The International and Political Journal

The study dealt with the political structure and the three powers of the Israeli political system, which are the legislative power, the executive power and the judicial power. Through this research, we showed the role played by these institutions and the characteristics and advantages enjoyed by each power. This research dealt with the details of the basic institutions and powers in the Israeli political system to understand the nature of this system and the characteristics it contains that distinguish it from other political systems. The study concluded that the legislative power represented by the Israeli Knesset is the basis of power in Israel and is the source of legislation by giving confidence to the government or withdrawing it from it. As for the executive power (the head of state and the head of government), the primary role is for the prime minister, as he has broad powers and a real role. As for the judicial power, it is completely independent, far from partisan conflicts and enjoys public respect because it represents the political consensus.

The Arctic is one of the most important geostrategic regions of the 21st century, where security challenges intersect with economic and political interests, and as a result of climate change, it reveals new routes of navigation and natural resources, increasing competition between regional and international actors.

The process of political decision-making in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia faces many challenges and obstacles that cast a shadow on the nature of the political decision taken, whether it was in the internal or external policy, as there are internal and external factors that affect differently on the political decision taken according to the internal and external environment variables.
Despite the nature of the Saudi monarchy, in which the king represents the supreme authority in making internal and external political decisions, the conflict of international interests and the regional and internal circumstances require the Saudi regime to take political decisions in line with the vision of the major countries that are allies of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and exercise important and effective roles in influencing In the Saudi political decision, especially the United States of America.

There is no doubt that technological developments have a direct impact on the state's capabilities and sovereignty, as we have historically witnessed the rise of other forces and fools, and the technological factor was one of the main factors affecting this equation. In this century, artificial intelligence techniques are highlighted by most of the joints of life in a manner that foretells of re -engineering the international system and reconsidering the status and effectiveness of the state, and this is due to the change of state functions and the increased penetration of its sovereignty in a more intense way than the penetration that the Internet was born during the last century, which makes us re -evaluate elements The power of the state and puts new challenges before it that must be taken into consideration.

Russian-German relations went through a series of stages, but they were strengthened after President Vladimir Putin took power, as the latter tried to advance the Russian reality on the political, economic, and military levels, and the appropriate choice was federal Germany. Which represents the main gateway to entry into Europe, and because the latter is considered one of the advanced countries in economic terms, we see it in need of securing energy sources, and from here Russian-German relations began to develop little by little (energy versus technology), especially during the era of German Chancellor (Gerhard Schroeder) because of his relationship with Personal relations with President Putin, and with the arrival of German Chancellor Angela Merkel, bilateral relations worsened somewhat, but the two parties continued to strengthen energy relations, through the construction of gas pipelines (Nord Stream 1-2), After the Russian war on Ukraine, specifically in the year 2022, Russian-German relations worsened and declined significantly. Due to the sanctions imposed by the West, including Germany, on Russian gas, this era represented a setback for bilateral relations.

Since the emergence of technology and its impact on all aspects of life, humans have sought to harness it to achieve the highest levels of accomplishment and productivity, Modern technology has been integrated into the organization of electoral processes by many election management bodies due to its ability to provide speed, accuracy, and high efficiency, These technologies vary according to the requirements of electoral procedures and are classified into those that operate in constrained environments and those that function in unconstrained environments, with the aim of facilitating the voting process and enhancing the security of the electoral process, In Iraq, the Independent High Electoral Commission began to keep pace with this technological advancement, During the 2014 Iraqi parliamentary elections, the Commission introduced technological aspects through the use of biometric and electronic voter registration by issuing electronic voter cards, It continued to integrate more modern technologies into various stages of the electoral process, including the electronic verification of voter eligibility, as well as the counting, sorting, and aggregation of votes. Results were sent via satellite to the national center for compilation and announcement, The Commission ensured that the use of electronic means aligned with international standards and democratic principles in electoral procedures.

The task entrusted to the ruling elites in Iraq is to build the ruling institutional structure, build national identity, and strengthen democratic institutions that give legitimacy to the state and the ruling elite and strengthen national cohesion, but the failure that the ruling elites suffered from often led to political blockage due to rivalry, lack of acceptance of the other, and the control of subsidiary identities. on the Iraqi national identity, which had a profound impact on the present and future of the country, The importance of the study is highlighted in that it sheds light on a thorny and sensitive topic, especially since it puts pressure on the hearts of Iraqis and makes them suffer from poverty and destitution due to the political blockage, which has greatly affected the economic situation of the Iraqi people. The study aimed to present the reasons that led to the political blockage and ways to address it, as well as to Discussing party and electoral systems and their impact on the future of the country, and discussing ways to provide solutions to a problem that represented a dangerous turning point in the country’s history and left Iraq suffering from repeated crises, The study raised questions, the most important of which was: What is political blockage? What are the political systems? The hypothesis of the study was that the term political blockage means that the political system remains closed to a specific group of components only, so access to that system is linked to loyalty to the circles surrounding the group of power and decision makers, and the future of the country remains dependent on the orientations of this group that constitute the core of the system, and the electoral system plays a major role in Drawing the party map for any democratic country, The study reached several results, the most prominent of which is that the political blockage is one of the most prominent causes of the absence of national identity among the elites and the prioritization of personal interests over the interests of the country, which greatly affected the future of the military operation, and because of the parties’ continued control over the political process and their survival for more than one electoral cycle, this affected participation. Citizens in the elections as a result of the loss of confidence in the political process, which remained captive to certain people who seized power.

