AL-Mostansiriyah journal for arabic and international studies

Abstract
Freedom of migration is linked with the material factor, that workers aim to money for in order to develop their personality and financial capabilities. the migration can be outside or inside the country, whether forced or voluntary, and the Freedom have individual nature and has a close relationship with other rights and freedoms, and is subject to the law with regard to foreigners in order to protect the sovereignty of the state and its right in self-preservation. International law assumes the existence of common rules regulating the entry of foreigners, and respect the principles in the migrant workers' agreements.
The Iraqi Constitution of 2005 did not mention laborers migration, but the migration Represents part from the freedom of movement that can be restricted by law or based on law. However, ordinary legislation did not guarantee sufficient protection for public order in the matter of regulating labor migration. It is better to establish specific rules to control migration and criminalize the false propagandas about migration abroad or incoming migration.
Keywords; (immigration, workers, constitution, foreigners, agreements)

Abstract
Study objective: This exploratory study aims to explore the impact of foreign labor on social cohesion in Iraqi societies, by analyzing the opinions of a sample of university professors on this topic.
Study importance: The importance of this study comes in the context of the social and economic changes that Iraq is witnessing, where foreign labor increasingly affects society. Understanding these effects can help formulate policies that support social cohesion and enhance cooperation between citizens and foreign workers.
Study method: The study relied on the survey method using a questionnaire designed to collect data from a sample of 133 professors from the faculties of law, political science, administration and economics at the universities of Warith al-Anbiya and Kufa. Opinions and responses were analyzed using descriptive methods to distinguish patterns and trends.
Main conclusions: The results indicate that there are diverse opinions among professors about the impact of foreign labor; some consider it an opportunity to enhance cultural diversity, while others see it as a threat to social cohesion. The study emphasizes the importance of thinking about foreign labor as a factor with important social and economic impacts that require careful treatment.
Main Recommendations: The study recommends the need to enhance educational and interaction programs between foreign workers and the local community, with the aim of building bridges of communication and mutual respect. It also calls for the importance of developing policies aimed at improving social integration and enhancing cohesion among all groups.
Keywords: Foreign workers, social cohesion, Iraqi university professors.

Abstract
Foreign labor (immigrants to Iraq) has become a phenomenon accompanying the state of social development in Iraq, which the country is going through, accompanied by societal development. Since the establishment of the Iraqi state in 1921 until now, Iraq has embraced many immigrants of different nationalities and races, but the peak of the incoming numbers of foreign workers in Iraq began since the beginning of the sixties, especially the era of the Iraq-Iran war in the eighties, when about (4) million Egyptian workers came to Iraq and (3) million workers came from Sudan. At that time, the Iraqi government approved legal and economic facilities for them. After the events of 2003 and the opening of the Iraqi borders to immigrants, this was accompanied by political and security conditions and the deterioration of the security situation in Iraq. Foreign workers began to flock to Iraq, especially from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Philippines and other Asian countries. Most of them entered the country illegally and illegally.

Abstract
The phenomenon of foreign labor coming to Iraqi society has become a phenomenon accompanying the state of economic development that the country is going through, especially after the transformations that occurred as a result of the change of the political system in Iraq in 2003 and the accompanying phase of openness on all levels "economic, political and social". The influx of foreign labor to Iraq in general is due to the presence of economic resources such as oil and the resulting economic abundance that formed a center of attraction for labor from rich and poor countries, in addition to the democratic and civilizational transformation in its comprehensive sense in Iraq and its direction towards development, as we notice recently that the wheel of development has moved quickly, which has moved with it the recruitment of large numbers of labor that have become essential sites in the existing development patterns in society at a time when members of the original society suffer from unemployment that has reached high levels.
The importance of the research lies in the fact that it sheds light on one of the phenomena that has emerged and increased in Iraqi society, especially in the Iraqi labor market, which is the phenomenon of the increase in foreign labor coming to Iraq and the effects of its spread on economic variables and society. The problem of the research was represented in the increase in unemployment rates in Iraq resulting from several reasons, including the increase in the volume of foreign labor coming to Iraqi society to work in Iraq, which affects the lack of opportunities that Iraqi workers can obtain and its impact on economic activity. The hypothesis of the research was that foreign labor has effects, whether positive or negative, on many macroeconomic variables, since Iraq still has a group of economic factors that attract foreign labor despite all the circumstances it is going through. The process of economic development in Iraq after 2003 imposed the use of foreign labor for various purposes. The most important conclusions reached by the research were that foreign labor has taken over the majority of job opportunities available in Iraq, especially after the openness it witnessed after 2003 and employers’ use of them greatly for their high capabilities and skills, in addition to their low wages. In addition to the cash transfers of foreign workers, which occupy a large percentage of hard currencies and pose a major economic risk to the Iraqi national economy, as these transfers lead to the flight of hard currency and the depletion of the country's financial resources. The most important recommendations were that the demand for foreign workers be a complement to national workers and that recruitment focus on qualified and skilled workers under specific conditions and raise the fees and costs of their recruitment. This requires providing trained and qualified Iraqi cadres by creating sufficient numbers of trained and qualified national human energies through human capital to meet Iraq's current and future needs, in addition to encouraging work in the private sector.
Keywords: Iraqi labor market, Foreign workers, Iraqi economy, Economic development.

