Wasit Journal for Pure Sciences

ABSTRACT: This paper is devoted to calculate the linking number (and the fundamental group) of prime knots. The
result shows that the linking number of the knot of type ????????ℎ prime with crossing number ???? has linking number also
equal to ????. Seiferet van-Kampen theorem is implemented to calculate the linking number of some types of links.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, some of the fuzzy second-order Caputo\'s- Katugampola fractionals which included also
the first-order Caputo\'s- Katugmpola fractionals have been presented with analytic interesting results to explain the
solution in fuzzy real numbers and distinguish space included the type of functions which suitable to the problem
formulations which are under the studied. all the fuzzy results are supported by the numerical solutions used later on.
The interesting illustrative examples for the application of some classes of fuzzy Caputo- Katugampla fractional order
differential equations with 0 < ???? < 1 and explained their systems (n, m) where n, m=1,2, moreover the tables of
different parameters and fractional orders have been given in detail as different values of a fuzzy parameter. All tables
are represented by figures that are given for the first time. Coupled figures for each table refer to the lower and upper
of the fuzzy solution. The algorithm of reproducing kernel Hilbert space is used with their steps and Gram-Schmidt
orthogonalization process to obtain the approximate solution

ABSTRACT: Six essential techniques for variable selection in quantile regression models are thoroughly examined
in this work. Quantile LASSO (qLASSO), gamma-divergence, quantile elastic net (qENet), quantile adaptive LASSO
(qaLASSO), quantile SCAD (qSCAD), and quantile MCP (qMCP) are some of these techniques. The study's main
objective is to compare and assess various approaches' performance, particularly in relation to their capacity to reduce
median model error. An important part of the analysis includes situations in which there are more possible candidate
variables than there are data. Through simulation analysis, the study also aims to identify the best practices for each
and every linear regression situation.

ABSTRACT: The main objective of this article is to study regular random attractors in gradient random dynamical
systems (RDS) based on the random strict Lyapunov function. This goal is achieved by defining a strict random
Lyapunov function and then using it as a sufficient condition for the existence of a global attractor for gradient
random dynamical systems. Secondly, a sufficient condition is found that ensures the existence of a regular attractor
for the gradient RDS. Indeed, we show that the compact global attractor for an RDS with the finite set of random
fixed points can be viewed as an unstable manifold. This global attractor includes complete trajectories that converge
to the random fixed points. Also, it is shown that all components of the compact global attractor pertain to the whole
trajectory if the gradient RDS has a finite number of random fixed points. Finally, it is shown that under certain
conditions, if the gradient RDS in a Banach space has a random strict Lyapunov function, then it has a regular
compact attractor.

ABSTRACT: In algebraic topology, F.I.H.L.P., or fuzzy ideal Homotopy Lifting Property is a key principle that
offers a foundation for comprehending continuous mappings between topological spaces. A more detailed
examination of maps that might not precisely retain topological structures is made possible by this characteristic,
which expands the traditional idea of homotopy ilifting to a more adaptable andi versatile context. The abstract
presented here investigates the fundamentals of the fuzzy ideal HomotopyiLiftingiProperty . along
with itsitheoretical foundations, practical uses,i and relevance in modernimathematics. After providing a brief
overview of FIHLP, we discuss its salient characteristics and make links to related ideas like topological invariance
and homotopy theory. After that, we review significant findings and advancements in the discipline, emphasizing
how FIHLPi interacts with diverse branches of mathematics such as algebraic topology, category theory, and
differential geometry. Additionally, we go over the useful applications of FIHLPi in a variety of mathematical
contexts, such as the analysis of topological data and the investigation of fiber bundles. We demonstrate the
usefulness of FIHLPi in resolving theoretical issues and tackling practical difficulties by looking at specific situations
and illuminating basic concepts. In addition, we examine unanswered concerns and directions for further study,
speculating about possible expansions and improvements to FIHLP a theory to deepeniour comprehension of
mappings and topological spaces.

ABSTRACT: Conjugate gradient methods are an extremely helpful way for handling large scale non-linear
optimization issues. In this paper, based on the three famous Dai-yuan (DY), Liu–Storey (LS)and Conjugate-Descent
(CD) conjugate gradient methods, a new hybrid CG method is proposed. Under strong wolf line search, we prove the
sufficient descent and global convergence features. The new formula is more efficient than other traditional conjugate
gradient approaches, according to numerical results.

