Journal of Kirkuk University Humanity Studies

The research aims to. (The impact of several media commentary strategies on developing the Arabic language with material that reflects the commentary and developing their abstract thinking). To test the research objectives, the researcher formulated the following hypotheses:
- There were no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the female students in the experimental group that was taught using the information processing strategy and the female students in the control group that was taught using standard methods for developing systemic thinking in the subject of teaching methods.
- There was no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental groups that were taught the information processing strategy in the pre- and post-tests of systemic thinking.
The researchers relied on an experimental design with equal groups with a pre-test and a post-test. According to this design, a sample of female students in the third stage (2024/2025) (first semester) was selected. The study sample amounted to (65) female students, divided into two sections, Section A (33) female students. An experimental group was learning an information processing strategy, and Section B (34) female students was a control group learning in the usual way.
The researchers established equality in a number of relevant variables between the two research groups:
To conduct the experiment, the researcher prepared a test for systemic thinking, which included (20 items) of a multiple-type test for each skill, divided into six items, with four options in each item. The test is characterized by validity, discrimination, and stability. After adapting the research tools and applying the systemic thinking test in advance, The experiment was implemented on Sunday, 10/6/2024, and continued until Wednesday, 12/11/2024. The researchers applied the systemic thinking test (pre-test and post-test) to the female students of the two groups (experimental and control), after collecting the data and analyzing it statistically using the statistical program (spss), using statistical methods appropriate for the purpose of the research, and the results were as follows:
- There is a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the female students in the experimental group using the information processing strategy and the female students in the control group using the standard method in developing systemic thinking in the subject of teaching methods.
- There is a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of female students in the experimental group in which the information processing strategy was taught before and after developing systems thinking.
Based on the results, the researchers made the following recommendations:
- Holding in-service training courses for subject teachers on using information processing strategies in teaching, and preparing lessons and applying them to female students at different educational levels.
- Interest in building knowledge among female students, so that learning becomes based on solid foundations and has meaning, rather than presenting it to them in a final form.
- Working on providing feedback on the use of the information processing strategy when teaching the methods subject to third-year female students.
To complete this study, the researchers propose to conduct educational studies and research, including:
- Conducting a similar study to identify the effect of the information processing strategy on the acquisition of teaching methods for third-stage students and the development of their synthetic thinking.
The effect of the information processing strategy on acquiring the subject of teaching methods for third-stage students and developing their visual thinking.

Morphometric studies of river basins are an important method of analysis and numerical and mathematical measurements through which the most important characteristics and spatial, morphological and topographical influences, drainage networks and their patterns are identified.
The research aims to study the morphometrics of Wadi Al-Ruman basin, which is located in the southwestern part of the western plateau in Najaf Governorate. The basin area is (59.8 km2).
The morphometric characteristics of the Wadi al-Ruman basin were studied using geographic information systems as an advanced means of highlighting and identifying these characteristics by translating them into digital data and maps that include an information database for this basin and the possibility of investing it in economic development, especially since this area has witnessed multiple human activities in the field of agriculture and the establishment of villages and population units such as the village of al-Nour in this part of the western plateau.

The research aims to highlight the role of time and temporal factors in geographical scientific studies, examining the extent of their integration as a variable or determinant in the study of geographical phenomena, both natural and human. It explores the units of time, their segmentation, and the degree of their overlap and integration with each other or with geographical phenomena. Additionally, it assesses the awareness of geographers regarding this critical factor and the extent of its application or utilization in their studies. The research methodology adopted the deductive approach as well as an objective approach that examines the components of phenomena to establish a systematic framework for addressing the concept of time and temporal dimensions within the branches of geography. Additionally, the content analysis method was employed to extract and identify the presence of time.
` The key findings indicate a lack of clarity regarding the concept and representations of time among geographical researchers, or an underestimation of its importance in natural and human studies. The research underscores the necessity of incorporating time as a primary variable in geographical analyses to avoid incomplete interpretations.
In conclusion, time is fundamental to achieving a deeper and more accurate understanding of geographical phenomena, thereby enhancing decision-making in environmental and urban planning. The study also emphasizes the importance of integrating temporal and spatial dimensions in future research to achieve better sustainability of resources and environments. One of the most important recommendations of the research is to delve deeper into the study of time and its various representations in geographical studies.