Abstract
Foreign labor in Iraq is considered one of the most dangerous phenomena affecting the Iraqi economic system in particular and the rest of the industrial, social and commercial sectors in general due to the lack of a reliable officer to coordinate between the laws regulating foreign workers on the one hand and the mechanism for implementing these laws on the other hand. The reason for this is the multiplicity of laws regulating the issue of foreign labor as a decisive basis in governance. Among the most important laws regulating foreign labor is the Iraqi Labor Law No. (17) of 2015 and the Iraqi Residence Law No. (76) of 2017 in force, in addition to other laws regulating the work of professionals, the medical profession, the legal profession and journalism. Despite the strength of these laws in theoretical reality, the practical reality, as shown in the research, is between the very large waste of foreign currency and its export abroad and the lack of a legal mechanism that can stop this waste and the lack of benefit from the presence of a huge amount of foreign labor due to their lack of experience and high skill in implementing the tasks assigned to them. In turn, this matter greatly affects the increase in the unemployment rate in Iraq, which has risen significantly in recent times, in addition to many obstacles that affect and threaten the security of the country. Therefore, we have put in place a set of solutions and treatments in the hope that they will achieve some kind of legal stability in our present time, especially since there are many laws that address the issue of foreign labor.

Abstract
The right to work is one of the social and economic rights, because of its close link in society, and its goal is to secure the individual materially and economically and provide him with the requirements of living, as everyone has the right to work, whether male or female, and countries usually seek to surround the right to work with appropriate legislation to protect and regulate it, whether the workers are from the state itself or from other countries, i.e. the state uses foreign labor for reasons including the lack of national labor or because of the need for expertise or competencies that may not be Available in the country that recruits foreign labor, and the right to labor is guaranteed by laws with special protection and regulation.
Keywords:- Protection of foreign workers, legislative basis, procedures for employing foreign workers.

Abstract
The title of the study occupies a distinct importance in the history of contemporary and political Iraq with its legal, economic, social and political dimensions, as it is a subject resulting from the civilizational development and the emergence of the modern city and the emergence of the working class and craftsmen as a new segment in Iraqi society, which formed in many historical stages a new revolutionary base demanding rights, justice and equality. Therefore, the development of labor law in Iraq in the twentieth century included many implications for the development of the labor movement and union federations and their trends, which took a curve consistent with many and different political trends at other times, as part of the issue of the liberation and growth movement of society, which is what was stipulated in the labor laws issued in the Iraqi constitutions such as the Labor Law of 1936 and the Constitution of 1964 and 1970 and the Labor Law of 1987 and the Constitution of 2005 and the Labor Law of 2015, which aimed in their entirety to provide job opportunities, protect workers' rights and achieve justice and social security.
Keywords: Right to work, law, Iraq, workers, unions

The issue of expatriate workers coming to Iraq from several countries is one of the major & serious challenges facing Iraq, it concerns its national security in the first place, in addition to the negative impacts that extend to include economic, social, & cultural aspects . It is known that Iraqi labor market has attracted expatriate workers of different nationalities since the 1980s, it has begun to spread in the simple business market, factories, workshops, farms, private sector institutions, & shops in residential areas were filled with expatriate workers, & their numbers began to increase constantly due to employers’ willingness to contract with them due to their simplicity, commitment, strict discipline, & because it is not possible for any economy in the world to do without foreign workers, even developed countries that contribute to the process of development & management of the aspects of the national economy together with its citizens, especially those that have experience & high skills in some fields & professions, as attracting & empowering this type of workforce is necessary to enhance national income, it is natural that Iraq is no exception to this rule, as offices have begun to spread to recruit foreign workers, after the demand for them has increased from the owners of shops, commercial centres , restaurants, as well as high-income families .This makes the arrival of foreign workers negatively affect the local labor market, increases the difficulty of obtaining work for Iraqi youth, affects the social & economic situation of people. Thus, our research constitutes an opportunity to shed light on the effects of foreign workers on national security & national identity in light of the great imbalance affecting the entire region, while trying to reduce the negative impact based on Iraqi legal legislation & in line with the country’s supreme national interest .
Keywords:-Employment - national identity - national security - labor market - Iraqi economy.

The current research aims to shed light on the impact of employing foreign workers on the employment opportunities of tourism education outputs. Given the importance of this type of education outputs in Iraqi society, it is necessary to develop vocational education in order to provide its outputs with the basic experiences necessary to adapt to the requirements of the labor market. The problem of the current research can be summarized in a set of challenges adopted in employing foreign workers in Iraq in the hotel services sector and how these challenges affected the reality of employment opportunities in the tourism labor market, and how they had a clear impact on attracting tourism education outputs.
The Iraqi hotel sector was chosen as a case study. The research adopted the descriptive method supported by quantitative expressions by adopting data and statistics derived from several official bodies related to the tourism sector, in addition to information derived from conducting personal interviews and field visits. The current research presents a strategic vision through which the workforce is reformulated and organized to achieve balance by setting a long-term economic policy to guarantee the rights of education graduates to provide job opportunities while taking into account the legal regulations in employing foreign workers.
The research reached several conclusions: The hotel services sector in Iraq has good potential in terms of the number of hotels and their classification, but this sector has not been optimally invested due to weak administrative, marketing and supervisory policies, and therefore the phenomenon of foreign labor has spread, at the expense of employing the outputs of tourism education.
Keywords: Foreign labor, labor employment controls, education outcomes, job opportunities.