ABSTRACT: The object of this work to introduce a new form of fuzzy compact space in fuzzy topological space,
named by fuzzy feebly compact space. It is stronger than a fuzzy compact space. We investigated the properties of
fuzzy feebly compact in a fuzzy topological space. Important mathematical concepts were relied upon to prove the
properties of fuzzy feebly compact such as the net, the sub net, the filter and the finite intersection property. The
concept of fuzzy feebly density and its dependence in feebly compact space has also been introduced. Finally, the
subspace of fuzzy feebly space was discussed.

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a food-web model including three species namely, prey, intermediate predators
and top predators. The model incorporates the of effect of extra food supplies to intermediate predators, the top
predator species predate both prey species and intermediate predator species according to extended Holling type II
functional response for two prey species. Firstly, it is proved that the model solutions are bounded under a certain
condition. All biological possible steady states of the model are explored and their local stability is analyzed based
on the sample parameters. Critical values that make the occurrence of Hopf-bifurcation of the model near
intermediate predators-free and top predator-free steady states are determined. Finally, with the help of MATLAB,
it is performed numerical simulations to support the evidence of the analytical results regarding to stability and Hopf-
bifurcation, further it is observed that when the amount of extra food increases, the dynamics of the model may
induce a transition from a stability situation to the state where populations oscillate periodically.

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a novel method for achieving temporal synchronization in Network-on-Chip (NoC)
architectures, using optimization techniques derived from quantum mechanics. We provide a non-local temporal
coordination framework to optimize network latency in dynamic mesh networks using quantum principles such as
entanglement and superposition. A specialized router design using quantum-inspired control units incorporates the
Quantum-Inspired Temporal Coordination Algorithm (QTCA) and Non-Local State Synchronization Protocol
(NSSP), which are essential components of the proposed architecture. The experimental results indicate that the 16x16
mesh network significantly outperforms conventional route strategies. Latency is diminished by 31.2%, the network
saturation threshold is enhanced by 37.8%, and packet loss is decreased by 76.3%. Notwithstanding a minor 8.2%
increase in logic overhead and a 5.7% rise in power usage, the framework sustains robust phase coherence (0.92 local,
0.87 non-local). The results demonstrate that next-generation NoC designs might gain from temporal synchronization
influenced by quantum computing, particularly in addressing performance and scalability challenges in complex
multi-core systems.

ABSTRACT: As cloud environments are very vulnerable to such threats and are in focus for sophisticated
cyberattacks, including the DDoS attack, there is a rising trend in distributed networks as the popularity of cloud
computing increases. These attacks usually employ techniques like botnets, spoofing, and multi-vector attacks, and
therefore are making becomes increasingly difficult to detect. This paper also presents an adaptive hybrid AI model
which employ CNN with GA to select the features of the best option and the detection of DDoS attack. Thus the GA
is applied to optimize the feature selection over network traffic and the CNN is then used to learn and extract the
spatial and temporal patterns. Subsequently, for testing, our approach undergoes normalization, dimensionality
reduction, and feature extraction before the model is tested on CIC-IDS-2017 and CIC-Darknet-2020 datasets. An AI
model is presented that performs better than pure AI models like SVM, random forests, and decision trees and
surpasses other hybrid methods like HMM and LSTM with a 99.98% detection rate. Results have shown the efficiency
of the suggested model in terms of scalability, reliability and operational ability to work in real time, which can further
implied that it is a potential solution for DDoS attack in cloud. In future work, it is planned to enhance this framework
to include a wider array of attack methods as well as refine the efficiency of the algorithm for use in real time
applications with limited computing capabilities.

ABSTRACT:SQL injection attacks remain a persistent and critical threat to web application security, driving the
need for innovative and adaptive defense mechanisms. This research addresses these challenges through the
development and evaluation of advanced tools and methodologies. The Agent-based Vulnerability Response System
(AVRS) introduces mobile agents and machine learning to enhance traditional intrusion detection systems, enabling
real-time threat detection and response. Furthermore, the VIWeb vulnerability scanner with Decision Trees, Support
Vector Machines (SVMs), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is suggested to evaluate malware detection. ANNs
perform better than the others, with the greatest accuracy of 86.50%. The results highlight the value of combining
machine learning methods with traditional security measures, opening the door to stronger defenses against SQL
injection attacks and guiding future technological advancements and cybersecurity implementation projects.