The Noble Prophetic Hadith is considered the main pillar for explaining and interpreting the Holy Quran, and thus comes after it in the order of legislative sources in Islam. The role of the Prophetic Sunnah in understanding religion and belief cannot be denied. The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, explained and clarified what was stated in the Quran in a practical and applied manner on the ground, which made the Sunnah complement the Quran and give it an applied dimension in the daily lives of Muslims. Over time, and with the expansion of the Islamic state and the large number of individuals who transmit the Hadiths of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, it became necessary to document these Hadiths to avoid distortion or error in transmission. This need led to the development of the science of Hadith, in which the scholars of the nation were keen to distinguish between the authentic and the weak. Also, setting precise controls for transmission was necessary to preserve the Sunnah from any distortion. As for the title of the research, it is considered one of the topics that raises a lot of discussion among scholars. When studying mursal hadiths (those in which the entire chain of transmission is not mentioned) and musnad hadiths (those with a complete chain of transmission), we find that there is a difference in their acceptance and rejection depending on the degree of authenticity of the narrators and the strength of the chain of transmission. Opinions differ on how to deal with mursal hadiths and whether they can be accepted in some cases or not, based on the conditions set by scholars.

All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of all worlds, and may peace and blessings be upon our master Muhammad, his family, and all his companions.
This research examines \"The Jurisprudential Maxims of Imam Al-Maqri (d. 709 AH): An Applied Study on Hudud (Punishments)\". These maxims were highly regarded by jurists for their role in organizing numerous jurisprudential branches and grouping them under overa rching principles that encompass and apply to them. Maliki jurists significantly contributed to the authorship in the field of jurisprudential maxims, whether through standalone books or as part of other works. Among these jurists is Imam Al-Maqri, who left behind a substantial body of work documenting and summarizing the Maliki school of thought.
Imam Al-Maqri’s works summarize the branches of the Maliki school, streamline them from various narrations and evidences, and incorporate jurisprudential maxims that unite branches and details across all areas of jurisprudence. This includes hudud (punishments), blood money, bequests, and inheritance.
The jurisprudential maxims mentioned by Al-Maqri in his book include nine maxims specifically related to hudud. These comprise two maxims on the conditions for enforcing punishments, two on the punishment for adultery, three on the punishment for slander, and two on harz (protection of property.(

Marra Al-Hamdani was a follower, a worshipper, a trustworthy person, and a good, blessed personality remembered by generations. He used to pray hundreds of rak'ahs during the day and night, so he was called (Marra Al-Khair) and (Marra Al-Tayeb). His prayers distracted him from spreading knowledge and caring for it, and he left a good impression in the souls of Muslims. He has a prominent scientific position in the science of interpretation. It has been said that he narrated interpretive narrations from the Prophet, and he also has narrations from the great companions, such as (Abu Bakr, Omar, Ibn Masoud, Ibn Abbas, Abu Hurairah, and others). Therefore, he is trustworthy, as the people of knowledge have testified to him. Many narrators narrated from him, such as: (Ismail Al-Suddi, Husayn bin Abdul Rahman, Al-Shaabi, Ata bin Al-Saib, and others). His approach to interpretation was that he combined (interpretation by tradition) and (interpretation by opinion). Therefore, his impact on interpretation has the scientific value and position that befits him among his peers. Therefore, he is worthy of more attention and appreciation. And the care and circulation of students and researchers, throughout time .

The research deals with the subject of the direct and the causative, in the responsibility of guaranteeing the harmful act, which is an original issue in Islamic jurisprudence, and there is nothing similar to it in positive law. Islamic jurisprudence has sought to establish liability on the basis of justice, and balance between the right of the injured party to be compensated for the damage, and the responsibility of the perpetrator of the harmful act in guaranteeing the damage that occurred because of it; if the damage occurs through directness, the direct party bears the compensation immediately. When it occurs through causation, the causer is not liable except on the condition of transgression, so that the side of the person who caused the damage outweighs the side of the one whose action mediated between the damage and the causer, so the liability falls on him and not the other.