The process of Turkey's accession to the European Union went through a long process that included several obstacles and challenges، Among these obstacles that arose in the post-Cold War period was the issue of Turkey's recognition of the genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire against the Armenians in 1915. Armenians diaspora in Europe have made organized efforts since the end of the 1980s to put pressure on decision-makers in countries that have strategic alliances or partnerships with Turkey، with the aim of classifying these events as genocide and holding the Turkish state responsible for the Armenian genocide. The Armenian diaspora sought to exploit the political and economic weight it possesses to achieve its goals through European institutions such as the European Parliament and national parliamentary institutions in countries. These goals are: to pressure Turkey to recognize the Armenian Genocide، and to obtain official recognition by the institutions of the European Union and major European countries.

Massive protests took place in October 2019 and turned into wide sit-ins that raised many demands to reform the political process and demanded the introduction of essential amendments to the structure of the Iraqi political system and the abolition of the principle of political consensus in forming the government. As a result of this and other large protest movements, a wide movement occurred among the young people who sat in the protest squares to introduce their goals and find out the possibility of forming new political parties to contribute to the political process. In fact, several parties were formed after the end of the sit-in. They were called (the October parties, emerging parties, or youth parties) and began to exercise their role in the political process by participating in the elections and exercising the role of peaceful opposition.

The research deals with the political transformation process in Iraq after 2003 and the impact of democracy on the political behaviour of both voters and the political elite. This period witnessed many challenges, including weak democratic awareness, a prevalence of culture of submission, and dominance of political bloc leaders, which led to continued negative effects on state institutions. The research assumes that negative impact of democracy on the political behaviour of both voters and the elite, as electoral behaviour is often not based on awareness and choosing the best, but rather on loyalty to political blocs due to the prevailing culture. The hypothesis that is confirmed is that the failure of the democratic transition in Iraq after 2003, especially between 2018-2023, contributes to the continuation of the negative political behaviour of elites and voters, which, in turn, negatively affected the structure and functions of the state.

After 2003, Iraq went through fundamental transformations in its political and authoritarian system due to the American invasion and removing the former regime, this transformation was not a change in its leadership, but a comprehensive reshaping of the standards in the state politically, socially, economically, cultural, etc. Furthermore, these transformations resulted in profound effects on the distribution of the power and the way it was practiced as the one party system became a democratic one with multiple parties take part in it. However, this change did not happen without challenges since Iraq witnessed rebuilding of its political establishments on new democratic basis and the challenges the faced the process were enormous and complicated which resulted in the manifestation of new dynamics.

This research focuses on anticipating the future of Iraqi national security in light of the regional transformations after 2017, in which we relied on the new structural realist theory, which focuses on the fact that the regional and international system is chaotic, and this chaos is what determines the behavior of actors in the absence of a central authority, as states are distinguished by their capabilities and not their functions, and the strength of the state is a guarantee of its survival, through which states can defend their existence, and from this power are diplomatic, economic, military and technological, in addition to the new liberal theory that focuses on collective security. Regional and international cooperation is possible in order to reduce conflicts and disputes and maintain international peace and security.

This study focuses on the concept of international humanitarian intervention and the debate surrounding its legitimacy and justification, as it conflicts with principles of public international law such as the principle of non intervention in the internal affairs of states and the principle of respecting national sovereignty. Conversely, at present, the individual has become the ultimate goal both domestically and internationally, with numerous international treaties and national constitutions ensuring the protection of human rights and freedoms during both peace and war. Additionally, the debate extends beyond the legitimacy of international humanitarian intervention to explore why international intervention occurs in some crises and not others. The study will specifically focus on the Libyan case in 3122to assess the effectiveness of international humanitarian intervention in protecting individuals in that context