ABSTRACT: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a common cause of nosocomial infections. It has
become a significant pathogen over the last two decades, accounting for 10% to 20% of infections in many hospitals.
It demonstrates an inherent resistance to numerous antibiotics. This study aims to utilize the advanced molecular
techniques to identify Pseudomonas spp. that causes cross-contamination of stomach biopsies specimens taken by
gastrointestinal endoscopy and the resistance it shows to some commonly used antibiotics. A total of sixty-one biopsy
tissue samples were taken from patients suffering from gastrointestinal disorder at Al-Karama and Al-Zahraa
Teaching Hospitals. Bacterial species were identified by traditional techniques (Gram stain and biochemical tests)
and molecular techniques (16S rRNA PCR-based techniques and Sanger sequencing) methods. On average 54.1%
showed bacterial growth, 56.0% of them was identified as Pseudomonas spp. (P. aeruginosa and P. nitroreducens).
In this study, P. aeruginosa was identified as the most prevalent contaminant associated with gastrointestinal
endoscopies. It is known to cause opportunistic and severe co-infections in patients. As far as we are aware, this is
the first report of its kind identified and studied P. nitroreducens as a contaminant in Iraqi patients. Antibiotic
susceptibility test was done and isolates showed various resistance and sensitivity patterns (high antibiotic resistance
to Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone, Erythromycin and Trimethoprim, and low antibiotic resistance to Amikacin,
Gentamicin, Levofloxacin and Piperacillin-Tazobactam). This study highlights attention to the critical issue of
contamination in gastrointestinal endoscopes due to inadequate sterilization. Molecular methods, especially Sanger
sequencing proved more accurate detection than the traditional methods. To the best of our knowledge, this study
reveals new bacterial species in in Iraqi hospitals. Additionally, the isolated bacterial species demonstrated various
patterns of resistance and sensitivity based on antibiotic susceptibility testing.

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to investigate the histology of the testis in golden hamster during 1, 28 and
60 days of old. Tissue samples were processed, sectioned and subjected to specific stains to reveal histological details.
Observation of one day old showed the testicle enclosed by undifferentiated thin layer of testicle capsule which
consisted of undifferentiated myoblasts and fibroblasts small size seminiferous tubules appeared, one layer of
spermatogonium cells (Type-A) which revealed mitotic figures, at 28 day old the capsule was consisted of thick outer
fibromuscular layer and thick inner vascular layer that revealed encouraged blood vessels and cells, Spermatogonial
cells type-A & B appeared as large size with darkly stained nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm, as well as Primary
and secondary spermatocytes appeared slightly small size cells comprised of small lightly stained nucleus at 60 day
parenchyma was buildup by enlarged size seminiferous tubules that revealed complete differentiated spermatogenic
cells and each tubule was surrounded by thin fibro cellular membrane with myoid cells. Spermatogonial cells types
A and B appeared enlarge size with darkly stained nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm, as well as Primary and
secondary spermatocytes appeared slightly smaller in size cells, comprised of small lightly stained nucleus.

ABSTRACT: Hyper- and hypothyroidism have significant effects on the female reproductive system. However,
little in the way of data is available on the relationship between ovarian paracrine control and thyroid function. The
present study aimed to measure some of hormonal and biochemical parameters in women suffered from
hyper and hypothyroidism, The experiment began on September 3, 2023, and continued until August 2, 2024,
during which 90 cases of thyroid patients aged 15-90 years were obtained. All studied cases were examined by
specialist doctors in the lobbies and laboratories of Tikrit General Hospital, relying on the necessary laboratory tests.
The levels of Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), were used as a criterion
for diagnosing patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism. The experiment samples were
classified into three groups. The first is the healthy group consisted of 20 people, second group (patients), consisted
of 35 sick people after confirming that they suffer from hypothyroidism. Third group of patients consisted of 35 sick
people after it was confirmed that they had hyperthyroidism. The results of present study show levels of TSH had a
significant differences (P>0.05) in the three different groups, for hypothyroid patients at a rate of 15.700 ± (5.270),
in hyperthyroid patients at a rate of 0.275 ± (0.194) compared to healthy individuals at a rate of 2.402 ± (0.943), T3
levels showed significant differences (P>0.05) in the three different groups, hypothyroidism patients at a rate of
15.354) ± (3.497), hyperthyroidism patients at a rate of 22.401) ± (1.959) compared to healthy people at a rate of
18.336) ± (1.011), The results of T4 showed significant differences (P>0.05) in the three different groups,
hypothyroidism patients at a rate of 15.354) ± (3.497), hyperthyroidism patients at a rate of 22.401) ± (1.959)
compared to healthy people at a rate of 18.336) ± (1.011, inhibin b showed significant differences (P>0.05) in the
three different groups, hypothyroidism patients was 448.23 (± 29.33), for hyperthyroidism patients was 660.50 (±
38.50) compared to healthy subjects was 531.76 (± 22.75), The Thyroperoxidase)TPO( results showed significant
differences (P>0.05) in the three different groups, for hypothyroidism patients was 3913 ± (454.7). for
hyperthyroidism patients was 4907 ± (300.8) compared to healthy individuals was 2905 ± (214.0), The thyroglobulin
(Tg) results showed significant differences (P>0.05) in the three different groups, for hypothyroidism patients was
4073.0 ± 318.0, for hyperthyroidism patients was 3337.3 ± 279.8 compared to healthy subjects was 2737.9 ± 211.0.
In this study, negatively correlated between inhibin B with TSH, T4, T3, and Tg. TPO is positively correlated with
hyperthyroidism, negatively correlated with TPO, Tg, and TSH, and positively correlated with T3 and T4 in
hypothyroidism