This research discusses one of the important issues of analogy, which is the issue of analogy with difference, by explaining what is meant by difference in the speech of the scholars of the principles of jurisprudence, and defining the term precisely. This research also clarifies the relationship of the issue of difference to jurisprudence; since the objections raised by scholars of the principles of jurisprudence on analogy mostly fall into issues of debate and discussion, except for our issue, which is often mentioned by jurists in their issues, as one of the objections to attaching branches to the principles, since analogy is based on observing the degree of proximity of the branch to the principle to which it is intended to be attached, so the closer they are, the more its attachment to it is in accordance with the objectives of the Sharia and the rules of jurisprudence.

The political and ideological transformations that followed World War II (1939-1945) had a clear impact on the cultural and social reality of Iraqi women, particularly in the field of media. Iraqi society began to open up to the active participation of women in media, specifically in print, radio, and television, during the subsequent decades of the 20th century. This had a significant reflection on the reality and role of women in the city of Kirkuk during the study period.
This study aims to shed light on the role and media activities of women in Kirkuk during the years 1951-1979, through the study\'s main Topics. The first topic includes the role of Kirkuk women in journalism and literary works during 1951-1979. The second topic discusses the role of Kirkuk women in radio and television during the same period. The third topic addresses the impact of women\'s media on public opinion in Kirkuk. Additionally, the study includes a conclusion and a list of sources and references.

The appointment of Abu Muslim al-Khorasani as the head of the preachers in Khorasan by the Imam of the Abbasid call, Ibrahim al-Imam, sparked a political controversy between him and the Arab elements who represented the senior preachers. It appears from the events that the political controversy continued with Abu Muslim al-Khorasani even after the Abbasids moved to the state stage. A controversy occurred between him and the Caliph Abu Jaafar al-Mansur while he was in the position of Emir of Khorasan. Each of these parties had its foundations upon which it built its argument in such a controversy, which may have been, in its entirety, one of the reasons for the killing of Abu Muslim al-Khorasani, as the political movement, competition, and fierce struggle for power developed to their highest levels, which prompted the Caliph al-Mansur to monitor all the objections and behaviors that affected the actions and goals of Abu Muslim al-Khorasani throughout the secrecy and publicity of the call. These are the same reasons and motives that left no room for negotiation or listening to the voices that called for pardoning Abu Muslim. The events led to the end of this political controversy with the killing of Abu Muslim, according to the perspective of the true founder of the Abbasid Caliphate, Abu Jaafar Al-Mansour.

The current paper, entitled “Reverberation of the Political Developments in Iraqi Kurdistan in the Iranian Ettela’at Newspaper (1970-1975)”, presented valuable information concerning the accompanied events in Iraq, including the September Revolution (1961-1975). The paper deals with the history of granting autonomy to the Kurds during the period of the Arif brothers (1963-1968) and then the Baath period until the year (1970). The dialogue between the Kurds and successive governments was continuous and culminated in the signing of the agreement between the Kurds led by Mullah Mustafa Barzani and the Iraqi government headed by Iraqi President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. One of its important points was granting autonomy to the Kurds. Nonetheless, and due to several reasons, such as the failure to conduct a population census for the city of Kirkuk, not letting the Iraqi Kurdistan Democratic Party to join the National Progressive Front, among others, a dispute broke out between the two parties, which led to the outbreak of war again between them in 1974. Hence, because of signing the 1975 Algiers Agreement on the 6th of March between Iraq and Iran, the September Revolution had come to end.