Abstract :
Foreign labor represents an important phenomenon in the development of countries that do not have enough skilled labor, especially those countries that seek to develop their development or that suffer from a shortage of population or skilled craftsmen and workers. However, Iraq has a large number of workers, and the influx of a large number of foreign workers to Iraq in the absence of a law that governs and regulates their entry will cause disorganization and chaos in the entry of those large numbers into the Iraqi market. Therefore, organizing the labor delegations to Iraq requires decisive legislative intervention that contributes to organizing the entry of those numbers into Iraq in a way that serves the Iraqi economy without harming it.
Keywords : Foreign labor, Iraq, economic development, development .

Foreign labor is one of the phenomena that began to spread in all countries, especially in the Arab countries and in Iraq, and as a result of the political, social and economic changes that occurred in Iraq after 2003 and the manner of openness that occurred in Iraqi society and the development that accompanied this openness, which led Iraq to the spread of foreign labor that spread with the requirements of development, social and economic and the need of large projects to cover the human deficit, which led to the reflection of this situation on all aspects, whether social, economic or even psychological in Iraq.
The change that occurred after 2003 and the fact that Iraq is an oil country and a country that contains rich natural resources, which led to it being the focus of foreign labor that began to flock to Iraq, led to an increase in foreign labor inside the country, especially since foreign labor, in particular, enjoys strong skills and practice, and they are also qualified to work and their wages are low, so many public and private projects resorted to relying on this type of labor. However, it is known that labor has effects on Iraqi society, and these effects may be positive and negative, so the administration must organize this foreign labor so that it must not leave the matter without taking into account the requirements of this foreign labor, as the administration must set conditions or restrictions when organizing foreign labor in terms of employing workers and stating their duties, rights, and the restrictions imposed on them.

There is a correlation between achieving sustainable economic development and the availability of an effective and highly skilled workforce that has the ability to innovate, create and keep pace with modern technological developments, especially as we live in the world of digital automation where mechanization, equipment and robots based on artificial intelligence in various industrial sectors.
The world of digital automation contributes to streamlining production processes, reshaping business processes, improving efficiency and production quality with high speed and accuracy, and overcoming traditional challenges facing the workforce. This requires the development of the capabilities of the Iraqi workforce to become innovative and productive forces in the world of automation.
Keywords: Workforce, Strategic Recruitment, Automation, Digitalization, Artificial Intelligence, Iraq

Abstract
This study examined the impact of expatriate labor on the Iraqi economy after 2003, highlighting the factors that led to the increased reliance on this labor in various productive and service sectors. The results showed that the economic transformation from a centralized system to a market economy, in addition to openness to global markets, contributed to the increase in the rate of expatriate labor, especially in light of the deficit resulting from the migration of Iraqi competencies after 2003.
The study monitored the increase in the number of expatriate labor, as it reached 16.9% of the total labor force in 2003, and rose to 23.6% the following year, before witnessing fluctuations in subsequent years to reach 11.3% in 2019. The expatriate labor was distributed significantly in the sectors of education (45.5%), industry (23.2%), hotels (12.9%), health (11.3%), and agriculture (1.0%), while companies contracting with the public sector accounted for 98.8% of this labor.
The study also addressed the positive effects of expatriate labor, such as providing skilled labor in the medical and engineering sectors, bridging gaps in the labor market, and contributing to the stability of operating costs, which was positively reflected in local production and foreign trade. However, the results showed the existence of economic and social challenges, such as high unemployment rates among Iraqis, the impact of foreign remittances on economic growth, and the spread of irregular labor, which led to pressures on the state's general budget and a threat to economic and social security.
The study concluded the need to adopt balanced policies to regulate the recruitment of expatriate labor, while enhancing employment opportunities for the national workforce, and developing legal mechanisms that guarantee the protection of the economic and social rights of expatriate and local workers alike, which contributes to achieving sustainable development in Iraq.
Keywords: Expatriate labor, Iraqi economy, labor market, unemployment, remittances, migration, economic policies.

In recent years, the number of foreign workers has doubled, and countries' dependence on them has increased, and foreign workers have formed the majority of the private sector workforce. Therefore, reliance on foreign workers will continue and increase in the near future, and countries that lack professionally and technically qualified local workers will need to employ a large number of foreign workers to support economic and social development plans. Foreign workers affect human resource management strategies and the labor market. Foreign workers are often capable or experts in their field who are sent to high-level tasks that require successful adaptation to the requirements of the labor market, which becomes necessary in developing highly efficient human resources, based on their international experience and technical and commercial skills. However, in Iraq, some of them are relied upon to provide cheap labor despite their lack of experience, education and personal skills. The research study identified the challenges facing the economies of countries in light of the presence of foreign workers from the perspective of human resource management and labor market challenges and the treatments taken by countries to overcome these challenges.
Keywords: Foreign workers, labor market, challenges, local economy.

