Dijlah Journal

The research aims to build a model for the level of effectiveness of electronic marketing and its reflection on building and developing competitiveness. Using the necessary tools for this, the most important of which are electronic technologies and the World Wide Web, especially the Internet and relevant effective means of communication, which depend largely on the foundations of the marketing mix in proper promotion and reducing costs, which is certainly reflected in reducing the prices of products and services provided to customers. For this purpose, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted through a rigorous questionnaire, where a questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 18, individuals from the medical, administrative and nursing staff, distributed over hospitals in the private sector. The study reached important conclusions, the most prominent of which is that the hospitals studied do not use or care about electronic marketing promotion sufficiently to meet the purpose, and it hadtangible negative impact on the faltering performanceKeywords: Electronic marketing – competitiveness. Information technology.

The census is the pinnacle of what countries seek, a necessity for their development, and an aspect of the civilizational aspects they seek, especially since it is one of the most important sources of statistical information that they rely on to build their renaissance, set development plans for all their sectors, plan for their future and sustainable development, and activate their goals, which have become the only challenge among the basic challenges facing human life, and they are, in their entirety, the goals that a person needs to enjoy a good quality of life, and in a state of satisfaction, contentment, and well-being.
In light of this, the research aims to follow the technical construction process of censuses, preparation, objectives, and determinants, while following the path of the population census in Iraq and its development.

The relations between Russia and China have witnessed remarkable development in recent years, especially in light of the ongoing events in Ukraine. This strategic alliance, which is growing stronger by the day, has historical roots and deep geopolitical and economic dimensions. Russia and China share many common interests, including challenging US hegemony, strengthening their regional influence, and defending their economic interests. Both countries are also concerned about NATO expansion and Western interference in their internal affairs, which has pushed them closer. Economic cooperation between the two countries has greatly strengthened, with Russia and China becoming major trading partners and seeking to deepen their economic integration.

The research aims to identify the role of digital transformation in providing educational services and developing digital culture among private school students, and the obstacles to this from the perspective of private school students in the Ministry of Education in Baghdad. The research used a case study approach limited to third-year students at the Golden Pens Private Schools. To answer the research questions, a questionnaire was prepared consisting of two axes. The first axis included the students\' personal data and consisted of (5) paragraphs. The second axis aimed to evaluate the electronic application used by the Golden Pens Private Schools from the students\' perspective and consisted of (23) paragraphs. The research results revealed that electronic applications play an important role in providing educational services and enhancing digital culture among private school students. Students\' assessments indicated that these applications contribute significantly to improving their academic level. However, some obstacles were found that prevent the full development of digital culture among private school students. Accordingly, the study recommended the need to develop students\' capabilities in using educational platforms and update electronic applications to meet students\' academic requirements.

The research seeks to clarify the role of ethical leadership of the organization in organizational excellence, and consists of two variables (the independent one represented by ethical leadership as one-dimensional, and the dependent one represented by organizational excellence and consists of three dimensions), and its importance lies in the fact that it includes one of the most important topics in the field of contemporary organizational management in general and in the field of strategic management in particular, and the analytical descriptive approach was adopted, which is based on clarifying the research variables descriptively and analyzing them, and the research community was represented by the Orbit Al-Mashreq Company for the durability and safety of vehicles, and the researcher followed the comprehensive inventory method, as the random sample reached 31 individuals, and a questionnaire consisting of 25 paragraphs was distributed to them, and it was analyzed using the program (SPSS, 26). The most important conclusions were that ethical leadership plays a decisive role in achieving organizational excellence, through the leadership adopting the ethical aspects and standards in daily directives, to build strong confidence for human resources that enables them to shine with their services and knowledge.

The study aims to examine the role of digital media in combating electronic blackmail through awareness, education, and support for victims. It relies on a survey methodology and a questionnaire tool to collect data from a random or stratified sample of 100 participants. The research addresses three key questions related to raising awareness, the tools employed, and enhancing collaboration between digital media and legal entities.The findings reveal that digital media plays a significant role in spreading awareness about the risks of electronic blackmail, with most respondents affirming its effectiveness in influencing individuals\\' behavior toward protecting their personal information. However, the results also indicate a disparity in how digital media impacts different age groups, suggesting the need for strategies tailored to various demographics. Regarding tools, social media platforms are identified as the most effective in raising awareness, along with short explanatory videos that amplify the message\\'s impact. Participants also highlighted the positive performance of interactive applications and dedicated websites, emphasizing their importance as specialized tools for addressing blackmail issues. In terms of enhancing the partnership between digital media and legal entities, the results show that collaboration significantly boosts victims\\' confidence in reporting incidents and reduces the prevalence of electronic blackmail. Joint campaigns play a critical role in raising societal awareness and fostering a culture of reporting and legal support.

The Umayyad state played a prominent role in Islamic history, as it contributed to the spread of Islam in many countries, The Umayyad caliphs played a major role in the expansion of the Islamic state, and as a result, the caliph’s tasks increased, so the Umayyad caliph needed someone to sit with him, consult him, and help him in managing the state. If the companion emerged as an advisor to the caliph in the political, religious, and cultural aspects, the work of the companion gradually developed until the Umayyad caliphs began to seek the help of companions in solving all the problems they faced.
The companion is a common person or he may be a person of high status among his tribe or clan or a scholar or even a clan sheikh. There are qualities that the companion must possess in order to be close and beloved by the caliphs, and among these qualities is that he be (honest, intelligent, intimate, discreet and a good companion).

