Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities

After the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the ‎British forces entered Iraq ‎through Al-Faw and began to ‎move and go to occupy the rest of the Iraqi brigades ‎that ‎are still under Ottoman rule, including the Dulaim ‎District. And other areas of ‎the brigade. In addition to ‎the Dulaim Tribes, there were also families from ‎the ‎homes of Fallujah, the most important of which was ‎the Kanna family. These ‎families had an important role ‎in resisting the British occupation, not only in ‎the ‎Dulaim District, but in the rest of the Iraqi lands.‎
‎ The research showed that the tribal leaders in the Al-‎Dulaim Brigade had an important and effective ‎contribution to the battles that took place between the ‎British and Ottoman forces, urged by the jihad worker in ‎order to advance the word of Islam, as some of these ‎sheikhs participated in the Battle of Al-Mada’in, and ‎they had a major role in fighting the British forces and ‎disrupted their supply lines. They cut off part of it with ‎their combat operations. In addition, the upper Euphrates ‎areas from Ramadi to Deir ez-Zor and beyond were deep ‎for the tribal forces supporting the Ottoman forces‎

The importance of Saudi-Pakistani relations stems from ‎their reliance on the economic aspect rather than in the ‎political, military and cultural fields. This factor ‎gradually turned into a close alliance based on achieving ‎the common interests of both of them, embodied in the ‎Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's provision of unlimited ‎logistical, oil and financial support to the Islamic ‎Republic of Pakistan at times of severe economic crises. ‎On the other hand, the Pakistani workers immigrating to ‎the territory of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia helped to ‎develop the country's economies by benefiting from the ‎efficiency of the Pakistani experts and engineers ‎working in it. ‎

Most researchers have turned during the past period to ‎study local history ‎because of its importance and ‎influence on the history of contemporary ‎Iraq. The ‎subject of the Al-Duleim brigade's acting commanders in ‎the ‎royal era is considered one of the important subjects ‎that have not been ‎studied previously and through which ‎the personalities who reached the ‎position of the acting ‎commanders during the royal era, who were mostly ‎from ‎outside the brigade.‎
The subject of the administrators of the Dulaim Brigade ‎during the royal era also constitutes an important aspect ‎of the contemporary history of Iraq in general and the ‎Dulaim Brigade in particular. The research addressed the ‎definition of the administrators and their actions in the ‎brigade, each according to period, and the British-Iraqi ‎War of 1941 and the most important battles that took ‎place in the brigade. The study relied on a number of ‎unpublished documents. Published, in addition to a ‎number of books, dissertations, and university ‎dissertations.‎

The topic covered by the research is (financial regulations in ‎Egypt from ‎‏21‏AH / ‎‏641 ‏AD-‎‏132 ‏AH / ‎‏749 ‏AD), and this topic has ‎gained great importance for the Arabs because it revolves around the ‎most important aspects of the state, which is the financial system, and ‎how this system was in Egypt during the Islamic rule, as well as taxes ‎Which was imposed on its residents in the event of remaining on their ‎religion, but it is fair in the event of their conversion to Islam. As ‎well as the keenness of the Arab state to organize its financial ‎resources and achieve a financial balance on an equal basis, which it ‎obtained through some things, including: taxes on the land or through ‎the spoils, spoils and zakat, and with all this, the Arabs at the ‎beginning of the matter left the survival of the employees of this ‎institution over its residents from Copts and dhimmis, and this is ‎what the rulers who ruled Egypt did in order to achieve justice and ‎equality among the inhabitants of the conquered countries

The impact of Islamic values on the army and its military control until the end of the Umayyad era is one of the vital topics that it is necessary to highlight because it reflects a correct picture.
It is clear about the Islamic society and is considered the basis of the Arab Islamic nation’s cultural and historical heritage. Among these values is the value of courage that we discussed in this study because courage was and still is the basic foundation for achieving victory in battles. The study was divided according to the time period into courage in the Prophet’s era and we mentioned some situations in it. And the historical incidents in which the Prophet Muhammad (may God bless him and grant him peace) played a major role, in addition to the honorable Companions (may God be pleased with them). Then in the second section, we discussed courage and its value in the Rashidun era in the time of Caliph Abu Bakr, Caliph Omar bin Al-Khattab, Caliph Othman bin Affan, and Caliph Ali Ibn Abu Talib (may God be pleased with them) and the value of courage in eliminating apostates and spreading the Islamic religion. In the third and final section, we discussed the value of courage in the Umayyad era and how courage had a role in increasing the area of the Islamic State’s lands. At the end of the study, there is a conclusion, followed by footnotes, then sources and references.

