ISIN Journal

Patel Somriaaraft Ur is the archaeological site of the city of southern Iraq, was an agricultural town in the era of the Almkir Ur the Sumerians City of Light as I Means, (ADBC 4000) slave Ur Chaldean mentioned in the Old Testament Bible any Torah as as the home Abe prophets Abraham (8:11 (Travel creation (Ibrahim), who grew up in, and then emigrated with his family to the land of Canaan, and I got the message therein tap. The The AD. BC 2100 up to the year Sumerian capital city of Ur to oval-shaped, located at the mouth of the Euphrates River in the but they are currently located in a, Eridu Gulf near the city of remote area far from the river due to change the course of the Euphrates over a thousand years past because of the silt and Ur port being dust, as indicated by some number Sumerian that the ships and boats heading to the sea bottom and the Euphrates and the Tigris separate pour in the Gulf. But now km) away from the 12) Ur west of the Euphrates about Vtbad province, named after Qar Dhi km 15 about, Nasiriyah city of km north of the southern city of Basra 200 the land of Ur and and is considered one of the oldest known civilizations in world history .
Rule in this city three strains ownership knew a lot about their and Ur lives after the discovery of the cemetery property in the Almotmi and its and furniture Qitharadtha, tools domestic . arts and small statues and seals cylindrical Kings Inanna which is the Temple of Balzkorh And the famous city Sumerian, also included the (mythology) mythology goddess city markets and other facilities and the discovery of more than sixteen cemetery constructed of brick, and it was all the cemetery well, and it was the king or the employee with a top , Bmlabsan Jawarah class or the priest dead be buried with him and toiletry named those graves cemetery property and there . are tombs to the public far from the cemetery .
Thanks to the exploration and spacious, which began since in Ur was detected royal (1934) and ended the year, (1850 tomb which aroused the world raised and treasures that are almost unrivaled, as revealed from the temple ground and .upper and palaces and houses and other facilities of the city.

The Assyrian kings were proud of the celebrations and they are depicted on the walls of their palaces, from the scenes of victory celebrations we see evidence that the life of Assyrian society depended entirely on harvest celebrations and agricultural scenes during the reign of Sennagis Li Wang. From this we can deduce the political and economic conditions during the war period during the reign of King Sennacherib. Especially after conscripting farmers to join the army, the king began to focus on improving technology after defeating the enemy, introducing projects such as digging canals and roads, introducing new production methods of digging water and developing agriculture. A method of concentrating molten minerals used in the manufacture of modern agricultural machinery.

The emergence of the term ki la2bi due to the evolution of economic life in Mesopotamia, resulting in a necessity for new innovations to organize economic life. its emergence dates back to the ancient Sumerian era, specifically to the era of the dawn of the third dynasties, and continued to appear during the later ages, with increasing frequency. The cities in which the term ki la2bi appeared varied between different eras, depending on the city's economic significance and the kings of that time. There was also a discrepancy in the frequency of its emergence between different kings due to the economic in the emergence of the kings.
The most frequent period in which the term ki la2bi appeared was during the third dynasty of Ur, reflecting the dynasty strong and organized economy, as this country has economic centers that manage economic resources. The most important materials that were asso0siated with the term ki la2bi are metals, wool, wood, stones, leather, perfumes and sweets, which are are weighed and not measure.

The Sumerian period presented many civilizational results through the various cuneiform texts discovered from archaeological excavations. These texts are discovered in large numbers compared to other Mesopotamian civilizations. A plethora of texts includes the names of calendars used by Sumerian cities. One advantage of the period is that there was no official unified calendar for Third Ur dynasty cities. Each city had its unique calendar, and among the most notable is the Ur-Umma-Girsu-Durayhim-Nuffar calendar.
The study of cities and geographical sites mentioned in the cuneiform texts is essential as it sheds light on knowing the names of the cities and their geographical locations, origins, and places. It also identifies their relationship to the kings and rulers of the third Or dynasty and where they are situated in the dependency hierarchy, as primary or secondary cities, or simply centers of trade or political intermarriage with the rulers of the Third Ur dynasty. Any new study of unpublished texts from this period would provide researchers with valuable and new archaeological information.