ABSTRACT: The liver is a vital organ that plays a key role in the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous,
current study aimed to evaluate the toxic effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on the liver structure substances, thirty
four male Sprague Dawley rats at the age of (8-10 weeks) were used. The experiment was carried out by dividing the
animals into six groups (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5A, T5B, T5C, T6), and each group contained five animals. Liver damage
was stimulated in the groups (T1, T2, T3) synergistically between the damage-inducing substance CCl4. The amino
acid BABA is in different concentrations (100, 150, 200) for BABA for five weeks in two doses. In the fourth group,
T4, or giving it only CCl4 also twice a week for five weeks. As for the fifth group, T5, which was divided into (A, B,
and C), it was given only the amino acid BABA in different concentrations (100, 150, 200). Nine animals were placed
in this group, three animals for each group, while keeping the sixth group, T6, for control, as it was given only a
physiological solution. Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin
and histology of the liver were evaluated. The ALT, AST and bilirubin showed high mean levels in T4 group
(132.8±28.09,138.9±6.09, 3.88±1.60), respectively. while showed low level in T5C group (93.7±5.03,68.9±5.52,
2.12±0.93) and control group (91.2±4.87 ,70.1±3.15, 0.91±0.46), respectively. A section of the liver of group (T4)
rats treated with carbon tetrachloride, showed the pathological anatomical shapes of the hepatic lobules showed severe
congestion in the portal vein, and a noticeable disorder in the hepatic cord characterized by severe fatty degeneration
of the liver cells with Atrophy, congestion and congestion of central veins, portal vessels and normal liver cells. The
current study concluded the relationship between the increase in liver enzyme in the case of treatment with CCl4 and
its decrease in treatment with the amino acid BABA. High dosages of CCl4 exhibited liver function impairment due
to heightened levels of enzymatic biomarkers, specifically ALT and AST, which correlate with the extent of liver
damage and dysfunction.

ABSTRACT: The physical and chemical factors of river water influence the distribution, spread, behaviour and
adaptation of aquatic organisms. Thus, the current study was conducted in a number of central and southern regions
of Iraq for the purpose of determining the physical and chemical environmental variables in which algae Chara sp.
can be present. Some physical and chemical characteristics of water quality of different sites in central and southern
Iraq were studied from October 2023 to April 2024 for villages and rural areas in Salah Al-Deen, Babylon, Kut,
Diyala, Anbar and Mosul governorates, in addition to the city of Baghdad within the Tigris River and some natural
and artificial water bodies and from 16 sites to find the relationship between the studied factors of water temperature,
pH, transparency, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, calcium, magnesium, water depth
and the presence of Chara algae.
The results of the current study showed that the algae was present in seven sites and that the water in which the algae
was present was with temperature, pH, light transmission close and low depth, low electrical conductivity, low levels
of nitrate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium and high dissolved oxygen, which indicates that the algae prefers to live
in such conditions and has the ability to remove some elements from the water and the northern or near areas are a
preferred place for the presence of these algae. Chara sp. algae prefer clean, low-nutrient, shallow