During the period from the sixth to the tenth century ‎AH, the city of ‎Damascus represented a destination for ‎many scientific houses that included among ‎its members ‎many great jurists, who had an important role in ‎supporting the ‎jurisprudence movement in Damascus at ‎that time, and this city gave birth to great ‎scientific ‎houses in which there are competent scholars in the field ‎of jurisprudence. ‎‎, They, too, contributed to the ‎development of the sciences of jurisprudence, as ‎the ‎jurists of these houses have authored many venerable ‎jurisprudential books that ‎were and still adorn the ‎shelves of the libraries of the Islamic world, ‎these ‎jurisprudential families contributed to supporting ‎the educational movement in ‎Damascus, especially in ‎the field of teaching the sciences of jurisprudence, ‎by ‎establishing a number of schools of jurisprudence, ‎which became a shining lamp ‎illuminating the edifice of ‎Arab civilization over the Islamic centuries.‎ ‎

There is no doubt that African continent is one of the ‎richest continents, as it contains many natural resources ‎‎. This why it has become coveted by the colonial ‎countries . The African continent has gone through harsh ‎stages towards achieving the aspirations of its peoples . ‎African countries have suffered from a number of ‎problems that the colonial countries worked to ‎consolidate in the countries that colonized them. These ‎problems are almost imposing themselves to the present‏ ‏
In the face of these circumstances, the sons of the ‎continent grew up to find a unified entity that would ‎serve its sons. In order to meet the challenges and ‎advance the peoples of the continent, they took the ‎initiative to establish regional organizations, all of ‎which aim to achieve the goals of their peoples. These ‎initiatives resulted in the establishment of the ‎Organization of the African Union, which is considered ‎the first joint effort in 1963. Today, many organizations ‎are spread across the continent, facing great greetings ‎that prevent them from achieving their goals

The chain of narrators is one of the characteristics of the Islamic ‎nation, and the nicknames are one of the characteristics of Arabic, and ‎the benefits of the chain of transmission are many, including preserving ‎the religion from change and alteration, and the chain of narrators, ‎which is the link to the text of the Noble Qur’an, where the honorable ‎Companions transmitted the Noble Qur’an to those after them from the ‎generations by receiving and receiving And the Muslims are ‎unanimously agreed that he does not become wealthy and does not ‎write the Holy Qur’an until its transmission is verified by mutawatir‎‏.‏
Among these chains of transmission: (The chains of transmission of ‎Ibn al-Faham, Abd al-Rahman bin Abi Ateeq al-Siqali, d.: 526 AH) What we worked to achieve is because of its importance to students of knowledge. This is through it that we know the Companions whose chain of transmission is based on the ten Qur’an reciters, and whose chain of transmission is connected to the chain of transmission of the Companions of the Messenger of God, and then we know the followers and scholars behind them who were concerned with the readings of the Qur’an and its narrations until prominent imams emerged from them, and the Qur’anic Qur’anic readings are knowledge of how to perform the words of the Qur’an. The reciter is the one who knows them and narrates them orally, because readings are only transmitted by hearing and orally.‎

Syria and Lebanon are considered a prominent and ‎important point in the field of the work of European ‎missionaries in the European homeland because of the ‎presence of a suitable ground for consolidating the ‎influence and work of these missions in the presence of ‎multiple Christian sects, including Catholics, ‎Protestants, and Orthodox, as foreign countries hid ‎under the cover of religion and demanded the right to ‎protect these sects in order to achieve their political and ‎economic goals. Also, in light of the weakness of the ‎Ottoman Empire, which was exploited by foreign ‎countries to consolidate their influence, and based on ‎that, Syria and Lebanon became regions competing with ‎foreign countries to extend their control and influence. ‎

