used for descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The nurse's knowledge of diabetic ketoacidosis increased significantly, as their knowledge level was (Mean ±SD= 7.2286 ±1.21476) in the pretest, it increased after the educational program in the study group to became (Mean ±SD= 8.6286± 97274), as for the control group, there was no difference and their knowledge did not improve, and There was a significant increase in nurses' knowledge regarding nursing care of DKA as their knowledge level was (Mean ±SD= 14.6857± 2.01131) in the pretest and it increased after the educational program in the study group to became (Mean ±SD= 16.8286± 1.54322).
Conclusion: A study found that nurses' knowledge of DKA was improved by an educational program.

Background: Shift work is typically characterized as an "organization of daily working hours in which different teams work consecutively to cover more or all of the 24-hour period, nurses play a crucial role in in-patient care, with shift nurses being especially vital due to their provision of this period in care. Nurses frequently report sleep issues attributed to non-traditional shifts and extended work hours. Poor sleep quality is linked to diminished cognitive function, suboptimal patient care, and potential threats to patient safety.
Objectives: To identify the impact of night shift work on sleeping disorders among nurse
Methods: A descriptive cross-section study, which is using the evaluation approach, had been conducted in Teaching Hospitals in Baghdad City in order to measure the impact of night shift work on sleeping disorders among nurses. This study is started from 5th January 2024 to 5th April 2024. Convenience sampling (non-probability) included (210) nurses was selected including male and female nurses.
Results: The result indicates that the average The educational level varied among nurses, with the highest percentage being graduates of nursing institutes (Diploma) were (44.29%). Similarly, in terms of years of experience, the highest percentage was among those with less than 5 years of experience at (36.7%). The results of this study demonstrated that 55.24% of nurses are associated with Moderate level of sleep disorder. Meanwhile, the percentage of those nurses associated with Moderate level of occupational information that 48.57%.
Conclusion: This study has concluded that sleep disorders are caused by working night shifts, whether according to a schedule or not. The exploitation of nighttime hours for exhausting and routine work without sleep, even for a short period, results in sleep disturbances that may have negative effects on nurses.

Burnout is a worrying issue that has become more prevalent among nurses due to the stressful nature of their careers. It is a problem that affects employees in general, but nurses are particularly vulnerable to experiencing burnout. The study attempts to elucidate the potential influence of nurses' burnout on infection control procedures in the emergency department and a substantial correlation between exhaustion and diminished compliance with infection control measures. The research Commences on September 20th, 2023, and concludes on April 28th, 2024. This study utilizes a descriptive research design. The sampling method employed in this study was purposive sampling, which involved selecting 120 nurses employed in Emergence Unite, three governmental teaching hospitals located in Bagdad province, Iraq. The data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 26.0), which revealed that the burnout levels of the study sample were at a moderate level, with 64.2% experiencing burnout. Findings: The study reached the following conclusions: The degree of burnout experienced by nurses in emergency units was moderate. There was no statistically significant difference between sex, experience years, and burnout—however, there was a substantial difference between burnout and age and qualification.

Considering nutrition is essential for managing patients with end-stage renal disease who are receiving maintenance haemodialysis. The importance of nutrition in enhancing the health of haemodialysis patients is paramount in mitigating complications and enhancing their overall well-being. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effective of health belief model-based education on hemodialysis Patients' Knowledge about Dietary Management. Methods: A quasi- experimental study design was carried out in Wasit Governorate at Al Zahraa Teaching Hospital in hemodialysis unit from October 20th, 2023 to June 15th, 2024. A non-probability (purposive) sample that comprises 70 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis was divided randomly into two groups 35 patients for the study group and 35 patients for the control group. The study instrument consisted of two parts (1) Demographic data and clinical information (2) Scale for Dietary Knowledge in Hemodialysis Patients (SDKHP) to evaluate patients' knowledge about dietary management. Results: The study found that the average knowledge scores were nearly similar between the study and control groups before the intervention. However, after the intervention, the study group demonstrated considerably higher average knowledge scores. Conclusion: The study determined that conducting educational sessions had a positive effect on the level of knowledge of hemodialysis patients about dietary management. This reflects the clear change in results after implementing the educational program. As a result, the hypothesis of the present study was accepted based on the research findings.

Objective: find out the role of substance abuse on domestic violence
Methods: study design that is descriptive. A group of fifty couples were presented. Data from drug users and women who had been abused was gathered by two questionnaire self-reports. In 2024, information was collected from January to March.
Result: The finding shows that 68% of clients are associated with severe substance use disorder problems. Also, wives of clients with substance use disorder perceive moderate domestic violence among most of items as seen with moderate mean scores.
Conclusion: Among substance abuse and domestic violence are positive correlated, as shown by significant reverse correlation with p-valy67uue=. 037.
Domestic abuse is prevalent and unacceptable in both lifetime and present times. Abuse of drugs increases the chance of violence. At p-value=.037, there is a substantial positive correlation between clients' substance usage and their spouses' domestic violence.
Recommendation: establishing rehabilitation facilities in different towns and cities to spread the word about the risks associated with drugs and the need for treatment. Prioritize the safety of women and create initiatives to shield them from the threat of assault in collaboration with local law enforcement. manifests that there is positive significant relationship between substance use among clients and domestic violence among their wives at p-value= .037.