The research examines the evolution of mathematics and computational processes in the Mesopotamian civilization, reviewing the use of advanced computational systems by Sumerians and Babylonians, including quadratic roots and compulsive equations. The research shows that the oldest mathematical documents date back to the 3rd millennium BC, where clay plates were used to illustrate calculations, and the people of Mesopotamia developed the sixtieth and tenth system, which formed the basis of mathematics to date, and also reviews areas where mathematics such as astronomy contributed, where mathematics was used to track planets, eclipse and eclipse, as well as it touches on engineering and its role in the design of temples and installations. A notable innovation presented by the Mesopotamian civilization was the use of zero in calculations, which contributed to the development of subsequent numerical systems.

The era of the Third Dynasty of Ur (2112-2004 BC) Written products that covered many aspects of life, and powerful kings ruled in this era. This era was marked by strong kings, including King Shulki and his son King Amarsin, who ruled during the period (2095-2038 BC). This period provided us with many Cuneiform texts in various aspects of knowledge, whether scientific, religious or economic. Four texts dating back to the time of the two kings mentioned above have been studied in this research. These are economic texts that included large utensil revenues made of bronze, transfer of property, quantities of barley, wheat, a collection of capital tablets, and revenues of commercial metallic materials and others.

The profession of the shepherd in grazing and raising animals is very important in ancient and modern times, as animal products are one of the important sources in the life of ancient Iraqi people, not only as food, but in life in general, as animal products are involved in many industries, including wool, leather, and others.
Due to the importance of the shepherd profession, the shepherd had great importance in ancient Iraqi society. We infer this through Iraqi laws, especially the Code of Hammurabi, in giving him his rights, knowledge, and duties, as many texts also indicate.
The shepherd's profession was not limited to herding animals, but rather he had to do other things such as milking animals and shearing wool, especially his money related to his service to the palace and the state. The shepherd also had to join the military service, as a duty imposed on him like other workers in
ancient Iraqi society, and we must not forget to mention The importance of dogs that helped the shepherd in herding the animals by protecting them while grazing, in addition to providing the necessary barns for raising and caring for the animals.

Eshnunna is considered the first city-state to break away in the second year of the reign of King Abi-Sin (2027 - 2004 BC) and became independent from the Third Dynasty of Ur, led by the ruler Aturia, who was originally a governor under the Third Kings of Ur. The true founder of the Eshnunna Kingdom is considered Shu - Elijah (2011-2017 BC). The Eshnunna Kingdom continued to expand, extend its influence, and shrink in subsequent eras until King Hammurabi appeared and was able to eliminate the Eshnunna Kingdom and annex it to the Babylonian state. Unrest and chaos prevailed in the Eshnunna Kingdom. Because of the rejection of Babylonian control over the region during the reign of King Suli-Sin, which prompted King Hammurabi to prepare a military campaign in the year (1755 BC), which he dated to the year 38, and it
remained belonging to Babylon until Eloni declared disobedience and rebellion against the Babylonian central authority and declared himself king. He was originally one of the princes of Eshnunna, mentioned in an economic text from the city of Warka. He initially made Seeb his headquarters. It is clear that Eloni took advantage of the events that exhausted Babylon and declared himself king, expanded the lands he controlled, and formed an alliance with Elam, Kutin, Assyria, Tapala, Arabakha, Mari, Kakmu, and Qatnum, meaning that he was the most important figure who played a major role in the course of the events of the rebellion against Babylon.

The oldest artistic productions of the monkey in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia date back to approximately the beginning of the third millennium BC. Most of the artistic productions were associated with the religious and spiritual aspect, as it was considered a symbol of fertility, continuity, and expelling evil spirits. It was later considered by both civilizations as a means of entertainment, amusement, and fun. As for the monkey species that were implemented on the artistic productions of both civilizations, a similarity was observed in the type of monkey implemented in the productions, especially the productions that show it in a squatting position, which reinforces the opinion that there is a geographical influence on the monkey species that it is of the African type more than the opinion that attributes it to the Asian monkey with regard to the monkey productions in Mesopotamia; with the exception of the monkey of the (baboon) type, which appeared clearly in the Egyptian
productions only and did not appear in the Mesopotamian productions, as the opinions of researchers tend to its presence in Upper Egypt since prehistoric times and then declined to the south after that.