The current research entitled (The Semantic utilization of the commercial Graphic brand in the Contemporary Art) studies the subject of the graphic brand (logo) as a visual discourse that depends on the ability to express and transfer information and ideas, in addition to being a visual medium that contributes to conveying messages and contents. This came through a cognitive framework that was achieved through four chapters, the first of which contained three axes: First (the research problem), which was revealed through the question of how to transform the commercial graphic brand, which is usually associated with the commercial and marketing aspect, into an artistic element that carries meanings and concepts that express the visions and ideas of contemporary artists? Second (the importance of the research and the need for it), which was revealed through the uniqueness and specificity of the topic and its intellectual value. Third (the limits of the research), which concern the objective and temporal dimensions, in addition to the spatial ones within which the research operates. Fourth (defining the terms), which included defining and identifying the most prominent terms used in the text of the research, a linguistic and technical definition, especially procedural, while the second chapter included Two chapters specialized in studying and explaining the concept of the graphic brand and the extent of its work in the spaces of the visual text (plastic arts), while the third chapter (research procedures) was concerned with explaining the research community and the research sample, in addition to the method used and the research tool, and then analyzing the sample models until reaching the fourth chapter, in which the results and conclusions were reached, including: Contemporary artwork, demonstrated its ability to dismantle the symbolic power of the trademark and transform it from a symbol of dominance into a critical tool, through sarcastic utilization at times and purposeful documentation to condemn consumerism at other times, and to liberate it from its marketing world towards its artistic world with multiple meanings and interpretations

Theater is one of the arts that dealt with history, and the transfer of historical truth and definition to the recipient, as well as the detection of past events, and the discovery of honesty in them, a large number of authors have used history to write their theatrical texts and the problems and challenges experienced by their societies and present it on the stage to communicate the idea and the truth that the author seeks to deliver to the recipient and introduce him to the past and important historical events that occurred, so this study came to find out what are the historical aspects and the extent of their effectiveness in the play of the revolution Zinj for Moin Bseiso..

The researcher deals with the secondary character because of its importance at the level of dramatic construction and development of events. This is what the researcher indicated when watching a large number of films and drama series، in addition to the researcher\\'s experience in television drama work. He defined the research topic with the following title: The functional structure of the secondary character in television drama.
The research was based on a theoretical foundation that came as follows: Chapter One (Methodological Framework) included the research problem، which was in the following question: What is the functional structure of the secondary character in television drama? Then the researcher wrote down the importance of the research، its objectives and limits، and finally defined the terms.
Chapter Two (Theoretical Framework and Previous Studies) was divided into two sections as follows: Section One: The dramatic character.. Essence and types: The researcher dealt with the essence of the dramatic character and the types that can be adopted in television drama، including the secondary character that can appear in more than one type.
The second section: Character and event in television drama: In this section، the relationship of the secondary character to dramatic events was studied and what it can affect on the dramatic structure in general through transformation or recognition within the structure of the dramatic plot. Then the research came out with a set of indicators for the theoretical framework. Which it adopted as tools for analyzing the sample.
The third chapter included the research methodology، research tools and sample analysis، which was the Iraqi series Virus directed by Jamal Abdul Jassim.
The fourth chapter (results and conclusions) After analyzing the sample، the researcher reached a number of results، including:
1.The secondary character has a number of structural and dramatic functions، such as performing actions that help or hinder the hero\\'s movement، and that the significance of the character\\'s existence and strength reflects the strength and influence of the hero\\'s personality. As appeared in the analysis of the research sample.
Then the conclusions and a list of the most important sources and references relied upon by the researcher were recorded.

Proactive control of public budgets is an essential tool to ensure a balance between the requirements of financial sustainability and the legal obligations of countries. This control aims to analyze and evaluate the draft budget before it is officially approved, to ensure its compliance with financial and constitutional laws, and to achieve spending efficiency and resource sustainability. It also contributes to enhancing transparency and accountability by ensuring that financial policies are in line with long-term development goals and do not lead to negative financial consequences. The importance of this type of control is highlighted in building integrated financial models that enhance economic stability and sustainable development, making it a fundamental pillar in managing public money in a balanced and responsible manner

The research aimed to identify discretionary power as a tool that enables the judge to act wisely and fairly in evaluating evidence in a way that achieves the interests of the parties and preserves their rights, as well as to shed light on the challenges facing the judge and litigants during the proof stage, such as the difficulty of collecting evidence or the parties deliberately providing misleading evidence, and also to show the efforts of the Iraqi legislator in establishing legal rules that regulate the proof process and define the roles of the parties and the judge to ensure justice and reveal the truth. The research concluded that the official document has a higher authority than the ordinary document, provided that its conditions are met. As for the ordinary document, it is an authority if it is signed by the person who issued it, and the Iraqi judiciary has settled on preferring the ordinary document over the testimony. The judge also has discretionary power to direct the supplementary oath in the absence of complete evidence or prevent the direction of the decisive oath if the opponent is arbitrary. The judge has multiple tools to uncover the truth, including the authority to ask questions to witnesses, supervise experts, and activate the inspection procedure, which ensures the convergence of judicial and factual truth, which enhances justice. The research recommended the need to improve the rules of evidence and expand their scope to facilitate the judge’s task in resolving disputes, including benefiting from modern electronic evidence and means of scientific progress, as well as giving the judge more space to play a positive role in searching for the truth, including facilitating the use of innovative and effective means of investigation in the case.

The civil laws classify named contracts into several classifications, each combining a number of contracts that share certain general advantages, which can be specific to the form of the contract at certain times, or specific to the effects of the contract at other times, or related to its nature concerning third parties. This leads to the inclusion of a contract in more than one classification within these categories, and the laws differ in how they classify a contract within these classifications. The loan contract falls within the Iraqi Civil Code in all three cases of classification. The classification of donation contracts based on their origin is acknowledged, whereas the French Civil Code does not place the loan contract within this classification. This distinction is reflected in the nature of the guarantee obligation in each of the two laws. Through this study, we will attempt to compare the images of the guarantee obligation in Iraqi and French civil law and examine to what extent the provisions regarding guarantees in the French Civil Code and Islamic jurisprudence are influenced by the loan guarantee in the Iraqi Civil Code.