The current research aims to identify the economic ‎conditions of Morocco in the era of Al Qadhi Ayyadh, ‎where the period of Al Qadhi Ayyadh's life is considered ‎one of the most important stages that the Arab Maghreb ‎went through because of its impact on the scientific ‎effects it left behind at the hands of its scholars who had ‎a great impact in the life of the Islamic nation And ‎among the scholars who left us an immortal legacy is ‎Judge Ayyad Ibn Amron, who filled his time and the ‎time after him with his knowledge and position, and the ‎period in which Al Qadhi Ayyadh lived witnessed ‎important economic developments, in all agricultural, ‎industrial and commercial aspects, and in this research ‎we will address two important topics, the first is Al ‎Qadhi Ayyadh introduces him, and in the second topic, ‎we will show the most important elements of the ‎economy in the Maghreb in his era. ‎

The hydrological characteristics of the valleys are considered part of their general system. The research aims to shed light on these characteristics of the seven basins studied, by using the Snyder model to estimate the volume of flow for those basins. The highest flow amount reached Wadi Houran (255.2) m3/second, followed by Wadi Al-Suhayliyya, then Al-Muhammadi, with amounts reaching (144.7) and 120.8 m3/s, respectively, while the highest volume of tuberculosis was in Wadi Houran (3.07) million m3, (1.5) million m3 in Wadi Al-Suhayliyya, and (1.4) million m3 for Wadi Zagdan. These values make it record the highest incidences of floods between valleys, which raises the risk levels in it. As for the hydrograph curves, which is an artifact based on morphometric characteristics and rain characteristics, as well as the surface characteristics of elevations and slopes, and using the (WMS 10) program, the results showed that the time period is shorter in In Wadi Zaghdan, the flood wave reaches its peak, unlike Wadi Houran, which is longer in time. Likewise, in Wadi Faleg, the wave exceeds its carrying capacity because it takes a longer time compared to the size of the valley.

The study aims to know the demographic characteristics ‎of the labor force, clarify the effects and distribute them ‎according to the statistical measures that are followed, ‎highlight their productive activity, reveal the ‎phenomenon of unemployment for the labor force and ‎indicate the extent of its impact and impact on ‎agricultural activity, and pay attention to the labor force ‎and the problems facing the labor force in agricultural ‎activity because it is the basis in production and increase ‎it. ‎

The rating of the villages of Anbar province, depending on Its spatial distribution, is one of the most important scientific aspects of geographical research, so this research was not found in finding a classification shows spatial distribution patterns of the villages of Anbar province and analyzing the characteristics affecting spatial distribution.
The search for the question of the nature of spatial distribution of villages in Anbar province, which is like a research problem. The proliferation of villages in Anbar province has shown different distribution patterns as a result of the impact of natural and human properties.
The search used modern statistical methods in the analysis by using the nearest style and the standard distance and the adoption of spaces and deployment measures. Three research results are three patterns of spatial distribution of villages in Anbar province.

The research aims to show the effect of heat waves ‎on ‎increasing the economic costs of the agricultural ‎crops ‎covered in the study in Anbar Governorate, which ‎are ‎‎(wheat, barley, tomato, eggplant, orange, apple, ‎spring ‎potatoes, autumn potatoes). It is the ‎appropriate ‎temperature for growing crops, each ‎according to its own ‎need. The rise and fall of this ‎temperature directly ‎affects productivity and quality, ‎and thus the ‎possibility of delivering it to the consumer ‎at the ‎lowest harmful costs and the sustainability ‎of ‎production in quantity and quality. Here, the ‎research ‎diagnoses the negative effects of heat waves on ‎the ‎crops grown and marketed to the consumer, trying to ‎shed ‎light on the possibility of Avoid the effects of ‎these ‎waves and their frequency and make ‎Climatic ‎characteristics are an advantage in the success ‎of ‎agricultural production and ensuring its suitability‎