Although migration is recognized as a key factor in ensuring economic development through labor market stability, whether in countries of origin or destination, and plays a vital role in improving the living conditions of incoming workers, contributing to achieving a better social and economic balance within the country, it carries many challenges that push towards developing effective strategies that follow a comprehensive approach to enhance migration governance based on achieving maximum benefit from the phenomenon of labor migration. The increasing impact of migration on the world of work tests migration management systems, which has created contradictory reactions and concerns related to security, cultural disparities and integration in migration that contradict the potential mutual benefits for ountries of origin and destination and migrants themselves and their repercussions on development lead to a global problem, which imposes the creation of migration governance to control migration flows by countries, including Iraq. The adopted policies have not been completely effective, not to mention the increase in the number of undocumented foreign workers. Ironically, control over migrant workers in Iraq has been lost despite the fact that they are important and essential to the structure of the national economy. The diverse and complex patterns and trends of migrant labor migration to Iraq The importance of adopting a comprehensive and robust framework and a comprehensive approach to achieving effective migration governance in Iraq is highlighted.
Keywords;- Migrant workers, migration governance, government policies, workers’ rights, regulatory frameworks

The process of bringing in foreign labor from abroad is a new and alien case to the Iraqi society, especially after the increase in income, the improvement of the standard of living for individuals, the increase in the percentage of women's participation in work, and the statement of their actual need for assistance. However, this does not mean that foreign labor before 2003 was not present in the Iraqi reality, but rather the initiative to employ it and the demand for it increased according to the circumstances of the stage and its activity; Accordingly, it is necessary to address the nature of these hands and the skills they possess, which led to an increase in their recruitment from abroad, and how they affected the level of economic construction in Iraq, which directly affected the increase in unemployment and the dispensing with the national (domestic) labor force, with the help of foreign (external) labor force according to several reasons and factors that will be mentioned in succession, with the necessity of clarifying the procedures and policies followed by the state and the concerned authorities to limit the phenomenon of the spread and increase in demand for foreign labor and to stay away from the Iraqi national labor
Keywords : Phenomenon, labor, expatriate labor, expatriate worker, unemployment, localization, Iraqization .

Abstract
Foreign labor in Baghdad is one of the phenomena that emerged as a result of the economic and social transformations that Iraq has witnessed in recent years, with the increase in development projects and the need of the local market for diverse skills and expertise. Foreign labor has become a fundamental role in supporting various sectors, such as construction, domestic and health services. Despite its contribution to strengthening the economy, the presence of foreign labor raises many questions about its impact on local job opportunities and its role in shaping the economic and social reality of the capital. Therefore, shedding light on the reality of foreign labor in Baghdad helps in understanding the dimensions of this phenomenon. The research problem lies in the increasing influx of foreign labor in Iraq, especially in Baghdad Governorate. What is the mechanism for distributing foreign labor in the research area and what is their geographical distribution? The research aims to know the numbers of foreign workers coming to the capital, Baghdad, what is the nature of their distribution and to know the type of spatial balance and whether their distribution is consistent with the needs of the commercial activity in the research area through geographic information systems technology. The research concluded that there are (26731) foreign workers, males and females, for the year 2023, distributed in different areas in Baghdad and work in the fields of construction, home services, health sector, restaurants, hotels and commercial markets, and their nationalities are diverse between South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) and East Asia (Philippines, Indonesia) and from Africa (Sudan and Ethiopia) and from the Arab countries in which the labor force in Iraq has recently emerged Syria.
Keywords: Foreign labor, geographic information systems, geographical distribution, expatriate

Abstract
The Convention on the Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families of 1990 defines the categories that fall under the concept of migrant workers, and provides protection and care through the rights enshrined in its texts.
Keywords: scope of the Convention, protection of the rights of migrant workers, members of their families.

After 2010, Iraq experienced political, social, and economic changes that directly impacted the labor market, leading to shifts in the working conditions of both local and foreign workers. This study examines the effects of these changes on employment in Iraq through a comparative analysis of foreign and local labor, focusing on economic, legal, and social dimensions. The research aims to identify the challenges faced by both groups of workers and assess the extent to which they have been affected by changes in government policies and the economic environment. Utilizing a comparative analytical approach,

Abstract-:
Foreign labor in Iraq is an important issue and receives great attention from the Iraqi government and people. Foreign labor greatly affects Iraq's national security, and its challenges affect the stability of the country. In this research, we will study foreign labor in Iraq and its impact on national security, as well as analyze the challenges and solutions that can help solve this issue. Illegal foreign labor is one of the most important issues that deeply affects various aspects of society and the economy. Illegal labor may mean the presence of individuals working in a country without obtaining the necessary legal permits and visas, without the knowledge of the government, which creates complex challenges that require effective solutions in Iraq, where the economy and society face many challenges and risks. The effects of illegal labor in the country emerge as a complex factor that increases the complexity of the economic and social scene. The importance of studying the effects of illegal labor in Iraq may lie in understanding how it affects the labor market and the economy in general, and the most important economic and social challenges appear, and their impact on national security. By analyzing these effects, we can reach a clearer vision on how to deal with this issue effectively and ensure stability and sustainable development for the country. The main features of illegal foreign labor are: illegal entry: these individuals enter the country through illegal means, such as sneaking across the border or staying in the country illegally, which in itself is against Iraqi law .