Servants and slaves were one of the groups belonging to the lower class in ancient Egyptian society. Unfortunately, our information about them is limited and rare, due to their social status which did not allow them to create monuments to commemorate their lives and daily details. Archaeological sources mainly depict them as followers of their masters. This very fact is what led to their portrayal in scenes, inscriptions, and sculptural works in lowly contexts and sizes that reflect their importance and social status. They appeared
as the smallest human elements in the scenes carved on the walls of tombs, where the main scene usually revolves around the tomb owner.
This research aims to explore the conditions of servants and slaves through another source: ancient texts in their various classifications, both literary and non-literary. These texts present images closer to reality, free from the influence of their masters, portraying their work with a sufficient degree of neutrality, without placing them alongside their masters in the scenes—a comparison that is not always valid. The study also aims to introduce the rights and duties of servants and slaves, and the names and titles given to them in the ancient Egyptian language.
It is worth noting that the relationship between servants, slaves, and their masters was never uniform; rather, it was influenced by several factors that contributed to altering the nature of that relationship, including temporal factors and the ethical standards of the masters.
The research concludes with a set of results that clarify the differences between servants and slaves, as well as the degree of realism in the depiction provided by ancient texts compared to what is presented in inscriptions and scenes.

Religion played an important role in the lives of ancient peoples, and it still plays an influential role in public life to this day, Although we do not know the first beginnings of this religion, it can be said that man's knowledge of religion began with the beginning of creation, and over time religion developed during historical eras, The most important thing that distinguishes religion in the civilization of Mesopotamia is the large number of gods. Man had taken from the phenomena surrounding him gods that he sanctified and offered sacrifices to, This large number, in addition to what was small or large gods, had to have a large responsible god who managed his affairs and managed his matters, otherwise chaos would spread throughout the universe. According to religious beliefs, the god Anu was considered the greatest of the gods and the chief god responsible for all the gods in the pantheon of gods, He is the father of all the gods. However, it is noticeable in the religion of Mesopotamia that the role of
the god Anu began to decline in the pantheon of gods, which we will shed light on in this research, and what are the reasons that led to The role of this god has declined.

The phenomenon of substitution has received great attention among linguists, and they have tried to know the altered utterances from the utterances replaced from them, as it is one of the important matters in knowing the origin and the branch, and the extent of the effect of the substitution phenomenon in enriching the language, so they set rules that they refer to in order to know the origin of the branch in the two words that have been exchanged between them We will discuss these rules in detail in the Arabic and Syriac languages.

The relative style is one of the important styles that linguists have examined and analyzed at the grammatical and morphological levels. The relative word belongs to a type of word that it did not belong to before, and thus it qualifies in a way that affects the grammatical meanings due to the difference in structure and parsing together. The letter Ya is the main generator in achieving the relative form as a morphological unit attached to the noun to cause changes at the level of pronunciation and meaning, thus carrying the connotation of the relative. In this research, the relative style was studied in six Semitic languages, namely Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Mandaic and Akkadian, within the framework of the comparative approach that is based on identifying the common characteristics and qualities of a group of languages that belong to one linguistic family, leading to the establishment of the mother tongue.

Ellipsis is a linguistic phenomenon that all human languages share, but in the Arabic language it is more stable and clear, because the Arabs tend towards lightness, and are averse to what is heavy on their tongue, so they used to delete it from their speech for some purpose, whether the deletion was a sentence, a word, or a letter. It is the second type of consistency tool, and many researchers consider that the phenomenon of deletion serves rhetorically, and it comes in its most complete form and in the best location. Deletion has certain rhetorical secrets, as it falls within the category of precise words, gentle in their reception, and a strange matter, similar to magic. Therefore, we find among the ancient linguists who addressed the subject of deletion, in addition to many ancient grammarians, who spoke about this phenomenon and detailed it in a way that clarifies how it indicates the intended meaning. By studying the structure of the text and finding out whether one of its elements has been omitted, such as a word, a sentence, or several sentences, relying on the recipient’s ability to estimate the deleted elements from that text.