The research aims to know the social and service development effects of cement and phosphate plants in Al Qaim district, and it became clear through the study that the size of families working in the cement plant is between (5-10) they constituted (83%), while the size of the family working in the phosphate plant is (82%). As a percentage of the total number of workers whose ages ranged between (30-50) years, which reached the stage of sufficient number of family members, as well as the increase in income levels that prompted them to increase the number of family members, as well as the role of customs and traditions in the judiciary, which is reflected in the increase in the number of family members The family, as for educational services, as the percentage of primary schools that were established after the presence of the two laboratories constituted (21%) of the total number of schools in the district, with a noticeable increase in the total number of students as well, they represented (12%) students participating in schools in the region and (19%) ) The total number of teachers in the region’s schools. As for secondary schools, the percentage of the complex’s schools was (16%) of the total number of schools within the sub-districts, as the percentage of the number of students was (15%), and the percentage of teachers was (17%) and that all stages of the study I witnessed a development after that The two factories.

The research aims to develop a future geographical vision for the value of land in the city of Hit, and its municipal boundaries consisting of (18) neighborhoods, and to shed light on land prices during the coming years, which were determined until the year (2032 AD), and to know the extent of the impact of commercial speculation in it, and then indicate the impact of These prices are based on land uses in the city, and future expectations of land values in the city of Hit have been studied, according to (quantitative) statistical methods. The research relied mainly on the field study in the process of obtaining information and data; As a result of the scarcity of this data and information from other sources.

Arab and Muslim geographers have made great contributions to the development of geographic knowledge in general, and to the increase in information about the land, its divisions, and the dry and water on it, including seas, oceans and rivers, as well as dividing it into regions. And they had a prominent role in mentioning one of the important geographical features, namely the islands, both marine and river types. However, their greatest interest was about the offshore islands and their locations and extensions in the seas of the earth known to them. Behind this knowledge was a set of motives, the most important of which were scientific and epistemological, as geographers contributed to increasing knowledge about these islands and separated them from their inhabitants, their agricultural and industrial products, the minerals they contain, the natures of their people, their customs and traditions, as well as their locations on the shipping routes to be stations for the comfort of seafarers. They provided their geographical books with maps to determine the locations of the islands despite the different maps among them. The Arab and Muslim geographers were credited with knowing these islands and increasing information about them, based on scientific and cognitive motives urged by Islam.

The research concluded that the topographic symmetry index (T) and the topographic asymmetry index (AF) were adopted, as well as the basin length and slope index (SL) and valley width index to valley height (VF). For the four indicators (T. AF. SL. VF) on which the study relied, it was found that the area includes three types, namely, category (2): it represents the results that ranged between (1.5-2), and it is within the category of high tectonic activity and includes the following basins (Albatiykha, Aljarwh), and category (3): represents the results that ranged between (2-2.5) and is within the moderate tectonic activity and includes the following basins (Al-Qaim, Al-Saqra), and category (4): represents the results greater than (2.5) and is within the low tectonic activity and includes the basins The following are (Al-Zawiya, Al-Bazki, Al-Sajira, Al-Zala, and Al-Zaydiyah).

The study included many scientific details in the field of studying the soil of the Wadi al-Mohammadi Basin, which is one of the regions distinguished by its diverse landforms, characteristics of geological formation, the nature of the climate, and the diversity occurring in the available land resources of soil, natural vegetation, and water resources. An integrated study methodology was prepared and the results were drawn for the purpose of Detecting the geographical distributions of the soil of the Wadi al-Mohammadi Basin, which has an estimated area of 1971.49 km2, and the basin’s lands were divided into six land units with geomorphological names through visual interpretation of the Landsat8 satellite image, which are units (high plateaus, flat plateaus, and swamps). (valleys, alluvial fan, flood plain), in addition to performing the morphological description of the soil profiles and the chemical and physical analysis of the soil samples to classify the spatial analysis of the basin’s soils into two main classes: dry soils and newly formed soils, as well as classifying them into subgrades, major groups, and submajor groups. The results of the study were represented by a map of the geographical distributions of the soils of the valley basin