The spread of unemployment in Iraq over the past decade, as official unemployment rates have witnessed a continuous rise, reaching 14.2 percent in 2021. The lack of jobs led to popular protests, including mass anti-state demonstrations in October 2019, and this continues to cause social unrest in the country. Demographic pressures exacerbate the challenges facing the authorities, and thus the increase in the population of Iraq from 41.1 million currently to 51.2 million in 2030 according to the expectations of the Ministry of Planning in Iraq, which creates an additional scarcity of jobs. On the other hand, competition for employment increases due to the presence of foreign labor, especially after the radical transformations that occurred as a result of the change in the political system after 2003 in the country, which witnessed a change in the ruling system and the transformation of its centrally planned (totalitarian) economy into a market (free) economy that facilitated the process of recruiting foreign labor as a result of its openness to the outside world and thus its reflection on the security, economic and social aspects. The real number of foreign workers in Iraq is unclear. However, the latest statistics provided by the Parliamentary Labor and Social Affairs Committee in March showed that there are 1.5 million foreign workers in the country, including illegal workers, so it is necessary to move towards following plans and policies to regulate this phenomenon and reduce its risks.
Keywords: Foreign labor, unemployment, statistical study.

Since the establishment of the Iraqi state (1958), the Iraqi Labor Law has regulated foreign labor with laws determined according to the state philosophy , A reception that has not been without effects, especially after (2003) shift towards aglobalized new liberal given the size foreign labor and the difference in nationalities and cultures which can indicate the risk of an imbalance in the demographic composition, and the change in the societal balance of power in the event of an increase in the numbers and demands of citizenship if resettlement is granted and identity , And the threat of cultural identity through values, language and religion different from the national system, especially the presence of the category of nannies in homes and schools, which directly affects upbringing, Hence the research came to clarify the concept of foreign labor and its history, and census of the numbers of foreign labor, and the statement of social and cultural risks, then intellectual treatments.
Keywords: foreign labor, population imbalance, social security, cultural identity.

Political experience in all its aspects has thrown up that tension between freedom and necessity, between individual initiative and social determinism, and international politics seems to be surrounded by this tension to a greater degree. When we contemplate crises of war and peace, we are confronted with a storm of contradictory impressions: cases of war seem easy to control, while the causes of war appear inevitable and unavoidable. The surface of the current sparkles with what is incidental and accidental: such as the behavior of individuals, insignificant actions, and coincidences that could have been otherwise, such as the absence of a major power from its seat on the Security Council. In all cases, effective and influential thinking in international politics with all its variables and titles is thinking that is strategic by nature by necessity, meaning that it is concerned with the means as much as it is concerned with the end, as well as with the relationship between the means and the end with all that this relationship means. The major powers find themselves faced with the choice of necessity after they have often felt the lack of discipline in their management of international events and their intersection with their long-term commitments.
Keywords: power, threat, response, security, thought.

Effective government policies are an essential tool for organizing various sectors of the state, especially the economic sector, which depends on the exchange of expertise and skills possessed by foreign workers. Iraq is one of the countries that has relied on the presence of foreign workers in order to achieve comprehensive and sustainable development and advance the Iraqi economic reality, especially after the change of the political system in Iraq in 2003 and allowing the presence of foreign investment companies that required the presence of skilled foreign workers. Hence, the problem of the increasing numbers and risks of foreign workers emerged, which prompted the Iraqi government to enact Labor Law No. (37) in 2015 to regulate the recruitment of foreign workers and to limit their negative effects on the state, society, the national economy and the labor market, especially since Iraq faced major challenges after this period, including the decline in oil prices, increasing unemployment, and the security crisis resulting from the war against the "terrorist" ISIS organization. Government policies to regulate foreign workers are part of the economic reforms of the decision-maker in the Iraqi government with the aim of achieving economic and social stability, enhancing national development, improving the Iraqi labor market and reducing unemployment. However, the focus on developing local workers and benefiting from the expertise of foreign workers coming to Iraq remains the main factor to ensure the success of government policies in this aspect. Economic.
• Keywords: (government policies, foreign labor, Iraqi market)

Migrant workers constitute an important part of the labor force in both Iraq and Lebanon, contributing significantly to the local economy. However, this group faces legal and social challenges that require a clear legal framework that guarantees their rights and protects them from exploitation and abuse. This comparative analysis aims to examine the legal frameworks governing migrant workers in both countries, focusing on legal protection, fundamental rights, and obligations of the state and employers. Improving and activating the legal frameworks in Iraq and Lebanon is essential to protect migrant workers and guarantee their rights. This requires cooperation between government agencies, human rights organizations, and employers to provide a fair and humane work environment for all

The research deals with the effects of expatriate labor on the economy and explains the relationship between immigration and the economy in the receiving countries and the importance of labor in driving the wheel of economic development.
And its impact on economic security is an essential element in strengthening the economy if expatriate labor contributes to providing the necessary labor force in various sectors, such as construction, services, and agriculture. And its impact on increasing productivity and the flow of foreign investment.
It also deals with the social effects of expatriate labor, represented by the impact on the cultural and social identity of the host society. And in the diversity of society, and the challenges associated with that such as cultural integration and social and political tensions and their impact on local policies such as education, health care, and housing.
In addition, it deals with immigration policies in the receiving countries, including: developing policies to keep pace with immigration flows and how do countries deal with immigration through flexible or strict legislation? Are these policies driven by economic or social goals? And the challenges facing countries in formulating effective policies that achieve a balance between the needs of the economy and the protection of society.
And how can receiving countries develop immigration policies to ensure that the local economy benefits from expatriate labor, while maintaining social cohesion? And possible solutions to reduce social tensions resulting from expatriate labor.
Keywords: Migrant workers, migration, economic security, social security