ABSTRACT: Gallstone disease (GSD) is a prevalent and expensive biliary condition. Numerous studies have
examined the correlations between blood lipid metabolism and the risk of GSD. Blood samples were collected from
75 people divided into three groups, First group: Healthy people were used as a control group (n=25), second group
(2): Patients with gallstones (n=25), and third group (3): Cholecystectomy patients (n=25). The samples were females
only, and their ages ranged between (20-60 years). Determine levels of Total Cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density
lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), between healthy
individuals, gallstone patients, and patients who underwent cholecystectomy. The results of the present study show
significant differences in Total cholesterol concentration in cholecystectomy patients (208.88 ±6.09) compared to
both healthy groups (175.92 ±4.80) and gallstone patients (189.28 ±8.70), significant increase in triglyceride levels
in cholecystectomy patients (211.56 ±17.57) compared with healthy controls (114.88 ±8.70) and gallstone patients
(101.08 ±9.91), the LDL level increased significantly in the group of gallstone patients compared to healthy subjects
(95.60 ±5.36) at a probability level (P≤0.05). There was a significant increase in VLDL levels in cholecystectomy
patients (42.31 ±3.51) compared to healthy subjects (22.97 ±1.74) and gallstone patients (20.21 ±1.98), statistically
significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) in the age group less than 40 years between the study groups.
The study showed an association between dyslipidemia (elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides, and VLDL) and
gallstone incidence and gallstone removal, with increased LDL levels in patients with gallstones. The incidence was
also found to be more common in the age group below 40 years and was associated with blood group O+ and Rh+.

ABSTRACT: This study aims to cultivate bacterial samples from soil acquired from bitumen-contaminated regions
Kut City, Iraq's paved roadways are regularly exposed to chemicals, oil and other contaminants of the eleven bacterial
samples tested A8 showed the best asphalt -breaking performance with a hydrocarbon breakdown percentage ranging
from 42% its optical density of 0.325 nm and biomass generation rate of 0.21g/L according to the results of
biochemical testing the bacterial isolate A8 was determined to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The tests for methyl red,
Voges Proskauer, indol, starch hydrolysis, glucose fermentation, sucrose and lactose all yielded negative results while
show positive result for every one (gelatin, catalase and oxidase). To temperature, pH and carbon source were the
ideal variables for Pseudomonas aeruginosa-mediated asphalt bioremediation it was demonstrated that the ideal pH
for Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth and proliferation to cure asphalt under the given experimental conditions is 6
and the organism's mass concentration was 1.2g/L, 25 C was the ideal temperature for asphalt biodegradation with
an organism mass of 1.28 g/L glucose was the most efficient carbon source for asphalt bioremediation with an
organism mass of 1.3g/L the purpose of bacterial characterization and isolation from paved roads is to find a bacterial
isolate capable of decomposing bitumen.

ABSTRACT: Colorectal cancer (CRC) persists as a lethal malignancy and ranks as the third foremost cause of
cancer-related mortality. The study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of the miRNA-34a gene were performed
and aby the qRT-PCR to estimate the expression of the target gene and determine levels of Hb, PLT, WBC, and RBC
in CRC patient and control. In present study blood samples collected from 60 subjects (20 control and 40 patients
with CRC), (females and males) with different aged. The collection of samples and the practical work for this study
from January 2023 to November 2023, Concerning The mean value of CBC parameters, the analysis showed that
there was statistical difference in Hb (11.84 ± 2.21) and PLT (297.26 ± 127.06) biomarkers in the patient group with
P value ≤ 0.05. However, the WBC and RBC showed no significant difference in patient with CRC compared to
control group with mean value (7.52 ± 2.69, 4.54 ± 0.71) respectively. Endogenous control gene U6 miRNA levels
were amplified and utilized to normalize the miRNA-34a gene levels. U6 showed no-significant variation between
patient and control samples accordingly used as housekeeping gene for miRNA-34a Which did not show any
noticeable change between patient and control group in blood sample. Can conclude from that miRNA-34a could not
use as marker for CRC in blood and might be used as biomarker in tissue because it more specific to the regulation
role for miRNAs.

ABSTRACT: This study addresses the pressing issue antibiotic resistance in uropathogenic staphylococci secluded
from female patients with acute urinary tract infection (UTIs) in Iraq. Antibiotic resistance, driven by the overuse and
misuse of antimicrobials, presents a major public health challenge worldwide. The research focuses on determining
the resistance patterns of these bacteria to routinely used antibiotics and developing viable therapy choices.

Samples were taken from patients aged 18 to 40 years at Al-Hajj Jalal Hospital in Wasit Province, Iraq, over a six
month period. Urinalysis, bacterial culturing, biochemical, and molecular identification methods, including 16S rRNA
gene amplification, confirmed the presence of Staphylococcus spp. antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed
using Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method with various antibiotics.