Aims: The current study aimed to identify the mastery ‎motivation among university students. It also aimed to ‎identify the statistical differences in the mastery ‎motivation among university students according to some ‎demographical variables (gender and specialization).‎
Methodology: The research community consisted of ‎‎(23,193) male and female students. The researchers ‎randomly selected a sample of (300) male and female ‎students from the students of University of Anbar, ‎distributed according to gender and specialization ‎equally. To achieve the research objectives, the ‎researchers prepared a measure of mastery motivation ‎according to Morgan Harmon’s theory (Morgan Harmon, ‎‎1990). The questionnaire consisted of (55) items that ‎varied between positive and negative items. The ‎researchers adopted the Lekert scale for the positive ‎items (5, 4, 3, 2, 1) and (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) for the negative ‎items. ‎
Results: after analyzing the data using t-test for one ‎sample, t-test for two independent samples, Pearson ‎correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha, the results ‎showed that there is a moderate degree of mastery ‎motivation. The results also showed that there is a ‎statistical significant differences in mastery motivation ‎according to the gender. Finally, the research did not ‎show statistical significant differences according to the ‎specialization variable (scientific, humanities) in the ‎mastery motivation among students‎

Aims: Extremism in temper may have a negative effect ‎on controlling behavior and thus produce a pattern of ‎emotional personality that cannot control the individual ‎and his behavior. The current research aims to ‎investigate the degree of extreme mood among ‎secondary school principals in Anbar province. ‎
Methodology: in order to achieve the objective of the ‎current study, the researchers defined the concept of ‎‎(extreme mood), and then deliberately create an extreme ‎mood scale, which is consisted of (45) items with (5) ‎alternatives (always, sometimes, rarely, often, never). ‎The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were ‎calculated and the results showed that the questionnaire ‎have had a high validity and reliability. The sample ‎consisted of (400) secondary school principals from ‎Anbar Governorate.‎
Results: after analyzing the data using the t-test for one ‎sample, t-test for two independent samples and Person ‎Correlation, the results showed that participants showed ‎high degree of behaviors characterized by extreme ‎temperament and that there are individual differences in ‎extreme temperament in favor of (males). In light of the ‎results, the researchers recommended preparing ‎guidance programs for school principals to develop ‎moderate temperamental style.‎

Aims: the current study aimed to identify cognitive failure, and ‎the statistical differences according to some demographic ‎variables (gender, specialization‏).‏
Methodology: the research community included students of ‎Anbar University for the academic year (2021/2022), which ‎consisted of (23193). Male and female students distributed ‎according to gender to (9150) male students and (14043) ‎female students. They also distributed according to field of ‎study into (11227) scientific and (11966) humanitarian. The ‎sample of the current study were chosen randomly from (18) ‎colleges. Four hundred and thirty students were selected to ‎participate in the study in which (170) male and (260) female. ‎As for specialization, the number of students who represented ‎the scientific specialization consisted of (208) male and female, ‎while the number of students who represented the humanitarian ‎specialization was (222) male and female. To achieve the ‎research objectives, the researchers adopted Saleh Scale, 2014 ‎to measure the cognitive failure, which was built according to ‎the Information Processing Theory. The scale consists of (59) ‎items distributed over four dimensions: distraction (14) items, ‎lapses in perception (15) items, memory errors (15), motor-‎functional failure (15) items, and the same alternatives for the ‎first scale‏.‏
Results: after analyzing the data by using t-test for one sample, ‎t-test for two independent samples, Pearson correlation ‎coefficient, as well as the discrimination of paragraphs by the ‎method of the two extreme samples, and the relationship of the ‎paragraph to the total score for each scale, the results showed ‎that the participants have low level of cognitive failure. The ‎results also showed that there were no differences in cognitive ‎failure according to gender (males - females). While, there ‎were differences in cognitive failure according to specialization ‎‎(scientific - humanities) and in favor of scientific ‎specialization. In light of the findings of the current study, the ‎researchers presented a set of recommendations and ‎suggestions. ‎