The issue of employing foreign workers is of great importance at the present time due to the increasing need for qualified and efficient foreign labor to fill the gap in national expertise on the one hand and due to their low wages and their willingness and ability to work long hours and in conditions that are almost more difficult than the working conditions for local workers on the other hand. The issue of employing foreign workers has received greater attention at all international, regional and local levels, and Iraq is considered one of the countries in which this has emerged This is the phenomenon of bringing in and employing foreign workers at the beginning of the first half of the seventies of the last century due to the rise in oil prices and the achievement of huge financial returns that led to a qualitative leap in all areas of life in Iraq, especially the economic aspect,The increase in the unemployment rate for many reasons, including population growth, the increase in the number of graduates with university degrees, their desire for government appointment and their reluctance to work in the private sector, has led to the expansion of this phenomenon, which in turn has had a direct and indirect impact on the Iraqi national workforce, and the accompanying economic, social and security repercussions, which necessitated the Iraqi legislator to intervene for the purpose of regulating the provisions of foreign workers’ employment in Iraq in order to achieve a balance in benefit. From foreign expertise in all sectors on the one hand and protecting the national workforce from the risk of competition on the other hand, and based on this importance, the Iraqi legislator has allocated special provisions for the employment of foreign workers in Iraq in the current Labor Law No. 37 of 2015.
In this study, we have adopted the analytical method in presenting the scientific material to analyze the relevant legal texts contained in the current Iraqi Labor Law, and the inductive method to extrapolate the practical reality and the topics it contains of importance for developing the topic of employing foreign workers in Iraq. For the purpose of understanding the subject of the legal organization of the work of foreign workers in Iraq, we have addressed it in two sections: The first is the concept of the foreign worker and the conditions for his employment in Iraq and the obligations of the foreign worker and the employer. The second section is the rights of the foreign worker working in Iraq and the penalty for the violation and the effects resulting from the employment of foreign labor.

The issue of foreign labor is one of the very important topics within the framework of international political and economic relations, it constitutes about(2%) of the volume of international economic relations, due to its great role in meeting the needs of developing countries for labor, however, countries, especially developing ones, face a set of negative repercussions as a result of the process of transferring foreign labor, including Iraq, as the radical transformations that occurred as a result of the change of the political system after 2003, which witnessed the transformation of the Iraqi economy from a totalitarian economy to a market economy, have facilitated the process of attracting foreign labor as a result of Iraq's openness to the outside world is after Long years of isolation, in line with the trends of globalization and the World Trade Organization, calling for facilitating the free movement of Labor across borders without any obstacles, which has led to the opening of a wide field for the movement of foreign labor.
Key words: Foreign Employment, developing countries, Iraq,

No country in our world today can practice its activities in complete isolation from other countries. The issue of international integration has become an inevitable issue, especially in the field of economic activity and more precisely in the context of foreign labor, given that this issue has multiple dimensions: economic, social, political, and security, and the most serious of which is the legal dimension, if there is a defect in the legal organization, as this will result in a phenomenon of great danger, which is the phenomenon of illegal recruitment of foreign labor, which requires confronting it with all legal means to limit its exacerbation. One of the most important of these means is the role of the criminal legal expert, which requires research in the field of the criminal legislator to identify what effective tools he possesses and what he lacks in this context.
Key Words:Illegal recruitment , Foreign labor , Employer ,Foreign 's residence.

If the basic connotations of the concept of (labor) have not crystallized in a complete manner except in some references here and there as highlighted by contemporary societies. The transformation in the concept and the beginnings of its development are linked to many organizations of diverse religious, cultural, social and civilizational values. This has made this concept controversial and with complex intellectual and ideological proportions.
On the other hand, the phenomenon of (foreign labor) constitutes a vital field for research and study, not only for the novelty of the subject but also because it is one of the challenges facing the individual and society, after it moves within the details of society and among its multiple circles until it is positively reflected on the same social fabric. Labor is a concept that may have begun new to the cultural dictionary. However, this does not mean that the field of cultural studies has not paid attention to it as a new phenomenon with interest, but so far we do not have any attempt to frame this phenomenon and study its dimensions or monitor its negative and some positive effects on the structure of society. Because we do not have any specialized service in this field.
While the advanced society makes clear efforts in specialized field research, conducting periodic surveys of the levels and patterns of the phenomenon, and developing alternatives capable of mitigating its effects. On this basis, in-depth treatment of the concept of (labor) requires awareness of it, its roots, and its intellectual backgrounds. Labor has been limited from being represented by the relationship between the individual and the state as determined by the law of this or that state and what this relationship includes in terms of specific legal and social levels, and it has emerged as huge population groups with their numerical and multi-dimensional numbers that may one day form societies that are not linked to the existing political, social and cultural environment as much as they are linked to their original societies. These are groups that are distinguished in their customs, traditions, languages, and culture from independent societies. They have also become, in some of their economic activities and investments and in their monetary transfers, closely linked to their original societies. These societies have become influential in the social environment in which they operate because they have begun to hold on to important positions in the existing development patterns in society. At a time when the members of the original community suffer from unemployment that has reached high levels.
Hence. Just as labor needs someone to preserve its continuity and social roots from legal structures and mechanisms that regulate its existence. It remains in the same degree in need, perhaps more dangerously and urgently, of institutions and organizations that carry conscious visions, strategies and mechanisms within a social, political and economic framework that helps reduce dependence on it as a deep and comprehensive phenomenon. Within an organized and regulated methodology for its general structure.
Keywords: Labor, Iraq, social and cultural effects