Al-Hira was considered one of the most important Arab kingdoms that existed before Islam. This importance comes due to its commercial and political location, which contributed to the continuation of settlement in these areas and then the emergence of many forms of arts and literature resulting from the economic prosperity and luxury enjoyed by the residents of Al-Hira, and since the arts in all their forms express The culture and ideas of peoples, therefore, the shapes and drawings executed on Al-Hirah pottery stand out to express the medicine of the region, the surrounding environment of the individual, their interests, their beliefs, and the daily lifestyle. Among these arts are executed on human and animal forms. Therefore, this research came to reveal to us part of the illustrated history of Al-Hirah and document its cultural achievement.

Castles are generally one of the most important military defences, and through the subject of our research, we highlight the reasons and factors that led to the emergence of the castle, and that the historical and military events that took place in Iraq throughout the ages and times often produce military architecture for us, once a local government and another, which contributed to the emergence of castles and increasing their numbers in the city of Al-Samawah is its distinctive geographical location, as it is a link between the sedimentary plain and the desert and between the south of the country and the middle, as well as the occurrence of many roads in it, as well as its proximity to other countries such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, which made it a fertile ground for the occurrence of many historical events. The time of the formation of the formation of the end of the nineteenth century and the twentieth century, that is, at the end of Ottoman rule, many milita.

The biography of every person who has life ends with death, for it is the right that God Almighty imposed on the creatures, and the human being among these Immune creatures is the bearer that God singled out for the chin, so the earth was the shelter of those holidays and shut up over time to have special sites and specific pores, so that every city has its own cemetery In it, the honorable Najaf cemetery, whichh is known as the cemetery of Odin al-Salam, has a pure status and a high status among Muslims, as a blessing for Its inclusion of the pure body of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). This Is what prompted people to bury their dead in It, and what are the pages of this research? From the companions and followers (may God be pleased with him), scholars, clerics and
others, and It also shows the above procedures for the chin process and ceremony.

The study of coins are more importance as they are important historical documents that explain many historical events, coins carried inscriptions and writings, and some of them represented messages that were promoted in the media to leaders and rulers because they spread quickly among members of society. From this standpoint, Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan tried to exploit coins as a media means to promote his state as the caliph instead of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him). In this study, we discussed a brief about the coins circulating in the Arab markets before Islam, as well as the coins in the time of the prophet and the Rightly Guided Caliphs, in addition to the coins in the time of Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan and how it was exploited in the media, contrary the conditions agreement with Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), It is mentioning that we adopted the descriptive and analytical curriculum in writing.

This research highlights a rare dirham from the reign of Abdullah al-Idrisi, minted in the year (174 AH / 790 CE). Through this study, we emphasize the success of Idris ibn Abdullah after his escape from Medina and his flight to Morocco, following a perilous journey through Egypt and Ifriqiya with his servant Rashid. They eventually reached the region of Volubilis, where the Orba Zanania tribe sheltered him and helped him reclaim his right to rule, leading to his appointment as a prince of the region. He was sworn in as Imam in Ramadan of (172 AH) by various tribes, including the Arba, Zayanata, Zawaga, Lamaya,
Lawata, Sadrata, Ghyatha, Nifera, Makanasa, and Ammara. He also conquered several cities, and the territory under his rule expanded in terms of trade and urban development. His pilgrims’ trade reached many cities, including Iraq and Erbil. This dirham, preserved in the Erbil Museum, is definitive proof of the achievements of the Idrisid Emirate. The declaration of independence in the city of (Volubilis) represents one of the rarest dirham types minted during his reign, with no known counterparts in catalogues or academic research years after the declaration of his emirate.