Radiation protection aim to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure with a goal to minimize the harmful effects of ionizing radiation that is used for the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of medical conditions. Objectives: is to evaluate the effectiveness of health belief model based on nurse's practices toward radiation protection measures. Methods: A quasi- experimental study design was carried out in Thi-Qar Governorate at Al Nasiriya General Hospital in oncology center from December 22th, 2023 to April 25th, 2024. A non-probability (purposive) sample that comprises 50 nurses in oncology center was divided into two groups 25 nurse for the study group and 25 nurses for the control group. The study instrument consisted of two parts (1) Demographic data and clinical information (2) practices to radiation protection measures. The Practices were assessed by the observational checklist at pre-test and post-test according to (Shafiee et al., 2020). Results: Prior to the intervention, the results revealed mean scores did not differ significantly for the study and control groups regarding their practices toward radiation protection measures at p 058. In contrast to, the Mann-Whitney Tests results found significant mean differences between practices of the study and control group after implementation of education at p 0.00. Conclusion: the educational intervention was effective to increase the level of practices of nurses toward adherence of radiation protection measures in oncology center.

Objectives: The study aims to assess the perceptions and attitudes of male addicts regarding to prevent drug re-abuse based on health belief model.
Methods: A descriptive study design was used to conduct a questionnaire survey at two drug rehabilitation centers in Iraq, from 2nd January 2024 to 1st February 2024. The sample size was (100) male addicts. The instrument consists of two parts: part I, involved, to describes the male addicts' socio-demographic characteristics such as (age, marital status, residential area, level of education, profession, and socioeconomic status) and part II involves the using a scale to measure male addicts' beliefs towards drug re-abuse.
Results: The summary statistical descriptive of scale health beliefs of male drug users regarding drug re-abuse prevention using the health belief model exhibit a moderate level of assessment and mean score (±SD) = (3.16±0.428).
Conclusions: According to the researcher, the first step in treating addiction, regardless of the narcotic drug, is the awareness of the patient and his family about his condition, or sometimes the patient himself feels that he needs treatment. Although some of these cases are rare, they do exist.
Recommendations: We recommend spreading the culture of treating addiction cases by opening exceptional hospitals, developing a policy to address and reduce this phenomenon, and activating the role of the media in combating drugs. These measures will involve relevant institutions and joint committees to facilitate cooperation.

Background: Prolonged stress can be a risk factor for weight gain or its worsening. Moreover Clinical psychological interventions and psychotherapies are essential components for motivating patients to change their lifestyles and lose weight with the assistance of multidisciplinary teams, as obesity is linked to psychological factors. To evaluate the impact of nurse-led educational intervention on obese adults’ knowledge about the effect of psychological stress on obesity. A pre-experimental (one group pretest-posttest design) study design was applied for one group of samples during the period of January 19, 2023, to April 11, 2024. A non-probability (purposive sample) of fifty-three participants in the obesity and therapeutic nutrition center at Baghdad Teaching Hospital in the medical city complex. The researcher use cognitive-behavioral theory to design the intervention for the present study. The analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 22.0.The findings from paired t test demonstrated a highly significant mean difference (0.724) between the pre- and post-test periods regarding obese adults’ knowledge toward the effect of stress on obesity (p 0.000) furthermore this table reported that the effect size of the educational intervention was large as indicated by (Cohen's d) D=2.75.Conclusions: Based on findings of the current study, the nurse-led educational intervention was effective in improving obese adults’ knowledge about the effect of psychological stress on obesity according to Cognitive behavior therapy. It is highly recommended to increase the obese adult’s knowledge regarding the impact of psychological stress on obesity through applying nurse-led educational intervention which is beneficial tool for obese population who are attending in the obesity and therapeutic nutrition centers guided by Cognitive behavior therapy

The present study aimsa at investigating the role of noticing in the acquisition of English language for postgraduate studentsain the College Administration and Economics.
The population of the study consists of postgraduate students in the College of Administration and Economics/ University of Mosul.
The researchers intentionally selected (73) students in the postgraduate level, and prepared an achievement test consisted of (5) questions.
The instruments of the study had been divided into the following three activities:
1- Pre-test: The pre-test was given to find out the initial ability of the students before presenting the materials by using noticing.
2- Treatment: Treatment was given before the student did the post-test.
3- Post-test: Post-test was given to find out the development of the students after presenting the materials through the application of noticing.
By using some of statistical means to analyze the results which showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the mean score between the pre-test and the post-test in English language after taught with the use of noticing.

Background: The prevalence of e-cigarettes is steadily increasing among nurses globally, leading to detrimental impacts on their mental well-being. The rising prevalence of vape (e-cigarette) utilization among nurses individuals is worrisome, given the scarcity of information about risk factors and health implications. This study examines the correlation between personality qualities and the usage of e-cigarettes among nurses, as well as the impact on their mental health. A descriptive cross-sectional design study was conducted at Baquba Teaching Hospital in Diyala Governorate. A non-probability purposive sample was used to include 200 nurses working at Baquba Teaching Hospital, Diyala. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from January 10, 2024 to February 29, 2024. The study instruments consist of two parts. First, the demographic sheet included sociodemographic information about the participants. The second part includes a measure of the personality assessment questionnaire (PAQ). The collected data were analysed using SPSS version 26. The user of the electronic cigar demonstrated a significant level of moderation across all dimensions of personality traits. Electronic cigar users exhibited a notable positive correlation between their years of experience in nursing and personality attributes. These new findings improve our comprehension of the factors that may make nurses more susceptible to electronic cigar use and the possible consequences for their mental well-being and lifestyle. The findings indicate that certain cognitive and personality qualities are associated with an increased risk of vaping. These findings can be used to develop targeted intervention techniques.