The research deals with the position of the Iraqi Communist Party on the Kurdish issue in Iraq, as it was the first Iraqi political movement to recognize the existence of a Kurdish issue in Iraq and adopted the proposal of solutions to find the best solution for it from its point of view. Since the founding of the party, the Kurdish issue has been an obsession for the leaders and cadres of the party that must be solved, so its positions developed from the right to self-determination and then to the autonomy of the Kurdish people within the framework of the Kingdom of Iraq and the Republic of Iraq later. To granting the Kurds self-rule, and the party wanted to attract the Kurds to its side by using the media, so it was also the first Iraqi party to issue a newspaper in the Kurdish language to express the party's point of view on the Kurdish issue and win Kurdish youth to its ranks, and it succeeded in that to some extent, then the party's position developed later, especially after the revolution of July 14, 1958, so it tried to hold the stick from the middle, especially after the revolution of September 11, 1961, to avoid angering the government of Abdul Karim Qasim and was satisfied with calling for a halt to the bombing of Kurdish villages and Demanded that the Kurdish leadership follow the proper means to solve the Kurdish issue.
However, the party's position became clearer after the coup of February 8, 1963, especially after it was dealt a severe blow by the Baath authorities, so many of its members joined the Kurdish revolution, and resisted the government authorities at the time alongside the Kurdish revolutionary forces.

The Industrial Revolution 1760-1830 and its emergence in Europe had a decisive impact on the conditions of workers in general, and Britain in particular, because it eliminated the old conditions that people had been accustomed to for centuries to bring new, unconventional conditions to British society, which was accustomed to the fact that the main factor in the industrial process was the worker himself and the degree of skill he possessed. As a result of all these conditions, the number of workers increased and the employer began to treat the workers as if they were tools in the factory. The capitalists also exploited Parliament to their advantage and worked to prevent the issuance of any legislation in favor of the working class, in addition to emphasizing the principle of not allowing the government to interfere in working conditions. This meant an increasing deterioration in all aspects related to workers. In light of these harsh conditions, workers faced state injustice and demanded their most basic rights. Many laws were issued that contributed to preserving the rights and duties of workers. This development was not a coincidence, as British capitalism in the years 1800-1852 was able to break down all barriers. The triumph of free trade meant complete freedom for capitalism. The uneven expansion of industry and trade produced profits of not tens but thousands of percent, proving that Britain was important because of its privileged position in the monopoly of industry. It was therefore necessary to grant some rights and privileges to the two main groups of workers on whom the production of this wealth depended, namely, the workers in the textile factories, and the skilled craftsmen in the metal and building industries.

During the fifth century AH (11th century AD), the Islamic East was exposed to a major disintegration and collapse, as three Islamic powers controlled the history of this region, including the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad and the Seljuk Turks, who played a prominent role in the history of this region. Following the Seljuk Turks, the Atabeg power appeared, represented by their leader Imad al-Din Zangi and the daughter of Nur al-Din Mahmud. After that, Sultan Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi appeared on the historical stage, where relations between Muslims and Crusaders reached a decisive point during his reign, which was the liberation of Jerusalem in 583 AH/1187 AD, in addition to the presence of the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt. The existence of these differences led to chaos and collapse among the Islamic powers.

The Holy Quran has been of great importance to Muslims since its revelation to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) until today. Muslims both Arabs and non Arabs have eagerly sought to study and care for all its verses and rulings in the correct manner as received from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and his honorable companions (may Allah be pleased with them all). As a result of this special, wide-ranging, and significant interest in the Quran, various sciences related to it have emerged, including the science of recitation (Qira'at) and the science of interpretation (Tafsir). Through Tafsir, Muslim scholars strive to understand the meanings of the Quran, dedicating a specific discipline to this pursuit. Additionally, there are other related sciences in connection with the Quranic sciences, such as the science of abrogation and the science of jurisprudence, among other religious sciences. In response, the researcher's topic discussed a select group of scholars who contributed to the building of Islamic civilization through their intellectual efforts. The researcher chose to study the scholars of Islamic jurisprudence who came to Medina, focusing on the scholars of the Quran and exegesis, examining their contributions to civilization.