The study deals with the legal responsibility of regulatory institutions when they fail to perform their assigned tasks, and the impact of this on individual and collective rights and the public interest. The paper aims to analyze the legal frameworks that govern the work of regulatory institutions, while identifying the mechanisms that oblige these institutions to achieve the required performance standards, and determining the consequences of failure or negligence.
The research deals with the relevant legal rules and legislative systems, and reviews the most prominent legal principles such as the principle of legitimacy, transparency and accountability. It also discusses the difference between administrative, civil and criminal liability that may result from the negligence of regulatory institutions, with reference to international experiences and real-life examples.
A comparative analytical methodology was employed to examine the effectiveness of local and international laws in addressing the challenges of regulatory failure, and proposals were made to enhance this effectiveness through legislative reforms and additional regulatory mechanisms.
The research concluded that it is necessary to develop the legal framework of regulatory institutions and increase the level of transparency and mutual control between different parties to ensure the achievement of justice and the protection of the public interest.
Keywords: Legal responsibility, regulatory institutions, failure, transparency, accountability, legal framework.

The aim of the research is to outline the Iraqi political system after 2003. The descriptive-analytical approach was used, and the research was divided into two sections. The first section discusses the Iraqi political system and political quota, covering the political system and the concept of political sectarianism. The second section focuses on the features of the current Iraqi political system, discussing the political institutions, the electoral system in Iraq, and concluding with the key findings, which include:
1.The establishment of governance in Iraq was based on sectarian quotas and political consensus, starting with the formation of the Interim Governing Council.
2.Sectarianism played a significant role in Iraq\\'s political instability, contributing to the emergence of social sectarianism and leading to a sharp vertical division of Iraqi society, splitting it into ethnic and sectarian components.
3.The relationship between political quotas and corruption is directly proportional, as increased corruption leads to a wider spread of political sectarianism.
4.The Iraqi constitution aims to set the framework for political relations and the political system to ensure justice, rights, and the fundamental freedoms of citizens.

The law always seeks to implement the objectives for which it was enacted, the most important of which is to provide protection for the interests of individuals in society, and with the development of the trade sector in all parts of the world, and the development of the relationship between merchants and individuals in society, and the development of transactions between two parties, and according to what is known in the trade sector that most transactions between merchants or between the merchant and individuals are a debt relationship, as merchants often buy goods on credit, so their financial liability is always occupied by others, and as a result of some merchants not paying their debts, jurisprudence and legal judiciary moved to invent a legal system that seeks to protect the contracting parties with merchants, which is known as the bankruptcy system, as the bankruptcy system is considered one of the most important systems in commercial law that governs commercial businesses and merchants\\' transactions with others, as we will learn more about this system in terms of definition and explaining the procedures for applying it to merchants and cases of its termination in the research.

The political culture in Iraq after 2003 is a complex framework influenced by several factors, most notably sectarian divisions and the legacy of entrencd violence, as well as widespread institutional corruption, which made it a fundamental obstacle to building an effective and stable political system. Despite the serious reform attempts adopted by the political system, the treatment of this culture remains subject to the achievement of basic conditions, foremost of which is the promotion of inclusive citizenship values, the fight against corruption comprehensively, and building bridges of trust between social components, as an indispensable input to any real democratic transformation. The prevailing political culture, without a radical break with its inherited terms of reference, makes reforms mere formalities incapable of ensuring stability. This culture was reflected in the mechanisms of political action, where a fragile electoral model emerged, which-despite being conducted periodically-remained separate from the representation of the real Popular Will, due to low civic participation, declining citizen confidence in political institutions, and the weak influence of civil society organizations in decision-making. The culture of dependence on regional powers (such as Iran, Turkey, and the United States) has also reinforced the erosion of national sovereignty, turning Iraq into an arena for proxy conflicts. This reality has led to the deterioration of the functioning of the political system, the recurrence of government crises, its inability to provide services or enforce the law, while sectarian rhetoric has worsened, and popular protests demanding the overthrow of the entire regime have escalated.

China is one of the most prominent emerging powers in the international system، and has become the focus of global attention thanks to its rapid economic growth and increasing influence in the political، technological and military fields. In recent decades، China has been able to transform from a developing country into the second largest global economy، surpassing many traditional powers and challenging the United States on the economic and technological levels. This rapid rise has aroused the interest of researchers and decision-makers about the components of power that China possesses، and the factors that may weaken the sustainability of this rise. This study aims to review and analyze the components of strength and weaknesses of China، to understand the extent of its ability to become a sustainable superpower in the new international system.

The Iraqi Transitional Administrative Law of 2004 stipulated the necessity of establishing an independent body specializing in corruption cases. One year later, the permanent Iraqi constitution of 2005 was issued, giving importance to independent bodies, including the Integrity Commission. Since the United Nations Convention against Corruption of 2003 imposed an obligation on states to align their legislation with this convention, the Iraqi legislator enacted the Integrity Commission Law No. 30 of 2011 in line with the convention. Pursuant to this law, the Integrity Commission was formed in Iraq, and it consists of a number of important departments, such as the Legal Department and the Investigations Department, in addition to several newly established departments, such as the Recovery Department and the Research and Studies Department. The functions of this commission are summarized in several functions, including preventive functions, such as spreading the culture of integrity and transparency in society and proposing draft laws, and others represented by the function of law enforcement, pursuing the corrupt, and conducting investigations into corruption cases by receiving a complaint or information about it. It is headed by a president and two deputies, and it has complete independence in performing its work..

Resisting injustice is an inevitable global outcome due to its negative consequences on societies in all its forms and manifestations. The Al-Aqsa Flood operation is just the tip of the iceberg of suffering from the Israeli injustice inflicted on the Palestinian people, which has lasted for more than 75 years without any let-up or solutions to the crisis. It was natural to rise up against the injustice there, even if it was with the simplest capabilities available to the Palestinians compared to the unlimited capabilities of the other party. However, the results indicate the failure of technological capabilities in contrast to the determination and insistence on repelling injustice and liberation.

This study sought to address morphological derivatives in Arabic morphology. The study was limited to four of the derivatives, which are: the active participle, the active participle, the modal adjective, and the exaggerated forms, because of the characteristic of these derivatives that alternate between them. The study set a limit for each of these derivatives. And a statement of their morphological weights, and how to formulate the nouns of the subject and the object, and the study showed how the semantic modification depends on the context for each of these derivatives. The subject noun is semantically modified to indicate the active participle or the suspicious adjective, or exaggeration, and the suspicious adjective may indicate the active participle, or the noun. The object, exaggeration, and forms of exaggeration may indicate the active participle, active participle, or similar adjective.