In the 5th century BCE, following the Babylonian exile, the Jews during this period altered the Torah and fabricated a history and rights for themselves in the land of Palestine. This marked the beginning of the emergence of Ancient Zionism. In the 19th century, due to the peculiarities of Jewish isolation within European societies, a growing animosity towards them emerged. This led to various calls for Jews to break free from their isolation and integrate into European societies, signaling the rise of Modern Zionism.
The leadership of Ancient Zionism was composed of men from (Bani Israel), while the leadership of Modern Zionism consisted of Judaized individuals, not from (Bani Israel), but rather from those living in European countries and the broader West. The historical commonality between the two forms of Zionism led Modern Zionism to justify the occupation of Palestine based on religious claims from the Torah, a narrative established by Ancient Zionism during the Babylonian exile.
Despite some practical successes of Modern Zionism, it cannot conceal its intellectual and cognitive contradictions within the folds of its ideology, which is supported by a Torah-based background used to urge Jews worldwide to rally behind national and religious claims, demanding a homeland for themselves. Modern Zionism also utilized the previously hostile stance of the Christian Church towards Jews, as well as the Holocaust during World War II, to create an overwhelming feeling of guilty in the Christian West. As a result, criticism of Jews or Judaism became taboo, and accusation of anti –Semitism became the dominant response to any objection to the positions of Modern Zionism.

The general budget is not limited only to the stage of preparation, approval, and implementation. Rather, it must go through the stage of monitoring the implementation of the general budget. The aspects of oversight vary according to the separation of powers, and are of three types: including administrative oversight exercised by the executive authority, which is represented by oversight ( The Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Finance, the competent ministry), the purpose of which is to uncover cases of manipulation and embezzlement and to ensure the integrity of financial operations. As for political oversight, the purpose of which is to ensure that the funds are used in accordance with the aspects assigned to them legally, which is exercised by the House of Representatives through the oversight tools that are stipulated It has the constitution and internal regulations, as well as the oversight of independent bodies, which are represente

This research aims to study the principle of gender equality and the implementation of the gender quota system in Morocco as one of the key mechanisms to enhance women's political participation and empower them in political, social, economic, and cultural spheres. The research relies on an analysis of the Moroccan constitutional and legislative framework, with a focus on the 2011 constitutional amendments that emphasized the principle of equality and prohibited discrimination based on gender. It also examines the gender quota system adopted in Moroccan elections to ensure greater representation of women in the House of Representatives and local councils.
The research reviews the challenges facing the application of the principle of equality and the gender quota system, including political, social, economic, and cultural factors that hinder women's effective participation in political life. Furthermore, it highlights the achievements made in this area, such as the increase in the percentage of women's representation in the Moroccan parliament following the implementation of the quota.
The research concludes that the gender quota system in Morocco represents a significant step toward achieving gender equality. However, it requires reinforcement through broader policies, including community awareness and changing stereotypes about women's roles, as well as strengthening political will to ensure the sustainability of these reforms.

There is an important relationship between the levels of local government and local development, which is evident through the level of services and projects provided by the local government, and reaching the furthest point that the local community can benefit from, as local governments with large populations and wide geographical areas resort to dividing the administrative unit into small levels so that the service provider is closer to the beneficiary, i.e. creating a link close to the citizen, then facilitating the management of the administrative unit and achieving local development through it, and to reach this we will divide this topic into the following demands.

Indian policy has linked the Gulf Cooperation Council countries to the cooperation region, mainly among the main tools that represent multiple elements of cooperation between the two parties, as well as force security, terrorism, and crime, in addition to cooperation in this field. A framework and institutional mechanisms have been established that enable the focus and level of cooperation between India. And the potential opportunities and risks to achieve this, as many Gulf Cooperation Council countries witnessed diplomatic relations by presidents, in order to enhance cooperation in relation to them, including cooperation in the fields of economic energy, oil and gas among the most prominent aspects of cooperation as well as the role played by Indian labor represents an important economic influence.

The research attempts to examine the most important internal and external motives that led the country to renounce the dictatorial military rule and move towards embracing the transition to democracy in Chile .The study also seeks to examine the mechanisms carried out by elected governments that came after the demise of the dictatorship to stabilize the country's democratization process, the most important of which is the legal, political, economic and social mechanisms.The researcher used a systems approach to correctly explain and analyzes the process of democratic transformation in Chile.

The Russian-Chinese partnership is an advanced model of cooperation between major countries. After the Cold War, and specifically in the twenty-first century, the two countries moved in a new direction through which the level of relations between the two countries developed, from the level of cooperation and coordination to the level of partnership, in several areas, most notably political and economic. The extent of development in this relationship has become clear through the two countries sharing some commonalities. They both reject the US policy of maximum pressure to modify the behavior of major powers. In addition to their important role in the UN Security Council because they are permanent members of it. They have the economic, political and diplomatic capabilities that qualify them to play this role in international affairs. They also have the ability to activate the role of international organizations and blocs, including the Shanghai Organization, the United Nations, and BRICS.
Our study aims to explore the extent of the importance of the political and economic dimensions in strengthening and bringing the two countries together to face the challenges posed by American policy. The study began with a fundamental question about the extent of the challenges imposed by American policy. What is the position of the two countries on it? While the hypothesis of the study is that there is great harmony and cooperation between Russia and China in all fields, the most important of which are politics and economics, the two powers need each other to reach a prominent position and perform their global role together, as well as in order to confront the common challenges imposed by American hegemony. The study reached many conclusions, the most prominent of which are: The political and economic cooperation between China and Russia is the heaviest, most accomplished, and broadest, as it is extremely beneficial from a strategic standpoint for both countries. So this led to the development of the partnership between them.