Aims: the aim of this study is to create a training ‎program based on the P5BL learning model according to ‎creative teaching skills for the Arabic teachers. ‎
Methedology: ‏the researchers firstly developed an initial ‎model for the training program that included the ‎definition of the training program, the general idea of ‎the training program, justifications for the training ‎program, the foundations for building the training ‎program, and the general objectives of the training ‎program. Secondly, the components of the training ‎program included the behavioral objectives of the ‎training program, the content of the training program, ‎the training method of the training program, educational ‎materials and methods that would help implement the ‎training program, and methods of evaluating training in ‎the training program. Finally, planning the training ‎meetings and the training program included the ‎objectives of the training unit, the content of the unit, ‎training activities, training time, and implementation ‎mechanisms.‎
Results: the results of the current study showed that the ‎training program has been built according to the ‎scientific perspective and consisted with the theoretical ‎and applied sessions.‎ ‎

Aims: the current study aims to identify the importance of ‎using the modern educational methods for the Arabic language ‎subject and its contribution to raising the level of learners. The ‎research also aimed to identify the most important obstacles ‎that could prevent the use of modern educational methods for ‎the Arabic language subject from the Arabic language teachers' ‎perspectives. The research also aimed to test the differences in ‎the responses according to the variables of gender and ‎experience.‎
Methodology: the researchers followed the descriptive ‎analytical method. The research sample was (50) male and ‎female teachers, with (26) male and (24) male teachers. In ‎order to collect the data of the study, a questionnaire was used ‎that includes 3 subscales (area of use, area of importance, area ‎of obstacles). The validity and reliability of the questionnaire ‎was verified. ‎
Results: after analyzing the data using appropriate statistical ‎methods, the current research showed that there is positive ‎perspective towards the importance of using educational ‎methods in teaching the Arabic language subject. The results ‎also indicated that there are no differences regarding the ‎importance of using educational methods in teaching the ‎Arabic language according to the variables of gender and ‎experience.‎
Conclusions: In continuation of the results of the current ‎research, the current research concluded that the educational ‎methods used in teaching the Arabic language to second-year ‎intermediate students was weak.‎

Aims: The current research aims to determine the level ‎of technological enlightenment among mathematics ‎teachers and its relationship to academic level and ‎experience, ‎
Methodology: the research sample of the study consisted ‎of 180 (90 males, 90 female) math teachers in Ramadi ‎City-Iraq. The researcher adopted a technological ‎enlightenment scale, which consisted of (49) items. The ‎psychometric properties of the scale were tested and ‎showed good validity and reliability.‎
‎ Results: after analyzing the data, the results showed ‎that male and female mathematics teachers in the city of ‎Ramadi showed a good technological enlightenment and ‎that there is a difference between the level of ‎enlightenment according to gender in favor of males. ‎The results also indicated that there is a difference in the ‎level of technological enlightenment according to the ‎academic level and the experience in favor of bachelor’s ‎degree teachers. The results also confirmed that ‎relationship between technological enlightenment and ‎academic level and experience was not statistically ‎significant. ‎
Conclusions: in continuation of the research results, the ‎researcher recommended conducting training courses by ‎specialists for teachers to enlighten them ‎technologically and paying attention to the computer ‎subject in secondary schools and universities. The ‎researcher also suggested conducting more studies to ‎investigate the impact of using technologies on mental ‎and physical health among math teachers.‎

Aims: the aim of the current research is to identify the ‎nature of distance education, its ‎types and ‎characteristics. ‎
Methodology: the researchers adopted the descriptive ‎analytical ‎approach because it is consistent with the ‎objectives of the research. The researchers also ‎determined the obstacles that face the distance learning ‎during the Corona virus pandemic in Iraq. It also worth ‎mentioning that the Ministry of Education adopted a set ‎of procedures to compensate the educational loss during ‎the quarantine, especially the first three grades of ‎primary education. ‎
Results: The current study identified the obstacles that ‎face the distance learning in Iraq and found that the most ‎prominent obstacle was the high cost of the computers ‎and access to the internet that the students' families face. ‎In addition, the results also found that there are so many ‎families have two or three students studying in schools ‎and they should have access to the internet at the same ‎time and every one of them should have a laptop and ‎other electronic devices to attend the lessons. ‎Furthermore, the distance learning could also restrict the ‎freedom of the families during the time of lessons. ‎
Conclusions: following the results of the study, a set of ‎suggestions were mentioned to overcome these obstacles ‎