This study aimed to explore the opinions of university students about the justice of the world and their anxiety about the future. The research sample consisted of 120 male and female students, where the researcher relied on the descriptive approach to achieve the objectives of the study. The researcher used the (Salmouni, 2019) scale after verifying the validity and reliability of the tool by presenting it to a group of experts. The discriminatory power and reliability of the tool were also calculated using the retest method. The data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program, in addition to using a set of other statistical methods. The results of the research showed the presence of statistically significant differences in the arithmetic mean, indicating the presence of belief in the justice of the world and anxiety about the future among university students. The results also revealed the presence of statistically significant differences related to the gender variable, as the differences were in favor of males.

The research aimed to analyze the bank deposit insurance system in Iraq and evaluate its effectiveness in a sample of Iraqi banks affiliated with the Bank Deposit Insurance Corporation. The research adopted a descriptive analytical approach by developing a questionnaire distributed to 150 managers and officials in 15 Iraqi banks, with 132 valid questionnaires returned for analysis. The results indicate that the bank deposit insurance system contributes significantly to enhancing citizens\\' confidence in the banking system, reflecting the importance of this system as a tool for strengthening the financial safety net. The research also demonstrated that the system\\'s effectiveness contributes to deposit stability and attracting savings, providing a solid foundation for national economic growth. Furthermore, it was found that the challenges facing the deposit insurance system significantly impact the development and effectiveness of the banking system, requiring special attention from relevant authorities.
Based on these findings, a set of recommendations were developed to strengthen the deposit insurance system in Iraq, including improving policies and procedures, increasing public awareness of the system\\'s benefits, and developing periodic evaluation mechanisms to ensure the system\\'s continued effectiveness. Implementing these recommendations could contribute to improving confidence in the banking system and enhancing its stability.

The research aims to build a teaching units for productive thinking skills according to the theory of cognitive art education for fith – grade students
For Fine Arts Institutes. The researcher used experimental approach of the partial control for one and post-test .The community and sample of the research is. group for fifth-grade student for 2023-2024 school year. There are no statically significant differences and develop a set of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to monitor the reality of the use of modern technology in teaching Qur’anic sciences at the University of Baghdad in terms of the extent of use, the positives and negatives of technology in teaching, and the obstacles to its application from the point of view of teachers, and to identify the differences between the sample’s responses on the reality of modern technology according to the variables (specialization, academic qualification, and following training courses). The research adopts the descriptive approach, which “aims to collect accurate scientific descriptions of the phenomenon under study in its current state and to study the relationships that exist between different phenomena. This questionnaire was designed to measure the reality of the use of modern technology in education, especially Qur’anic sciences, to ensure the suitability of the tool for application.” It was tested on a survey sample of (20) teachers at the University of Baghdad. The reliability coefficient of the tool was calculated using the Cronbach alpha method, and the total coefficient reached (0.80), which is a high reliability coefficient, which indicates the consistency of the tool and its ability to accurately measure what it was developed for. Based on the results of the research, it became clear how important the use of modern technology is at the University of Baghdad and its positive aspects in teaching Qur’anic sciences. It also became clear how prepared teachers are to apply it. Following up on the modernization of available educational techniques, innovating and producing appropriate means and techniques in terms of form and purpose for educational situations, and providing programs and lessons designed electronically according to multimedia by specialists in the Ministry to save the teacher’s time and reduce his burden

The research aims to draw the attention of officials in the Ministry of Education to the importance of adopting the use of artificial intelligence techniques in learning in general and in teaching the Arabic language course in particular, and to provide specific procedural steps for male and female Arabic language course teachers showing how to contribute to the development of personal learning supported by artificial intelligence. By activating the role of self-learning skills and the drive to receive Arabic language education, the research deals with a sample composed of female students from the first year of secondary school in (Al-Talha Middle and Secondary) School for the academic year 2023/2024, and the research will follow the quasi-experimental approach; Because it suits the nature of the research problem; It is the most a ppropriate for knowing the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable, and it will follow the design based on the equivalent groups method, with two groups with two measurements: pre and post, one experimental and the other control. One of the most important results of the research is the superiority of the female students of the experimental group in the post-test. To the diversity of methods and strategies used to develop personal learning skills, it included the brainstorming strategy, drill and practice, the learning games strategy, and cooperative learning, which was reflected in the students’ awareness of the content of the concepts and contributed to the ir recognition of some of the foundations of learning the Arabic language and their acquisition of it, Among its most important recommendations: the need for classroom teachers to use artificial intelligence applications in teaching secondary school students in order to develop personal learning skills, and for teachers to rely on modern strategies such as constructivist strategies and cooperative learning while teaching artificial intelligence applications for the secondary stage, and the need for specialists in teacher preparation, and specialists in preparing Arabic language teachers, to pay attention to teaching and training them on artificial intelligence applications.

The video games began to spread significantly among the students. Through exploratory interviews, the researcher came to different opinions about the time students spent playing these games Therefore, the current research aims to identify the impact of video games on problem solving among primary school students, In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher prepared a questionnaire for the detection of students practicing and non-practicing video games. The researcher also prepared a problem-solving skill test. The sample of the application reached was (437) primary students,( 220) for males and (217) for females. They were selected by random stratified method. After applying the research tools and statistical data analysis using statistical methods (Point-Biserial correlation coefficient, Kuder-Richardson 20 Formula, one sample T-test, Two- way analysis of variance, Scheffe test) The researcher reached the following results:
1.There is an impact of video games on problem solving skill among primary school pupils for the whole sample.
2. There are statistically significant differences in the effect of video games on solving problems skill in the sample of the research sample according to the variable number of hours of play, while there are no statistically significant differences depending on the gender variable.