The Abbasid state went through several crises, including political, intellectual and decade-long crises. The crisis differed from one era to another, and sometimes there was a similarity between crises. Therefore, in this thesis, we addressed the ways in which crises were dealt with, as each caliph in the Abbasid era had a way of dealing with the crisis. Sometimes it was dealt with politically through promises and financial failures, as in the case of the crown prince, and some were dealt with intellectually, such as the crisis of Al-Muqtarala, which was a series of crises and strife and continued throughout the reign of three caliphs, alkhalifuh Al-Ma’mun, alkhalifuh Al-Moatasem, and alkhalifuh Al-Wathiq, and ended during the reign of alkhalifuh Al-Mutawakkil. Military crises that were unjust were resolved militarily and peace was used, such as the Babak Khorrami movement, Al-Maziar, and Al-Narat, which occurred in different regions in Khorasan and Iraq, all of which were resolved, but some of them were expensive, such as the killing of Caliph Al-Amin and alkhalifuh Al-Mutawakkil. The caliph who dealt with crises most diplomatically was alkhalifuh Abu Jaafar Al-Mansur, who eliminated all crises with a wise policy.

Ambiguity is a hallmark of Ernest Hemingway’s writing style, contributing to the depth and complexity of his short stories. This study focuses on how Hemingway employs ambiguity in “My Old Man” to create multiple layers of meaning and engage readers in interpretation. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this paper investigates the various forms of ambiguity found in Hemingway's “My Old Man”. It looks at how Hemingway uses words, phrases, and sentence structures to create and express several levels of meaning and perceptions. Such ambiguity contributes to the complexity of his themes, characters, and plot development. By analyzing specific instances of ambiguity, the paper explores how Hemingway’s use of language evokes uncertainty and openness to interpretation. Additionally, the study examines the broader significance of ambiguity in literature. Through a detailed examination of linguistic elements such as word choice, phrasing, and sentence structure, the study reveals how Hemingway strategically embeds ambiguity to evoke multiple interpretations. The findings demonstrate that Hemingway’s use of semantic ambiguity enhances thematic depth, character complexity, and narrative intricacy, ultimately engaging readers on a more intellectual and emotional level. These results underscore the significance of ambiguity as a literary device in Hemingway’s work, offering valuable insights into his techniques and their impact on readers’ perceptions.

This study sticks to the linguistic orientation of zeugmatic expressions. Zeugma is regarded as a figure of speech where one word could go through two or more other words semantically in different ways. The study also stresses the zeugma origins and roots. There is an indication to the realization of this term literally and figuratively. Also, there is a sort of reference to the conceptual trend grammatically and semantically. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the occurrence of zeugma within linguistic structure and it also moves through zeugmatic features. The application part of analysis relies entirely on definite verses from the glorious Qur’an. The study has certain objectives that show the innovative use of pun and the ability of the reader to realize various senses of one word, and it aims to cover writer’s creativity and reader’s competence. Moreover, the study raises questions like: what makes a governing word go through multiple meanings, how interpretation is made easier, and what causes a problem in translation?

This research is titled (The effectiveness of conceptual blending in the semantic interpretation of Kurdish idioms). It is an attempt to present the semantic interpretation of idioms in the Kurdish language from the perspective of cognitive semantics as a branch of cognitive linguistics. Idioms are an integral part of language and can be seen in the daily speech of speakers and have a complex structure, and understanding the meaning, concept and message of these expressions requires the use of their different figurative meanings. On the other hand, language reflects the way of understanding and experiencing the world through metaphor, which is the understanding of a specific concept in another conceptual framework. One of the claims of metaphor theory is that metaphor includes two domains of source and target, and the domain of source is used to discuss the domain of target. One of the most recent theories of conceptual metaphor is the theory of conceptual blending, which was presented by Fauconnier and Turner, and theorists used conceptual space, mental space, and conceptual blending network. For this purpose, this research deals with the semantic analysis of Kurdish idioms in the framework of the theory of conceptual blending as a theory in cognitive semantics, by raising the question whether the theory of conceptual blending helps the semantic analysis of Kurdish idioms?