Results revealed a high prevalence of Gram-positive cocci (81.0%), predominantly Staphylococcus species, among
UTI isolates. Alarmingly, staphylococcal isolates exhibited significant resistance to β-lactam antibiotics such as
penicillin (84.4%) and cefoxitin (61.4%). Resistance to other antibiotics, namely gentamicin, norfloxacin, and
trimethoprim were 37.6%, 27.5% and 34.8%, respectively. However, lower resistance rates were observed for
nitrofurantoin (7.3%) and ciprofloxacin (20.1%), supporting their use as first-line therapies.

The study emphasizes the critical need for antimicrobial stewardship, localized resistance monitoring, and routine
susceptibility testing to optimize UTI treatment strategies. Additionally, it advocates for further research to understand
the genetic mechanisms of resistance and explore alternative therapeutic options. These findings underscore the global
urgency of addressing antibiotic resistance to improve patient outcomes in managing UTIs.

ABSTRACT: The field experiment was conducted in an agricultural area in Mansouriya Al-Shatt, Diyala
Governorate, to investigate the impact of foliar application of humic acid and zinc sulfate on the vegetative growth
of pepper plants. A factorial experiment was structured using a completely randomized block design with three
replications. The first factor included humic spray concentrations (0, 6, 12) g. L-1, The second factor was spraying
zinc sulphate concentrations (0, 1, 2) g. L-1. The results showed that foliar fertilization with humic acid at the level of
12 g. L-1 was significantly superior in giving the highest averages for all vegetative traits, as there was a significant
superiority in the trait of plant height, chlorophyll, number of branches, and leaf area, which reached 44.70 cm, 65.17
SPAD, 5.00 branches. plant-1, and 74.25 cm2, respectively. Zinc spraying at 2 gm.L-1 was superior in plant height and
chlorophyll with an average of 44.31 cm and 62.70 SPAD, respectively, while the concentration of 1 gm.L-1 for zinc
spraying gave the highest average in the number of branches with an average of 4.55 branches.plant-1, while the
comparison treatment for zinc spraying was superior in leaf area with an average of 72.99 cm2. The interaction
between the two experimental factors had a significant effect on all studied traits.

ABSTRACT: The study aimed to isolated Proteus mirabilis and determined the genotype and phenotype of the beta
lactamase enzymes produced by these bacteria. 242 samples were collected from various pathogenic cases during
the period of August 2023 to January 2024. A fifty-three isolates of Proteus mirabilis were isolates Distributed as
follows: 47 isolates (88.7%) were obtained from urinary tract infection, 5 isolates (9.4%) from otitis media, while one
isolate (1.9%) from vaginitis. The samples were diagnosed culturally using appropriate culture media,
microscopically using the Gram stain and biochemically. Then the isolates were confirmed using the VITEK Compact
2 device. After confirming the isolates, a sensitivity test was conducted against some antibiotics that belong to
different groups, and the results showed that the highest resistant was against the antibiotic cefotaxime with a rate of
56.6%, and Amikacin with a rate of 41.5% followed by Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid with 35.9%, while ciprofloxacin,
levofloxacin, cefepime, and azithromycin the resistant rates were moderate with percentages 30.2%, 28.3%, 26.4%,
and 20.8% respectively. The lowest percentages of resistance shown by the isolates was against Azeteronam with
5.7% and imipenem with 3.8%, while for meropenem, all isolates were sensitive to this antibiotic. The results showed
that 43.4% of the isolates were Multi-Drug Resistance, as the number of isolates that have resistance to more than
three of the selected antibiotics is 23 isolates. Phenotypic results according to the PST test results showed that 32
isolates (60.38%) tested positive, indicating a high probability of beta-lactamase enzyme production according to the
PCT test results. PCR and gel electrophorese revealed that, blaTEM gene were present in 32.1% of the isolates, while
blaSHV gene were present in 5.7% only. Interestingly, blaCTX-M1 was present in all the isolates that produce beta
lactamases enzymes, 41.5%. Metalobeta-lactamases genes, blaIMP and blaGIM were present in 13.2% and 64.2%,
respectively.