The research aims to identify the effect of cognitive simplification strategy on the achievement of the subject of the history of Arab Islamic civilization among fourth-grade literary students. The researcher set a null hypothesis. It states that (there is no statistically significant difference between the average achievement scores of students in the experimental group who study the subject of the history of Arab Islamic civilization according to (the cognitive simplification strategy) and the average achievement scores of students in the control group who study the same subject according to the traditional method).
The researcher selected a sample of (68) students from the fourth-grade literary students, who were divided equally between the two research groups (experimental and control). He followed the experimental method with partial control, and prepared a multiple-choice achievement test consisting of (25) paragraphs. Using the SPSS program, the data were processed, and it was found that the experimental group outperformed the control group. The research results indicate the effectiveness of the cognitive simplification strategy in achievement, and highlight the importance of including this strategy in teaching to improve students\\' performance in the subject of the history of Arab Islamic civilization.

The research aims to analyze Iraq’s experience in practicing the policy of critical sterilization to achieve financial stability by facing the negative impact of capital flows on the national economy, as the Iraqi economy is one of the rentier economies that depend on one source of revenues, which makes it its display of changes related to currency fluctuations Foreign, the great improvement in oil prices has contributed to increasing foreign reserves in Iraq, so the Central Bank of Iraq used its monetary tools to face the negative impact of these flows, and control inflation by controlling the amount of cash bloc, through the policy of cash sterilization along the lines of many developed countries And the developing, but through tools that fit the nature of the Iraqi economy, as well as the degree of the development of its financial and banking system.
The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is the proof of the hypothesis on the effectiveness of the policy of sterilization in achieving financial stability in Iraq, as the cash sterilization index was associated with a direct relationship with the macroeconomic index, which is one of the most influential indicators in the assembly index of financial stability in Iraq, as well as the dependence of Iraq on the currency window As a major tool for cash sterilization, which leads to the depletion of foreign currency, and the most prominent research recommendations are to activate other tools for the policy of cash sterilization and reduce dependence on the currency window, reduce dependence on crude oil exports and find alternative sources by activating other economic sectors.

The research deals with the penalty of dismissal in the Federal Civil Service Law of 2019. Introduction to the research, the reason for choosing the research, its problem, the research study system, and the research structure that includes the employee, the subject of discipline, the definition of the employee in the administrative judiciary and the Iraqi administrative judiciary, and its definition in the Civil Service Law of 2019. It also deals with the duties of the employee and the prohibitions that the employee must not commit and the penalties contained in this law, focusing on the penalty of dismissal in terms of its definition and the reasons for imposing the penalty of dismissal and the parties that have the right to impose the penalty and the permissibility of returning him to service, and then how to form the investigative committees and their procedures, and finally a statement of the administrative legal guarantees for the punished employee in the Federal Civil Service Law of 2019. Among those guarantees are the grievance to the party that issued the penalty and the appeal of the dismissal decision before the Civil Service Court and finally the appeal before the Supreme Administrative Court.

Pragmatics, the field that examines how context is related to meaning, is an essential element of second language acquisition. This review covers pragmatics, which is communication language use specific, including acts of speech, implicature, politeness, and the management of conversations in effective interpersonal interactions. The research suggests the fact that pragmatic skills are the most difficult to learn, even harder than grammar, hence there is necessity for explicit instruction. The paper is in support of the implementation of pragmatic instruction in language curricula to better learners\\\\\\\\' communicative abilities.

This study addresses the problematic balance between parliamentary oversight and the independence of government agencies in the contemporary legal system. Parliamentary oversight is one of the most important tools used by parliament to ensure transparency and accountability in government performance. Conversely, the independence of government agencies is considered a fundamental factor in ensuring their efficiency and ability to perform their duties free from political pressure. The study aims to analyze the relationship between parliamentary oversight and the independence of government agencies, and to define the boundaries between them to ensure they do not negatively impact government work. It also reviews the comparative experiences of a group of countries that achieve a balance between these two important elements.

Iranian-Indian relations for the period 1973-1989 entered a developed stage built on mature political relations due to the sensitive and important stage that period went through, represented by the fall of the Shah’s regime in Iran and its entry into a new stage after the establishment of its Islamic revolution in 1979. India, for its part, confirmed that this revolution is not It is a reflection of Iran\'s quest for identity and national self-affirmation based on its economic, commercial and oil relations with Iran, and she added The Iraqi-Iranian war was another source of nuisance to those complex relations at that time due to India’s fear for its oil economic interests by determining the course of those relations in a common political and economic vision.

In the research، I dealt with the study of the subject and object nouns in the Diwan of Imam Al-Shafi’i، the study of the study on the extrapolation of these nouns، and their analysis to show the varying proportions of these nouns، the linguistic features in the poetry of Imam Al-Shafi’i، and their compatibility with the rules of the language.
He made it to study linguistic phenomena in his poetry، So I chose one aspect from many aspects to study and root it، and to show the extent of agreement between what was mentioned in his book and what the grammarians observed، to confirm his keenness to adhere to the rules of the Arabic language، and the names of the verbs that I studied have a high rate of repetition; In confirmation of the diwan’s wise goals، the names are more evident than the verbs.
I took the analytical approach to these names; To show the different linguistic features and their varying proportions according to Imam Al-Shafi’i، and I will mention the grammatical rule and cite it from what came in the Diwan، agreeing with it or differing from it، the study is practical in addition to being analytical.

The importance of this study comes through highlighting one of the most important public services that are related to the lives of the residents of the city of Basra and whose responsibility lies with the solidarity of the state, by shedding light on the analysis of the geographical distribution of civil defense centers in the city and through their efficiency from a group of local dimensions that were applied based on Copper Quantitative Analytical Application Tools for spatial analysis within the environment We think about geographical information, and it was discovered through the study conducted on (7 centers) in the city of Basra that the distribution of these organizations is unorganized and approaches randomness and the need to reach a number of up to (7 - 18 centers).According to the standards applied in the study, in addition to the equipment and tools needed by the centers currently operating in the city, which requires a serious stance by the relevant authorities to address the current situation in order to reach comprehensive and sound coverage of securing the lives of citizens in the city of Basra and preserving their personal property.