Foreign labor is a vital element in the global economy. On the one hand, it contributes to bridging the gap in some sectors, providing new expertise, transferring technology and knowledge, enhancing productivity, and meeting the needs of the labor market, which drives economic development forward. On the other hand, this issue raises concerns about its impact on the local labor market and its social repercussions. This has prompted countries to adopt many policies to regulate the employment and recruitment of foreign labor, the most important of which is the financial policy, which imposes many financial obligations on the employer when hiring foreign workers. Despite the importance of these policies, exaggerating their imposition results in many negative aspects that go beyond the financial aspect to reach various economic, social and legal aspects. This has shown the need to identify the most prominent of these aspects and put them on the study and analysis table in order to reach solutions that contribute to improving policies related to the employment and recruitment of foreign labor in Iraq .

The phenomenon of foreign labor is an economic and social phenomenon prevalent in many countries, as it is an option that employers resort to to meet their needs for labor. However, the increased reliance on labor has raised several issues, the most prominent of which is its impact on unemployment rates among young people. Foreign labor contributes significantly to increasing unemployment rates among young people in Iraq, and experts indicate that the majority of these workers work illegally, which reduces the job opportunities available to young Iraqis. The Iraqi government has begun to realize the seriousness of this situation and is working to regulate the labor market to reduce reliance on foreign labor, especially in light of the presence of more than one million foreign workers in the country. Young people are the group most affected by this phenomenon, as they face increasing difficulty in entering the labor market due to the fierce competition with foreign labor, which usually accepts to work for lower wages on the one hand and less strict working conditions on the other hand. In addition, the weakness of skills and qualifications among some young people increases the gap between them and those brought in, which leads to the exacerbation of unemployment problems and the decline in economic participation rates for this important group in society.
Keywords: Foreign labor, unemployment, youth, national economy, government policies.

Our study is based on the search for proposing and activating legal means and methods to reduce and limit the recruitment of foreign workers in Iraq, considering the issue of foreign workers in its entirety. This is an essential part in conjunction with global developments at various levels and fields, and the necessity for Iraq to keep pace with this development by making use of these material and human expertise. However, the presence of large numbers of workers in excess of the actual need, in a spontaneous and random manner, indicates the occurrence of security, social and economic breaches that may lead to many future problems that must be avoided at the present time by establishing legal frameworks that regulate the presence of foreign workers inside Iraq.

Abstract
This study examines the political and social dimensions of foreign labor in Iraq and its impact on the national workforce. It highlights the effects of foreign labor on the labor market, such as reducing opportunities for local workers and increasing economic and social pressures. The study also explores the weakness of policies and legislation regulating this issue and its resulting challenges, which affect social cohesion and economic balance. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the research provides a comprehensive analysis of the reality of foreign labor, along with recommendations aimed at achieving a balance between meeting the local market’s needs and protecting the rights of national workers. The study seeks to offer practical solutions that enhance the role of government policies and civil society in addressing this issue.
Keywords:( Foreign Labor, National Workforce, Labor Market Policies, Social Impacts, Iraqi Legislation).

After 2003, Iraq experienced significant economic changes, leading to an influx of foreign labor, especially from Asian countries, This was driven by the expansion of investment projects and rapid economic development, as employers found foreign workers more willing to work long hours for lower wages compared to local workers ,Foreign labor is mainly concentrated in sectors such as construction, cleaning, restaurants, and hotels, helping to fill workforce shortages in certain industries. However, this phenomenon has negatively impacted employment opportunities for Iraqis, increasing unemployment rates, particularly in the private sector, Additionally, the presence of large numbers of unregistered foreign workers has created challenges in labor market regulation, along with social and economic consequences such as job insecurity and rising crime rates ,To achieve sustainable development, Iraq needs to implement clear policies to regulate foreign labor, create fair job opportunities for its citizens, and strengthen the role of the private sector in absorbing the local workforce.
The keywords : Iraq, foreign labor, sustainable development, unemployment, and incoming labor

Abstract:
Iraq has witnessed the recruitment of foreign labor throughout history for various economic and developmental reasons. Foreign workers have played a significant role in strengthening key sectors such as oil, construction, agriculture, and services. The roots of this phenomenon date back to different historical periods, driven by the need for specialized expertise, cheap labor, and filling gaps in the local labor market.
The presence of foreign labor has significantly impacted Iraqi society and economy. While it contributed to infrastructure development and economic growth, it also raised challenges related to employment opportunities, social stability, and pressure on public services. Additionally, it has influenced the cultural fabric of Iraqi society due to continuous interaction between foreign workers and local populations.
On the other hand, Iraqi governments have attempted to regulate foreign labor recruitment through policies aimed at balancing its benefits with protecting job opportunities for citizens. However, the success of these policies has varied over the decades. The debate continues regarding the effects of foreign labor and the need to develop sustainable policies that serve both economic and social interests in the country.
Keywords: Foreign labor, Iraqi economy, development, employment