Iraqi heritage songs have addressed many golden and silver ornaments that women used to adorn themselves with, such as (Anklet, ankle bracelet, earrings, bracelet, ring, belt). Many beautiful and rare pieces are part of these traditional crafts. Today, we will delve into two of these beautiful and rare works, Which were worn on the nose, namely (Al-‘Aran and Al-Khuzama). We will also explore heritage songs as an example of how these ornaments were used to describe the beauty of women in Iraq.
The use of these ornaments was not limited to a specific geographical area in Iraq, as the same piece could have different names depending on the region, despite similarities in artistic style. The composition of the metal and the crafting method of these pieces have diversified, becoming part of people’s memory through images and certain songs that immortalize these traditional ornaments.

Predictions and dreams are among the basic issues that played a role in the course of the movement of history. The Arabs have known this and given it great importance since the pre-Islamic period, as history and literature books told us many historical events that were viewed as axioms that will one day come and be verified. Without the slightest doubt. Our study is entitled (Prophecies and visions in the Islamic State and their role in the course of the movement of history until the end of the Umayyad era).
The topic of our study is divided into several areas. In the first one, we deal with the topic of predictions and dreams in the pre-Islamic era. We limit these predictions to some events that are related to the history of the Quraish tribe, among whose people Islam first emerged. We also explain some predictions that pertain to the history of the Umayyads in pre-Islamic times. Then, in the second area, we discuss some predictions and dreams at the beginning of Islam, and most of them came through divine revelation, that is, they are information through the Prophet (PBUH), and some of them come through some of the companions because they knew of him from his insight. In the third area, we explain those predictions that are narrated. In the Umayyad era, it is multiple, as this stage represent the entry of many peoples into the entity of the Islamic state, and there are many predictions and legends that may be true or false.

Imam jaafar bin Muhammad, peace be upon him (d.148/765 AD), represents one of the poles of knowledge in the scientific community of the Arab Islamic state. Therefore, his biography and works were followed by an elite group of scholars with thier thoughts and writings throughout the ages until our present era.
Among these followers is the great scholar Ibn al-Sabbagh al-Maliki (d.855 AH/1451 AD), who devoted a chapter to Imam al-Sadiq, peace be upon him, in his book (the important chapter in the knowledge of the imams.
The importance of this effort comes from the fact that it came in a late period, as it reflects the extent of his knowledge of previous writings and his reliance on some sources that have not reached us, and this is what introduces us to the Arab-Islamic civilization so that we can interpret that intellectual heritage so that we have a scientific presence linked to the lights of the past. Therefore, the study came with two sections, the first on the biography of Ibn Al-Sabbagh and read of the important chapters in his book to know the extent of the importance of his scholar and his influence in the Islamic scientific community. As for the second section, it was an analytical study of the narration written by Ibn Al-Sabbagh related to Imam Al-Sadiq, peace be upon him, in his biography or his works. The research produced important results, including that the Imam, peace be upon him, represents the sanctity of light. On the path of Islamic thought, it does not stop at a specific sect or a specific time, but rather for all Muslims and others and for all times, and praise be to God, lord of the world.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may God Almighty's blessings be upon our master, Aba Al-Qasim Muhammad, his pure and pure family, and his chosen companions. But after:
The Prophet (PBUH) and the believers decided to conquer Mecca as evidence of the ability of the believers to achieve victory, and an assurance that the believers would not suffer from weakness. On the eighth of the migration of
Ramadan, the Prophet (PBUH) took decisive measures against the Quraysh after they violated the conditions of the Hudaybiyah peace treaty, so the Prophet (PBUH) commanded his companions By preparing for war without specifying the direction that the believers will go to, in an attempt to cover up and secrecy, and on the tenth day of Ramadan, the Prophet (PBUH ) left Medina with a heavy army of ten thousand men, the Hijaz had never seen the likes of it before, the Muslims entered Mecca from four sides, and the Prophet commanded them (They should not fight except with those who fight, and there was no fighting between the believers and Quraysh according to what the Prophet (PBUH) intended and planned for him. Their conversion to Islam is in the hands of the Prophet (PBUH) after announcing a pardon for them, despite the ability of the Islamic army to defeat them. And that was after the believers experienced the oppression of the Quraysh, and their hostility to Islam and its people, and Rooting religion in their hearts.