The extraction sector is known as one of the most important pillars of the Iraqi economy, on which the state budget depends, as it contributes to activating most aspects of life. If through the quantities of extraction and export of crude oil and natural gas, imports are obtained in hard currency, which contributes to drawing up the country\\\\'s development plan.
In the years after 2020, the extraction sector in Iraq began to recover through the increase in the quantities of crude oil extraction and began to increase year after year after the increase in the number of licensing rounds, except for the year 2021, which is the end of reducing the impact of the Corona pandemic.
The research shed light on the five-year plan for the years (2021-2025) developed by the Ministry of Oil and the Department of Studies, Planning and Follow-up by analyzing it and identifying the positive and negative aspects of its data in order to develop a clear picture of the activities of oil and gas extraction activity in southern Iraq for oil companies (Basra, Maysan, Dhi Qar) located within the borders of these governorates, which is called the national effort with the production of international oil companies under the licensing rounds contracts referred to as licensing rounds production.
The research topic was studied in four sections. The first was the concept of extractive activity and the international companies operating in the crude oil and natural gas extraction industry in southern Iraq and the limits of their responsibility. The second and third sections dealt with an analysis of the extractive activity of the crude oil and natural gas industry according to the fields in southern Iraq in light of the)2021-2025(plan. While the fourth and final section dealt with comparing the extraction activity of crude oil and natural gas for the southern Iraqi oil companies with the oil extraction companies in Iraq in light of the )2021-2025(plan.
The research concluded that through the plan (2021-2025) there is a clear development in the extractive activity of the private natural crude oil industry. This is clearly evident through the increasing extraction quantities over the years of the plan and the focus on maximizing oil resources and developing production and export capabilities to maintain Iraq\\\\'s position as the second largest country within OPEC, in addition to increasing the quantities of associated gas with oil and stating its importance and destination. The research also showed the importance of the extractive companies for crude oil in southern Iraq and stating the percentage of their contribution to the annual state budget from the incoming funds, which reached () 90% of the budget funds, in addition to the impact of Iraq\\\\'s commitment to the decisions of )OPEC+( to reduce (220) thousand barrels of daily Iraqi oil production. Keywords (extractive activity, oil fields, plan) 2021- 20 25(, oil industry, gas industry

The rules of criminal law contain criminal and punitive texts that include one of the most important crimes that harm the public interest, which is the crime of impersonating medical titles and ordinary individuals or medical professionals claiming and pretending to others that they have a medical title or a medical personality by using a forged document with the aim of obtaining some of the privileges enjoyed by the medical profession, such as a person impersonating the title of a doctor by forging a false identity and wearing a white coat with a doctor\'s badge, so that all those present in this place believe that he is a doctor and deal with him on this basis. It goes without saying that the motives for impersonating a medical title are many and varied, and perhaps the most important of these motives are material motives, as most of those who commit such a crime usually seek primarily to gain more money in an easy and quick way and without making any effort. On the other hand, the crime of impersonating medical titles does not come in one form, but rather comes in two forms: the traditional form and the electronic form. Based on the above, it is necessary to research and scrutinize the crime of impersonating medical titles by identifying the nature of impersonating the impersonator\'s description and the justifications for the legislator\'s surrounding of medical titles with the text of criminalization and punishment in the event that it is exposed to the risks of transgression and impersonation, which begins with the concept of the crime and then researching the scope of legal protection stipulated in criminalizing medical titles. After that, we move on to studying the elements of the crime and the two main elements branch out, which are the material element and the moral element, and the research ends with the deterrent punishment imposed on the impersonator

Forgery is a serious crime that negatively impacts public confidence in official documents and records, thereby undermining legal and administrative stability. This research aims to analyze the concept of forgery, its elements, and types according to the provisions of Iraqi law, in addition to examining the legal texts criminalizing this crime and the penalties imposed on its perpetrators. The first section of the study reviews the legal definition of the crime of forgery, clarifying the difference between it and other similar crimes, and outlining its types and basic elements, which include the material, moral, and legal elements. The second section analyzes Iraqi legislation related to forgery, reviewing the penalties specified in the Iraqi Penal Code, and identifying the criminal responsibilities of individuals, public employees, and legal entities. The study also discusses the effects of counterfeiting on society and the economy, methods for detecting it using modern technologies and legal methods, strategies for combating it through strengthening legislation and preventive measures, and the role of regulatory authorities in limiting its spread.

The research aims to shed light on how national laws affect the monitoring of the implementation of environmental policies by governments. The research initially addresses the importance of having a strong legislative framework that can ensure the preservation of the environment and enhance its sustainability. The research also discusses the role of parliaments and governmental bodies in developing legislation that obligates governments to take actual steps towards protecting the environment, such as developing policies to reduce pollution, preserve biodiversity, and reduce climate change.
The research also shows how parliamentary oversight affects the implementation of these policies, including the different ways in which parliaments can ensure that governments adhere to environmental standards, whether by scrutinizing draft laws or the budget or submitting annual reports on the state of the environment. It also presents some comparative experiences between different countries, such as the European and Arab experiences, to illustrate how environmental oversight is organized in various legal systems

IFRS 15 is one of the key modern standards dealing with the recognition, measurement and disclosure of revenue from contracts with customers. This article aims to clarify the role of IFRS (15) Revenue from Contracts with Customers in improving the quality of accounting information. There is also a theoretical introduction to the standard (IFRS 15) “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” and a statement on determining the quality of accounting information. To achieve the objectives of the review article, a descriptive inductive approach is used within a theoretical framework through the importance of the standard (IFRS 15) and its role in improving the quality of accounting information. This article highlights five previous studies, with this in mind, all of which have continued to focus on the positive effects of this standard (IFRS 15). Improve the quality of accounting information and financial reporting. These studies found that the implementation of the standard (IFRS 15) resulted in more accurate and transparent financial information, improved comparability between economic entities, improved disclosure requirements and increased investor confidence. Additionally, IFRS 15 reduces the complexity and subjectivity of previous accounting standards by providing a comprehensive framework for recognizing and measuring revenue from contracts with customers through a five-step approach. Overall, the results of these studies support the hypothesis that the standard (IFRS 15) helps to improve the quality of accounting information, which benefits various users of accounting information because they are able to make decisions based on financial reports prepared in accordance with the standard. decision making. This standard has been developed (IFRS 15(