ABSTRACT:
Foreign workers have an impact on the course of international relations and Iraq has a role in this path, and that no relations between countries and their economy can dispense with foreign labor, especially those that have a global one, as attracting successful labor from foreigners with strong professions, as well as gaining this type of labor and empowering it is necessary to enhance income at the levels of relations between countries and the local level, and the legal frameworks under which Iraq operates have been developed for protection. The right of workers and the right of the state, with Iraqi gains from their employment, as well as challenges and general treatment.
Keywords: Iraq : Foreign workers: Laws: Economic threats..

Abstract
Expatriate workers have become a phenomenon accompanying the state of development that Iraqi society is going through and a focus of attention A number of concerned parties, including the Iraqi worker specifically due to the increase in the number of workers
Foreigners coming to Iraq and their acquisition of some of the available job opportunities, especially after The radical transformations that occurred as a result of changing the political system after 2003 In the country that witnessed
A change in the system of government and the transformation of its centrally planned (totalitarian) economy into a (free) market economy, which facilitated the process of bringing in foreign workers as a result of its openness to the outside world, which it considers a part
From the international system and in line with the trends of globalization and the World Trade Organization calling for facilitation Free movement of labor across borders without any obstacles, which opened up a wide scope For expatriate labor to meet development requirements and cover the deficit in human resources, given Due to the steady increase in the presence of expatriate workers in Iraq in general and its repercussions on security aspects
Economic and social, therefore it is necessary to adopt plans and policies to regulate this phenomenon And reduce its risks.
Key word: Politics, government, foreign labour, Iraq .

Abstract
There are many studies that address foreign labor and its effects, whether it is beneficial or harmful to an economy, but before blaming foreign labor, we must look at foreign workers and remember that they are individuals, and consider the reasons that forced all of these people to leave their homelands and head to work outside their countries. Of course, one of these reasons may be poverty, and poverty, unfortunately, may be increasing, according to a report by the World Bank, an additional 68 to 135 million people may be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to climate change. This is what this research addresses, as the catastrophic effects of climate change have become clear, from increased drought and desertification in some places to increased flooding in others. We must also shed light on what these factors and other effects of climate change lead to in increasing poverty, inequality and hunger, and its effect (i.e. climate change) in turn on pushing individuals to search for job opportunities outside their countries.
Key words: Foreign workers, climate change, increasing poverty.

Abstract
Foreign labor in Iraq faces several significant challenges that have a noticeable impact on the economic and social systems. One of the key issues is the weak legal and administrative framework governing foreign workers, which often results in their exploitation in unsafe working environments with unfair wages. Additionally, limited government oversight in employment sectors has led to problems such as human trafficking and the exploitation of irregular foreign labor.
Economically, the influx of foreign labor creates pressures on Iraq’s labor market. The growing reliance on foreign workers reduces job opportunities for Iraqi citizens, especially in low- and middle-income sectors. This situation contributes to rising unemployment rates, particularly among young job seekers, causing frustration and social discontent.

Abstract
The criminal protection of foreign workers is one of the important reflections of measuring the extent of development in national legislation, in terms of providing a suitable and safe work environment and legal guarantees for foreign labor, which emerged due to scientific and economic progress globally. Foreign workers serve two primary purposes: the first is to enhance growth in the host countries, and the second is to contribute to the development of their home countries. It is well-known that the exchange of foreign workers in some countries has significant political implications in terms of strengthening relationships between the countries involved, which highlights the role of labor migration globally.
All the reasons mentioned above led to the creation of a new reality, which is the international exchange of foreign labor. As a result of this influx, a large number of foreign workers entered countries, particularly Iraq after 2003, which led to the commission of some serious crimes by employers against foreign workers in Iraq. Consequently, the Iraqi legislator attempted to enact as many legal provisions as possible to provide criminal protection for foreign workers in Iraq.
Therefore, we decided to write this research paper titled "Criminal Protection of Foreign Workers in Iraq" to examine the concept of foreign labor, to clarify the legal position of foreign workers, and to identify the rules and procedures established by international and national laws. This will be done by highlighting the international treaties and agreements that address the criminal protection of foreign workers, as well as examining the Iraqi national law's stance on this matter, through an analysis of the laws that cover this aspect and identifying any legislative gaps.

Abstract
The influx of foreign workers has contributed to the exacerbation of the unemployment problem in Iraq, which receives hundreds of them annually, in light of the graduation of thousands of students from Iraqi universities and their departure to the labor market, in conjunction with the lack of activation of the role of the private sector due to political tensions and economic and security conditions that have greatly affected its activation and attraction of investors. Despite this, the influx of foreign workers continued, who found in Iraq valuable opportunities, especially in the services sector, which constituted a security and economic burden by increasing the percentage of financial transfers to their countries.
Key Words: (foreign labor, Unemployment, Competition in the job market).