ABSTRACT: One hundred clinical samples were collected from children suffering from oral diseases such as tooth
decay and root canal inflammation under the supervision of a specialist dentist, using sterile cotton swabs from the
site of infection, for patients visiting specialized dental centers in Baiji city, Salah al-Din Governorate. Their ages
ranged from 3 to 13 years, and for the period from the beginning of September 2023 until February, where 100
pathogenic bacterial isolates were isolated from clinical samples, diagnosed based on cultural and microscopic
characteristics, in addition to diagnosis with the Vitek2 device for diagnosis at the species level. The genus
Streptococcus mutans appeared in it at a rate of 18.18%, which is the most significant percentage among other genera.
The following species were obtained: Staph. aureus, Staph.epidermis, Staph.saprophyticus, Micro.luteus, and
B.subtilius.
The sensitivity of bacterial isolates to antibiotics was tested, and the results showed that they had the highest resistance
to cefepime and the least resistance to Gentamycin. Olive leaves were collected and characterized, the aqueous extract
was prepared, and its acidity was estimated. The antimicrobial activity was tested using the disk diffusion method.
The study showed that the aqueous extract of olive leaves had inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus
bacteria with an inhibition diameter of 23 mm. The bio-manufacturing of nano calcium oxide from olive leaf extract
was also carried out, and its inhibitory activity on some bacterial isolates was studied. The results showed that the
nano solution has activity against the bacterial genus Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, the anti-oxidative activity
(ROS%) of the aqueous extract of fig and olive leaves was determined, as olive plants demonstrated more muscular
anti-oxidative activity compared to figs, as well as ascorbic acid, which served as a positive control in this experiment.

ABSTRACT: Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) is the most widespread external parasite worldwide, especially
in developing countries, the present study involved a visual examination of 3006 female students from December 3,
2023, to May 10, 2024, across six primary schools (Hoor Al-Ain, Al-Baraa, Al-Irada Al-Iraqiya, Al-Saad, Palestine,
Asmara) in the Al-Hajjaj district of Salah Al-Din Governorate, to investigate head lice prevalence. According to the
findings of the current study, the overall infection rate of Pediculus humanus capitis was 25.91% throughout all of
the schools that were utilized in the research. 797 female students out of the total number of female students who
were examined were found to be contaminated. Infection cases appeared in different age groups. The highest infection
rate was in the age group 9-10 years at a rate of 31.10%, while the age group 6-7 years recorded the lowest infection
rate of 18.69%.
The back of the head exhibited the highest lice infection rate at 43.64%, while the middle of the head recorded the
lowest rate at 12.62%. The infection rate in the head region was 23.37%, but in the frontal area, it was 14.99%. The
long hair category exhibited the greatest infection rate at 30.93%, followed by the very long hair category at 23.24%,
while the short hair category recorded the lowest rate at 20.28%. The results of present study shown no significant
differences were observed in lymphocytes when compared to the control group. Conversely, significant differences
were noted in HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC at a probability level of P>0.01 relative to the control group.

ABSTRACT: stressors. Histopathologists in veterinary pathology are therefore engaged in examining tissue
alterations resulting from the direct or indirect influence of diseases on cells, tissues, organs, and/or body systems.
Such microscopic alterations are collectively considered as 'lesions,' and the terminology used to describe these
changes is unique to histopathology. Although mainly involved in Histopathology comprises the study of
morphological changes occurring in tissues and organs during various pathological conditions or following exposure
to chemicals, drugs, and other environmental diagnostic work, the veterinary histopathologist often plays a substantial
role in understanding the pathogenesis of an individual case or collection of cases and may contribute to fundamental
studies of the etiology and pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases affecting different species of animals. In review,
where the aim is to understand why and how a disease develops, the broad term "anatomical pathology" is used.

ABSTRACT: The utilization of bio-stimulants in agricultural settings has emerged as a potentially fruitful technique
for enhancing the development and production of crops. Microalgae extracts are a form of bio-stimulant that has
recently garnered much attention. These extracts are well-known for their high metabolic activity, bioactive
chemicals, and capacity to boost plant growth and development. The experiment aimed to determine the efficiency
of Spirulina platensis extracts by foliar spraying on bean plants. The experiments were carried out in the autumn of
2023 in Diyala Governorate to study the efficiency of spraying with spirulina extract and its physiological effect on
bean plant growth. The experiment was carried out in RCBD design with three replications, using four concentrations
of spirulina (0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0) % and two varieties of bean plants (Barcelona and luz de otono). The results
showed a superiority concentration of 1.0% in all studied traits. Which record in 73.28 cm,51,43 SPAD,1.41,42.03
g/ plant,3.90%,0.156%, and 1.41% for the high plant, chlorophyll index, leaf area index, dry matter, N%, P%, and
K% respectively, Barcelona variety superiority in all characteristics except leaf area index (LAI). The results also
showed that the binary interaction between spray and variety significantly affected the studied factors.