Our research focused on studying: Oman and examples of its cities, in terms of derivation and naming, using various evidences during various historical eras, from linguistic sources, and clarified the status of Oman and examples of (many) of its cities and the linguistic and geographical terms given to them, such as: Misr, Qasaba, Madinah, Balad, Kora, Iqlim, Furdah, Suq, Qaryah, Minbar, Jurum, Surud, in addition to highlighting the role of Oman and examples of its cities in A selected group of geographical sources and writings.
We made a comparison to clarify and confirm the influence and impact between linguistic sources and geographical sources; To highlight its interest in
Oman and examples of its cities, and to document important information about it in the three topics, which are: rich and extremely important information that highlights the role of Oman and examples of its cities in terms of heritage: linguistic and historical, in addition to the information contained in geographical works, which are considered complementary information that highlights the role of Oman and examples of its cities and their position in the course of Arab-Islamic history and civilization during the Islamic Middle Ages.

The subject of the research revolves around the ziggurats of ancient Iraq and follows what Muslim travelers mentioned about their architecture. They are a living witness to the Islamic vision of what remains of the ancient monuments left by the ancient peoples that ruled Iraq thousands of years before the Islamic conquest. It is known that they did not know the worship of monotheism and worshiped multiple gods. Because of it, large temples began to develop over time until they reached their form known as ziggurats. Unfortunately, most of the antiquities left by the ancients in Iraq have disappeared and turned into piles of rubble and hills. The reasons are multiple, which contributed to the complexity of revealing their nature in ancient and modern times, thus making it a task to reveal their details. Architectural and planning in the eras in which travelers recorded their works was almost impossible. Indeed, to this day we see many archaeological hills still waiting for someone to reveal their secrets. Therefore, it is noted that the Muslim travelers’ description of the Iraqi ziggurats came with several interpretations and names, greatly influenced by the thought and outlook of Muslims. For the perished peoples, some of them considered it a
home for the tyrants, the infidels, and the oppressors, and it restored the ruin it had reached due to divine vengeance, and it appeared as an example to those who would come after them to be considered among those who had decided to depart from obedience to God, and among them were those who passed by it and did not give it any significant importance in his book, except that The recent excavations that took place on some of the ziggurats mentioned by the traveler contributed to knowing their details, the method of construction, and the name of their founder, which helped to compare the traveler’s vision and the material effects that were found. The appearance of stairs and other details in the ziggurat was not present to the traveler, because the ziggurat that they saw was It has turned into high hills, so you cannot blame them, as there was no awareness of civilization and the importance of the monuments known at that time.

his research stands on the emergence of the Sasanian state and its expansion campaigns based on what was mentioned in the book of long news by Abu Hanifa al-Dinuri (d. 282 AH), and compared to what was mentioned in the most important ancient and modern history books, referring to the impact of the nature of the Sasanian kings on the expansion of the Sassanid state, and the impact of popular revolutions I will study the emergence of this state and its expansion in six chapters, beginning with the era of (Ardashir I), who established this state, and ending with the era of Kisra Anushirwan, who fell during the state’s custody at the hands of the Arabs.

The Umayyads were not limited to the sword and money in seizing power, but they took the intellectual and ideological side as a pillar upon which they relied to establish the foundations of their rule, so they relied on religious theories that appeared to be political in the subconscious. They took the interpretation as a way to install that theory in the minds of the subjects and to ensure that they would not rise up against them, because they are the successors
of God and the chosen ones before him, so they closed the way for the objection from the public. The first caliphs were from the Umayyads only, but all their successors followed it, because they found it a short way to justify their legitimacy with the caliphate, so we find it clear in their sermons and messages to their governors and the general public of the subjects, so algebra became a method adopted by the Umayyads in their politics, and they made the people of the Levant believe in it with absolute faith. They did not believe that the Umayyads were usurpers of the throne, but rather they were God’s guardians and successors whom He chose, and the Umayyads worked to bring the jurists closer to those who supported them in that, greedy for
money and positions. So they gave them money and made them issue fatwas to the people, and the situation continued until the last caliphs of the Umayyads, and we find this evident through the speeches of the caliphs and the letters that they write to the governors and workers, so the theory of reparation became the constitution and the basis on which their state is based, and their argument was in the war of Muawiya and Imam Ali ( peace be upon him) based on this theory, and they took the verses of the Qur’an as evidence for their argument, as they began to interpret it according to what was required by their personal interest and the compulsory policy of their state.