The conclusion of contracts is a very important issue, whether from a scientific or practical perspective, so it was and still is the subject of research by most researchers. The contracting contract is one of the most important of these contracts, and due to its importance and the frequency of its conclusion, the legislator and legal jurisprudence have been interested in explaining the mechanism by which this contract ends, and termination is considered the most important of these methods for ending the contract in the event that one of the parties to the contract fails to fulfill his obligation..
Our research will be limited to explaining this method of solving the contract and the authority of the kiosk, explaining it and whether it is broad or limited due to this problem, as the importance of the research is in shedding light on the reward of the courts and the judiciary, this authority and what we have established, clarifying the nature of the statement of the contracting contract in terms of its concept, pillars and characteristics, and then the concept of the constitutive dissolution and explaining its conditions, as these conditions are only what were presented in the research, as they are divided into general conditions and others specific to the dissolution exclusively, and we must explain. The effects that result from this type of dissolution will not succeed in reaching a null conclusion that dissolution is nothing but a legal penalty for one party that he uses against the other party if necessary, the authorities fail to recognize it based on what is stated in the law of provisions governing dissolution.

This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and nickel) in the blood of cigarette smokers and hookah (nargileh) smokers. These elements were selected due to their high toxicity and significant health effects on humans.
The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the blood of smokers, whether cigarette or hookah smokers, were higher compared to the control group. However, the concentrations were higher in the blood of hookah smokers compared to cigarette smokers.
Cigarette smokers were found to suffer more from health issues than hookah smokers. Bronchitis was observed in 86–96% of cigarette smokers, depending on age, smoking quantity, and duration. Atherosclerosis affected 0.8–3%, heart disease ranged between 18–36%, and reduced fertility was reported in 45–68% of cases. Lung cancer was found in 0.2–0.8% of cigarette smokers.
Among hookah smokers, bronchitis incidence ranged between 10–67.2% based on age, smoking quantity, and duration. Atherosclerosis appeared in 0.4–11% of cases, heart disease in 10–14%, and reduced fertility in 17–35%. Lung cancer had the lowest incidence, recorded at 0.4% in the age group of 36 years with a smoking duration of 20 years and a consumption rate of 2 hookahs per day.
A very strong correlation was found among cigarette smokers between heart diseases, fertility, age, and smoking duration; a strong correlation was observed with bronchitis, and a moderate correlation with atherosclerosis. For hookah smokers, correlations ranged from very strong (age), strong (heart disease), moderate (smoking duration, bronchitis, and atherosclerosis), to very weak in the case of lung cancer.

Pardon is one of the reasons for the expiration of the sentence, and this is done by erasing the crime or erasing the sentence completely or partially. Pardon is divided into two types: general pardon, which is a comprehensive pardon or pardon from the crime, and special pardon, which is pardon from the sentence.
Most legislation in the countries of the world adopts the special pardon law. The study aims to clarify the role of the President of the Republic and his authority to issue a special pardon. The study included clarifying the nature of the political system in the countries of the world and highlighting the features of the presidential system in Arab countries and some foreign countries, and then addressing the role of the President of the Republic in issuing a special pardon.
The study concluded with results, the most important of which was that the President of the Republic is the only one who has the authority to issue a special pardon.

This study aims to explore the opportunities available to Iraq to confront ISIS and reassess the components of its national security under the current circumstances. Iraq should benefit from the current experience and the openness the country has witnessed since 2014, especially after the events in Mosul and the resulting repercussions on the regional and international environment. This openness is expected to contribute to strengthening the national government and helping Iraq develop a military doctrine, A strategy that enables it to take advantage of changes and achieve its goals as quickly as possible and at the lowest cost. The study reached a set of conclusions and recommendations that it hopes will contribute to addressing the problem of terrorism and preventing its emergence and continuation in the future.

This study highlighted the work of pragmatics in contemporary Egyptian ceramics, which concerned the aesthetic aspect and what may be presented in the folds of artistic models of expression and distinct technical style. The study included two related topics in terms of reviewing the concept of pragmatics and then explaining the concepts of Arab ceramics for some Arab countries whose artists\\' models served the research in terms of the pragmatic dimension assigned to it in relation to contemporary Egyptian ceramics and according to what the theoretical scientific logic requires in explaining the results of the study and the conclusions achieved by the study.
1- The study showed that contemporary Egyptian ceramics art has themes and signs that are not rooted and have depth in the instrumental action in terms of time, place and event, which puts it in a pragmatic circle with contemporary plastic arts.
2- The study showed the focus of contemporary Egyptian ceramics on inherited vocabulary by reformulating it in a way that is consistent with the spirit of the age as a pragmatic approach that casts its shadow on the recipient\\'s thought as an active element in the pragmatic process within the context of society.

The Arabic language is characterized by its vast heritage and knowledge, and it is distinguished by its possession of a huge linguistic reserve. Our linguistic heritage derived its gifts from the intertwining of two cultural sources represented by the authentic Arab heritage, and the intellectual renaissance that followed the revelation of the Holy Quran and accompanied the spread of Islam. Researchers have always drawn from our linguistic heritage. Modern scholars studied and analyzed the opinions of the ancients, and perhaps presented them to modern theories. Among them were phoneticians who addressed the phonetic study of Arabic scholars and compared their opinions, then contrasted them with the opinions of modern scholars. The introduction to the book Al-Ain by Al-Khalil bin Ahmed Al-Farahidi (d. 170 AH) received great attention from scholars because of the important issues it included in the phonetic study. However, there are other books that transmitted narrations from Al-Khalil that included his phonetic opinions, but we did not find them to be as attentive to the narration of Al-Layth in the introduction to Al-Ain, although they are not without differences. Therefore, this research came to present the remaining narrations and the differences between them, addressing them with some study and analysis.