Imagery is one of the most significant elements in literature, particularly in poetry, as it allows poets, through imagination, emotion, intellect, and intuition, to preserve and express their experiences within the reality they live in. Throughout history, poets have employed various forms of figurative language, including paradox, metaphor, simile, symbolism, and personification, to craft vivid poetic images.
Azad Subhi (1961–2014), born in Kirkuk, was a contemporary Kurdish poet, writer, and storyteller whose work stands out due to its distinctive linguistic and literary qualities. The characteristics of his poetry are uniquely distinguished; he aligns with his contemporaries only in a small area of poetic experience, particularly in his use of imagery. This is why the research explores this specific aspect of his poetry.
The study adopts a descriptive-analytical method and is divided into two parts. The first, theoretical section outlines the key concepts and terminology related to imagery, including its core elements—language, thought, emotions, imagination, intuition, and reality. In the second, practical section, the study analyses examples of poetic imagery in Subhi’s poetry focusing on his use of simile, metaphor, and various forms of sensory imagery (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile).

This research explores “Perception to the Senses in the Kurdish Language: the Sense five Semantic Fields of the Word as a Model \". This under-researched area contributes to both general linguistic knowledge and the field of Kurdish language studies. The research is divided into three sections. The first section provides an introduction to cognitive linguistics, illustrating key concepts with examples. The second section focuses on the concept of perception, contrasting its role with that of cognitive linguistics through concrete examples. Finally, the third section investigates sensory linguistics, analyzing how sensations are expressed within Kurdish, and then develops a model for a sensory semantic field. The study concludes with an examination of the sources that informed the research. A central finding of this research is that each word in Kurdish possesses its unique semantic field, which shares commonalities and differences with other word fields. Furthermore, our investigation indicates that prefixes and suffixes play a significant role in adding specific sensory meanings to words.

This research is titled "Women's Problems in the novel "the Curse of Nawbharan" by Bakhtiar Ali”, and explained the problems of women and trying to show the traditions that are the source of women's problems in society، the image and freedom of women in this nove which reflects the problems of women in the Kurdish culture. From this, point of view the research tries to discuss the problems of women in the Kurdish, culture. The woman speaks in the novel because the novelist from the perspective of, the characters in the novel has addressed the problem of women The study was conducted in light of the analytical method.
This study consists of two sections. The first one is divided into four sub-sections. In the first sub-section, culture is explained as term. The second one is about the problem of women in the Kurdish culture. As for the second section, it comprises of two sub-sections: in the first one, a summary of the novel is given. In the second sub-section,
Women's problems in the novel "The Curse of Nawbahran" by Bakhtiar Ali.

This study deals with the title (The emergence of teaching the Kurdish alphabet and the contribution of Professor Ibrahim Amin Baldar to it), it is an attempt to define the aspects of teaching the Kurdish alphabet.
It is also an illumination to clarify the points on the letters in the field of the Kurdish alphabet, in terms of their nature. The study includes an introduction, two chapters, and results reached by the researcher. A list of the sources and references which he relied.
Introduction: The researcher mentioned the topic, its nature, and the reasons that led him to choose it.
Chapter One: It includes the history of the emergence of teaching the alphabet, including its historical definition of the Kurdish alphabet. The second chapter: It includes two sections, the first section: about the methods of teaching children’s primary education in the first stage of primary school. As for the second section: It includes the life of Professor Ibrahim Amin in the house and the importance of writing (ئەلف و بێ) in Kurdish, that is, the new alphabet in the Kurdish language. At the end of the research, the researcher carried out a comprehensive criticism and analysis of the aforementioned book, and among its results was a set of scientific results that the researcher reached and recorded in the research results section.