Since 2013, China’s economic diplomacy towards the Middle East has witnessed a clear shift; reflecting the development of its ambitious global strategy based on the “Belt and Road” initiative, which aims to strengthen trade, investment and infrastructure ties in the Middle East, by establishing a network of economic partnerships that enhance Chinese influence in the region. China relies on various economic tools, including direct investment in infrastructure, expanding bilateral trade, and establishing economic and trade cooperation zones. Moreover, China’s economic engagement in the Middle East has helped secure its growing energy needs, as China is the largest importer of oil from the region, This is accompanied by a growing interest in other industries such as advanced technology, communications, and digital infrastructure, which contribute to diversifying local economies and creating new job opportunities,
Culture and popular exchange also play an integral role in China’s diplomacy, as it seeks to enhance its image as a responsible economic power seeking peace and stability in the Middle East, As the region continues to face political and economic challenges, China is expected to remain a pivotal player seeking to expand its influence and advance its strategic interests through economic diplomacy tools.

The research aims to study Saudi foreign policy under the leadership of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman towards regional countries in the current period. The analysis revolves around the new approach adopted by Saudi Arabia under the leadership of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman in its dealings with regional countries, focusing on the policies and actions taken in recent years. Therefore, the relationships with key regional countries, excluding Arab states like Iraq, the UAE, and Egypt, will be reviewed, with a focus on Iran, Turkey, and Israel, and how these relationships impact regional dynamics. The research aims to analyze the challenges and opportunities facing Saudi foreign policy under the leadership of Mohammed bin Salman in its dealings with regional countries and whether these policies achieve Saudi Arabia's goals of enhancing its security and regional stability.

Iran views the Russian-Ukrainian war as a new model for regional and international interactions imposed by the geographically complex nature of the region، and at the same time seeks to strengthen its regional position and influence in several key geographical locations. From this standpoint، the current Ukrainian crisis represents the best opportunity to strengthen relations with Moscow in all fields، and it is moving in this direction، realizing the extent of the necessity of standing with Russia in the war. Iran has decided that the Russian-Ukrainian war، in its accompanying geopolitical dimensions، creates a balance of strategic incentives that... It can improve its strategic position in the region، as well as its ability to defend against challenges coming from multiple directions. Tehran is focusing on developing its drones and using programs to strengthen its foreign policy. Several reports indicated that Tehran was interested in supplying Moscow with its drones during the war between Russia and Ukraine، a few months before the start of the war. The Russian war against Ukraine had many effects at the international level، including its important effects on the eastern region The Middle East and various other issues are affecting the ongoing negotiations in Vienna to return to agreement on Iranian nuclear resistance Russia played the role of mediator in the negotiations between Iran and the United States.

The policy of the United States of America towards Eastern Europe was linked to several trends and was affected by several factors because the Eastern European region was important to it. As part of the United States’ endeavor to extend its influence over the world to achieve hegemony, American policy towards Eastern Europe will be addressed in four stages. In the Cold War, the United States sought to help the Eastern European countries under the influence of the Soviet Union to gain their independence. In the period after the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the United States of America provided economic support in the form of grants and economic aid, as well as political support, to Eastern European countries to help them rise to their economic burdens, move towards the common market, and adopt democracy. After the events of September 11,

The theoretical effort based on "value neutrality" led to the complete marginalization of values from every theoretical structure in the field of international relations. Later, serious talk began about the fact that human sciences cannot be free of value judgments, referring to essential political terms such as (group spirit, political performance of the statesman, political corruption, war, conflict, etc.). Accordingly, a fundamental division occurred between two trends. The first called for the naivety of adopting values in the world of international politics characterized by chaos and uncertainty, because this would lead to the collapse of the state. The second argued for the importance of crystallizing values in the external behavior of the state by classifying the duties and responsibilities of decision-makers. Everything good in political logic is linked to what is possible. Here, the transition in theory occurs from what is real, based on positivist theory, to what should be, founded on post-positivist (normative) theory. Feminist theory is one of the post-positivist approaches that focuses on the role of values in shaping the orientations of societies and their decision-makers to serve the interests of the state within the framework of its multiple international interactions. A detailed examination of the intellectual premises of feminist theorizing will reveal many value biases that are no different from other theories in circulation in the field.