This research aims to study the visual effects left by glass coatings and color compositions on ceramic surfaces, by analyzing the relationship between color, texture, and their role in enhancing the visual perception of artwork. The study focuses on how to achieve visual harmony between glazing techniques and the materials used, contributing to the development of aesthetic values in contemporary ceramic art. The works of three artists from different schools were examined: Raad Al-Dulaimi (Iraq), Raafat Sa\'ati (Syria), and Tokuda Yasukichi (Japan). The study analyzed how transparent, metallic, and gradient glazing techniques affect the shaping of ceramic surfaces, and the impact of light and shadow on highlighting color and texture details. The research also reviewed modern techniques used in this field, such as 3D printing and multilayer glazing, and their role in creating new visual effects. The study concluded that the relationship between glass coatings and color compositions plays a crucial role in directing visual perception and the aesthetic treatment of ceramic works, emphasizing the importance of developing modern methods that leverage the interaction between color, texture, and light to produce ceramics with renewed and contemporary visual dimensions

School dropout is a prominent social issue that negatively impacts individuals and societies. School dropout is defined as a student\'s interruption of education before completing the prescribed academic level. It is a widespread phenomenon in many countries, particularly in societies suffering from economic and social challenges. In this research, we will address the phenomenon of school dropout from a comprehensive perspective, aiming to identify its various causes, ranging from economic and social factors to challenges within the school environment. We will shed light on the negative repercussions it has on society, while offering proposals and solutions to mitigate this phenomenon, thus contributing to building a better, more sustainable future.

Jurisdiction, in general, is the legal authority granted to a specific employee or a specific administrative body to issue an administrative decision, expressing the will of the administration. This authorization is determined by law or by its general principles, in the event that the law—in its narrow sense—does not regulate a particular administrative jurisdiction. In such cases, this is assumed by the body or employee whose duties and work are consistent with that jurisdiction. Jurisdiction also refers to the legal capacity or authority established for the administrative body, or its subordinates, to make specific decisions regarding the subject matter or scope of implementation in a given place and time. This defect therefore manifests itself in the inability, under the law, to initiate a specific legal procedure, as the legislator has made it the responsibility of another authority in accordance with the rules governing jurisdiction. Therefore, an administrative decision is tainted by the defect of lack of jurisdiction when it is issued by a person lacking the authority to issue. This defect has two forms, distinguished by administrative jurisprudence and jurisprudence. The first is when the defect is serious, and is called usurpation of authority. The second is when the defect does not reach this level and is commonly called lack of jurisdiction or a simple defect of jurisdiction. Therefore, the term \\"lack of jurisdiction\\" has two meanings: the broad one, which expands to include usurpation of authority, and the narrow one, lack of jurisdiction. The classification of lack of jurisdiction and its inclusion under either form results in legal consequences that differ in the first form from the second. We believe that the criterion for distinguishing between usurpation of authority and a simple defect in jurisdiction is the suspicion of valid jurisdiction. We are dealing with usurpation if this suspicion disappears, such as if it is issued by a non-employee, or by someone who had no connection to the issuance, or if the matter relates to something that falls outside jurisdiction in general. However, if this suspicion appears and doubt arises regarding the legitimacy of jurisdiction, then the matter relates to a simple defect.

A tourist\'s personalised accommodation is a very important issue When moving between cities and countries for tourism, It represents Hotels are almost the only source of this,and because hotel accommodation is expensive, and they may be located in places that are not favoured by tourists, or the tourist\'s desire to live a social experience in a society, other means have been created to fulfil the tourist\'s desires, and reduce the financial costs on him, and represents tourist housing exchange contract one of the methods that people have invented among themselves in some countries, after the advent of the internet and the development of electronic communication, organisations have taken to facilitating people\'s home exchanges, and Some have been working to facilitate the exchange of people to live in their homes, by creating a subscription account on the housing exchange website, for doing each subscriber to view other offers and looking for what works for him, and then enter into a contractual relationship this includes enabling each other to live in each other\'s homes and enable the means of living in it, as if he lives in his real home, temporarily during holidays and vacations, with situation terms or restrictions between them, and this requires research into this contractual relationship, which has spread in many countries, and the possibility of applying it in Iraq, and the extent of its consistency with the legal texts in it.

The difference in Arabic dialects generates a difference in the morphological and grammatical structure of the Arabic sentence, and it can be said that hardly an old grammatical or linguistic book is devoid of ancient dialect references that scholars use to infer their various issues, and use them to prove their grammatical, linguistic, or morphological rules. This seems clear because The reality of any language cannot be written down except in the words of its people, and from here we find that dialect change plays an important role in formulating the morphological rule and monitoring changes in the structure of the Arabic sentence.
The research aims to determine the role of dialects in morphological complexity by observing the effect of changing the structure of the word on its meaning, and the resulting shifts towards a difference in the morphological structure of the word. The method followed by the research is the descriptive and analytical method, which is based on tracking the phenomenon, collecting information about it, analyzing it, and classifying it. and extracting results from them.

Coexistence between Muslims themselves and with people of other faiths should be based on mutual trust and respect, and a willingness to collaborate for the common good in all areas of mutual interest that touch the essence of human daily life, not in matters of no benefit or purpose. Therefore, participation in numerous scientific and cultural efforts to establish, highlight, and strengthen this field is essential. The coexistence between Muslims themselves and with those of other religions should stem from mutual trust and respect, and a desire to cooperate for the good of humanity as a whole in all areas of common interest that touch the essence of human daily life, not in matters of no benefit or purpose. The coexistence between Muslims and their dissenters from various religions, sects, and beliefs in the countries they opened during these long centuries is one of the greatest proofs and strongest arguments for the establishment of Islamic civilization across the ages on a solid foundation of tolerance in its brightest meanings.

This study examined the impact of political and economic factors on the policies of Iraqi insurance companies by studying their impact on profitability as one of the important indicators in policy-making and decision-making in insurance companies, this was done through a questionnaire that was distributed to a number of workers in the insurance sector. The questionnaire was also analyzed using the SPSS 23 program and the appropriate statistical tests were used.
It was found that there is a statistically significant effect of profitability on the policies of insurance companies, there is a statistically significant relationship between political factors and the profitability of insurance companies, It was also found that there is an impact of economic factors (unemployment, inflation, per capita income level, interest rates) on the profitability of insurance companies.
Which requires insurance companies to conduct in-depth analytical studies of all political and economic factors in the surrounding environment when developing policies and before making decisions.