Erbil, a part of Iraq, is one of the oldest cities in history. With its cultural history, social life, expansive geography, and ancient monuments, it has attracted the attention of many nations and ethnic groups. As it is an ancient settlement, numerous studies have been conducted over time. Among the most significant topics in these studies are place names.
The Erbil region has become a city rich in terms of place names and has undergone many changes throughout its history. These changes extend from the Assyrian and Babylonian periods to the Bektashi, Abbasid, Tatar, Mongol, Jalayirid, Safavid, Islamic, and Ottoman eras. However, according to records, some places have remained unchanged, such as the Erbil Citadel, the Desert Minaret, significant neighborhoods in Erbil, the Kayseri Bazaar, and more.Today, the Erbil Citadel has been recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage site and is under protection. Besides the citadel, many districts, villages, streams, rivers, and neighborhoods below Erbil carry names derived from various meanings.
In this context, place names are among the most important linguistic resources providing data about the region’s geography, nature, history, soil, cultural structure, beliefs of its inhabitants, and folklore products. In our study, the main topic is "An Evaluation of Place Names in the Erbil Region of Iraq from the Perspective of Folklore." To date, no comprehensive study has been conducted on this topic. Erbil has had place names such as neighborhoods, streets, districts, villages, streams, bazaars, and cemeteries named in the Turkmen language throughout history. The main purpose of our study is to investigate the origins of these place names, the language they derived from, and analyze the narratives (stories) about them and their classification. Subsequently, some findings will be presented from the perspective of folklore.
Both written and oral sources were used in the study, including local and foreign written sources.

Iraqi Turkmen Literature, as a part of Turkish and world literature, has always been the most faithful and simple interpreter of the developments in the region. Beyatlı undertook the task of introducing Iraqi Turkmen literature to the Turkish world, and explained the difficult living conditions and struggles of the people with the works he wrote in different genres. Kemal Beyatlı, one of the leading names of contemporary Iraqi Turkmen literature, stepped into literature despite difficult conditions and managed to publish his works in a new environment in Turkey. National cause, political criticism and historical facts have an important place in Beyatlı's works. The author presents historical events to his readers by blending them with his own imagination. His poem titled "For You" is known as his first poem published in Baghdad. His first poetry book, Wingless Words, was published in Baghdad in 1986, using old Turkish letters.
In this context, we wanted to reveal Kemal Beyatlı's life and poems, especially the form and content analysis of his two poems, as well as the poet's art, talents and developments in the social life of Kirkuk. Especially the emotional outburst in the poem "Cemalim" points out the difficult conditions and the pain experienced by the people. Our study has developed in two directions in terms of the subject. Firstly, Cemal himself and his ideals were discussed by considering the subject in terms of content, and on the other hand, the subject analysis was made by considering his sensitivities due to the general framework of society and historical conditions. In addition, the subject was also handled in terms of form and formalities such as aruz and rhyme were discussed. We will touch on the topics. The poem "I Loved Living", which is our second topic, will be analyzed in terms of both form and content, just like the first topic, and then evaluated. However, it seems that the poet, who maintains the same atmosphere in this poem, reflects the pessimistic situation and discusses his national views.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia did not rely on livestock and agriculture for its economy in the 1930s and 1940s. However, after these two decades, it developed relatively in terms of economy, especially after the discovery of oil, where it contracted with the American company Aramco for exploration and extraction of oil, resulting in acceptable profits. The economic boom in Saudi Arabia began in the late 1970s and early 1980s, leading to the implementation of well-structured economic plans that paid significant attention to non-oil industries, which played a major role in the development of the Saudi economy and contributed to achieving self-sufficiency in all needs. Saudi Arabia is a leading economy among Arab countries, thanks to its material and moral resources on a global scale. The classification of the Saudi economy ranks ninth due to its economic stability, making it one of the twenty largest economies in the world and the eleventh in terms of attractiveness for investment globally. It possesses about 20% of the world's oil reserves, with an average income of around 78,000 riyals per Saudi individual. Political and social stability represents one of the most important strengths of the Saudi economy, which helps accelerate the development process.

This study addresses the topic of “Al-Kamal Ibn al-Humam’s Vision of the Objective of Social Solidarity in the Chapter of Zakat: A Comparative Jurisprudential Study”. It sheds light on the role of Imam al-Kamal Ibn al-Humam in highlighting social solidarity as one of the fundamental pillars of Islamic legislation in the obligation of zakat.
The research begins by clarifying the concept of social solidarity in Islamic jurisprudence, focusing on Ibn al-Humam’s interpretation of its purposes and objectives and how these are reflected in zakat rulings. The study emphasizes his dedication to considering the needs of the poor and the needy, channeling zakat to achieve sufficiency and a dignified standard of living, with references drawn from his seminal work Fath al-Qadeer.
The study examines the impact of Ibn al-Humam’s vision on zakat rulings, such as the allocation of its expenditures to rightful beneficiaries, achieving social justice, and addressing poverty. It highlights his comprehensive approach to balancing individual and societal needs. Furthermore, the research discusses practical applications of the objective of social solidarity in zakat, according to Ibn al-Humam’s selections, including supporting developmental projects, paying off debts, and fostering unity, thereby underscoring zakat’s role in ensuring societal stability.