ABSTRACT: The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in gallbladder fluid
samples collected from cattle and sheep in Wasit Governorate, Iraq. Using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain technique,
the presence of oocysts of the parasite was confirmed microscopically, showing spherical forms that ranged in color
from pink to bright red. A total of 300 samples (150 from cattle and 150 from sheep) were examined between July 1,
2024, and October 30, 2024. The results revealed an infection rate of 30% in cattle and 8% in sheep. Additionally,
younger animals, particularly calves under one year of age, exhibited higher infection rates due to weaker immune
systems and overcrowded rearing conditions. The results also showed no significant difference in infection rates
between rural and urban areas for both cattle and sheep, indicating common environmental risk factors such as water
contamination and poor waste management. Statistical analysis revealed that infection rates varied with age, with
younger animals being more susceptible. These findings emphasize the need to raise health awareness among farmers,
improve livestock management practices, and implement advanced diagnostic techniques to reduce the spread of
Cryptosporidium spp. This study contributes to the understanding of the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in
livestock and highlights its potential as a zoonotic disease.

ABSTRACT: In this present study, aerobic bacteria were isolated from wound and burn samples taken from diabetic
foot patients at Al-Salam Teaching Hospital. Chitosan, which comes from insects and arthropods, was employed as
an antibacterial agent. It binds to the negatively charged bacterial cell wall, producing damage and alterations in
permeability. The concentration of 1% was discovered to be the most efficient against aerobic bacterial infections.
The degree of deacetylation, which directly effects the positive charge density, has a significant effect on the
antibacterial activity of chitosan and its derivatives.

ABSTRACT: In a recent study, a novel chemical generated from 1,3,4-oxadiazole was synthesized by mixing
transition metals with nicotinic hydrazide using their water-dissolved chloride salts. To determine the chemical
properties of the bonds and their chains, H1-NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry (MS) methods were used. In
addition, conduction sensitivity measurements were performed. The size of the inhibitory zone for Candida Kruse,
Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, was assessed after generated complexe was
tested against bacteria by means of the diffusion method. The Hyper Chem program was used to do theoretical
calculations utilizing the MP3 approach in order to examine the stability energy of compounds and pinpoint the
precise sites where they form complexes with metal elements.

ABSTRACT: The study involved collecting samples from five stations located on the main river mouth to study their
physical and chemical characteristics in order to assess their suitability for irrigation compared to international irrigation
standards. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and concentrations of calcium, magnesium,
bicarbonates, chloride, nitrates, sulfates, phosphates, sodium, potassium, and lithium were measured. The results were as
follows: temperature ranged from 32-33°C, pH ranged from 7.4-8.3, electrical conductivity ranged from 2620-2930µS/cm,
total dissolved solids ranged from 1620-1990mg/L, calcium ranged from 460-577mg/L, magnesium ranged from 210
273mg/L, bicarbonates ranged from 214-238mg/L, chloride ranged from 629-688mg/L, nitrates ranged from 15-36mg/L,
sulfates ranged from 187-260mg/L, phosphates ranged from 0.2-0.6mg/L, sodium ranged from 398-510mg/L, potassium
ranged from 184-230mg/L, and lithium ranged from 3.2-6.4mg/L, respectively. The content was evaluated for salinity risk,
sodium risk, bicarbonate risk, chloride toxicity, and boron toxicity. The results indicated a high salinity risk and sodium
risk in those waters. The study also included an analysis of some physical and chemical characteristics of river sediments.
These characteristics were studied at five selected sites northeast of the city of Nasiriyah, chosen based on the likelihood
of pollution. The studied characteristics included electrical conductivity, pH, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium,
chloride, phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, and potassium. The pH values recorded were slightly alkaline, ranging from
7.7 to 8.9. The highest increase in electrical conductivity values was observed in 1938 microsiemens/cm, while the lowest
decrease was 1460 microsiemens/cm. The total alkalinity values ranged from a minimum of 182 mg/L to a maximum of
340 mg/L. Regarding calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, and potassium, their values in
river sediments ranged between (172-340), (108-175), (102-34), (6.2 – 9.1), (14-55), (99- 170), (50-133), (40- 86) mg/L,
respectively.