This research explores the life of Saint Cyril (Constantine), beginning with his childhood in Thessaloniki, highlighting early signs of his brilliance and intelligence. It then examines his move to Constantinople for study, along with the events and roles he encountered there. The study follows his missionary journeys, first to the Khazars for theological debate and evangelism, and later to the Slavic lands, where he developed the Slavic alphabet known as the Cyrillic alphabet in his honor. Through this alphabet, he translated religious texts, allowing the Slavs to practice worship in their native language. Additionally, the research addresses the military and political relations between the Abbasid and Byzantine Empires, as well as the conditions faced by Christians in Samarra, the Abbasid capital, including persecution. The focus then shifts to his journey to Samarra, as documented in the manuscript "The Life of Constantine (Cyril)." This section covers the key manuscripts, the authenticity of the journey, and concludes with a full translation of the journey text as presented in the manuscript, with commentary.

This research deals with the role of Al-Hussein bin Ali, who was the prince of the city of Marv Al-Rudh, and was the commander of the army of the Samanid prince Ahmed bin Ismail, who played an important role in establishing the Ismaili sect. Rather, he was one of the preachers in Marv Al-Rudh, and his influence grew in Khorasan, Talqan, Mahna, Bamiyan, and Gharshtan. When he embraced this sect, many people in Khorasan joined it. He also played a role in the conquest of Sistan twice, once in eliminating the oppressor Laith Al-Saffar and reclaiming it, and a second time in the rebellion of Al-Andali. Each time, he had a desire in himself to take over Sistan for himself, but Prince Ahmed Al-
Samanid did not assign him this emirate. Perhaps there were reasons that prevented the prince from assigning him the emirate. He also played a role in the rebellion in agreement with Mansour bin Ishaq, so he had a role worth mentioning in serving the Samanid family.

The Ottomans adopted a simple organization for their state, as they created two administrative bodies for governance, a central administrative apparatus and a local administrative apparatus. Muhammad Ali Pasha derived a similar administrative organization in the Levant during his rule 1831-1940, when he divided the country into several states and appointed a ruler from his relatives for each state. Or loyal to him, and the administration of the country was entrusted to his son Ibrahim Pasha, who is the deputy of his father, Muhammad Ali Pasha, and he was the one who used to receive orders from his father and implement them, and Muhammad Ali Pasha relied in the administration of the Levant on relatives and close associates to occupy important positions and jobs in the administrative and military apparatus in order to enable his control on the Levant and stay there until 1940.

This character has an important place among the figures of modern Iraq. Being, as we will see, the son of a sheikh, one of the sheikhs of AL-Muntafiq major General, and he spent a large part of his life between a student and an officer in the Ottoman Empire. Even his grave was a figure of the Arab-Islamic heritage.
In this paper, we dealt with the lineage of this character and from which emirate he descended, and how his first upbringing was and his studies in the clan school in Istanbul and his studies in the military school that eventually led to him becoming an escort to the Ottoman Sultan. We went on to narrate his political tricks after he returned to Iraq and how he became a deputy for his ancestors' brigade in the Senate for more than one parliamentary session, and how he became a minister for more than one minister. And the formation of four ministries until he submitted his resignation and committed suicide for reasons that we will come to successively.
We analyzed the tomb and how this building is unique in its kind in terms
of planning, architecture and arts carved on it, and how it combined more than
one architectural and artistic style in it.