Despite the series’ significance as Stephen King’s magnum opus, The Dark Tower series has received limited scholarly attention, particularly regarding its political and social implications. This paper examines the theme of anarchy in Stephen King’s The Dark Tower series, focusing on the consequences of the collapse of central authority in Mid-World. This study explores how in the absence of a centralised authority political instability spreads, allowing factionalism, violence, and war to thrive. The theoretical section outlines various perspectives on the adversaries of anarchy while the analytical section applies these perspectives to The Dark Tower series. Key historical events in the series, such as the fall of Arthur Eld and the dissolution of the Affiliation, are analysed to illustrate the breakdown of order and the rise of warring factions. Ultimately, the research concludes that The Dark Tower series portrays anarchy as a destabilising force, and the series reinforces the notion that the absence of centralised authority leads to chaos and political disorder.

The research aimed to identify the effect of using the Needham model in teaching equations on the achievement of third-year middle school students and developing their mindful learning skills. To achieve the research goal, two null hypotheses were formulated and a deliberate sample was selected from Alton Kopri Secondary School for Boys from third-year middle school students. Two groups were randomly selected: Section "A" is a sample for an experimental group studying according to the Needham model with (33) students, and Section "B" is a sample for a control group studying according to the usual method with (33) students. Failed students were excluded to avoid the experience variable. The researcher conducted equivalence between the students of the two groups with variables: academic achievement, intelligence level, age in months before the start of the experiment to ensure that the students of the two groups, and teaching was carried out according to the plans prepared for the equations chapter. The experiment took (15) lessons. An achievement test consisting of 16 multiple-choice questions and specific-answer questions was prepared according to the procedures of the test map. Its apparent validity, difficulty coefficient, discrimination, effectiveness of its alternatives, and stability were verified, which amounted to (0.78), and a scale of mindful learning skills consisting of 30 paragraphs was prepared, and the data were analyzed using statistical methods: Kuder-Richardson coefficient 20 and t-test for two independent samples, and the research concluded that teaching equations topics according to the Needham model has a high impact on the achievement of third-year middle school students. In light of this result, the researcher made a number of recommendations, including directing the attention of mathematics teachers to take into account the Needham model in employing activities and tasks in mathematics lessons. The research also presented proposals for several studies complementing its results, including the effectiveness of the Needham model in developing productive mathematical desire among first-year middle school students.

This research deals with the analysis of the distributional and point characteristics of the wood and aluminum industry in the city of Kirkuk. The study aims to understand the geographical and economic factors that affect the distribution of these industries in the city. The research also addresses future expectations for the growth of these industries during the period from 2024 to 2034, while proposing solutions to address the challenges and achieve sustainable development. The study also reached a number of conclusions and recommendations that would achieve industrial development for the wood and aluminum industries in the study area. With a focus on the spatial aspects of the two industries using spatial statistics methods (average center, direction of distribution, standard distance, nearest neighbor), the average center that was concentrated for the wood industry was in the Qasab Khana neighborhood, and for the aluminum industry it was concentrated in the Gharnata neighborhood, while the direction of distribution was the direction of distribution of the wood industry. In oval shape (Northeast - Southwest with a number of 63), as for the aluminum industry, it was similar in form and direction (Northeast - Southwest with a number of 62), while the standard distance showed that the wood industries circle was relatively smaller with a value of (66.83), while the aluminum industries extended over a wider range (62.01), and the nearest neighbor index for the aluminum distribution shows a stronger centered pattern compared to wood.