ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL

Future foresight stands as a pivotal hallmark of governmental evolution, showcasing preparedness and readiness to navigate the dynamic challenges and transformative forces within the rapidly evolving business landscape. In an era of intense institutional competitiveness, it serves as a crucial metric for evaluating the effectiveness of achieving targeted governmental outcomes that effectively meet the aspirations of all stakeholders. This forward-looking approach has become a distinct characteristic of the UAE, particularly in measuring governmental excellence across its various sectors through a unique system that parallels the European Excellence Model. Notably, this emphasis has intensified following the profound repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic, which significantly impeded the progress of global financial and economic systems. The pandemic catalyzed numerous international and regional organizations to scrutinize the realities and future challenges facing diverse professional and business sectors. This examination aimed to devise strategies for development and restructure to address anticipated challenges over the next thirty years. This impetus drove the Ras Al Khaimah Department of Finance to investigate the prevailing conditions and determinants impacting the financial and accounting sector, aligning with the nation's preparations for the Year of the 50th and the UAE Centennial 2071. This long-term vision includes fostering non-oil sector revenue growth, providing a compelling rationale for this study. The research delves into the key determinants of future foresight influencing the financial and accounting sector, employing the SWOT methodology to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This analysis aims to inform decision-makers in shaping future strategies to bolster the financial and accounting sector within the Ras Al Khaimah government, thereby contributing to the realization of the UAE Centennial's objectives post-COVID-19. The UAE's local governments demonstrated remarkable resilience during the pandemic, positioning this study's findings as a valuable benchmark for financial and accounting organizations. The research advocates for continuous improvement mechanisms to ensure readiness in addressing the determinants identified through expert consultations and brainstorming sessions. Leveraging decision-making groups and multi-criteria analysis, the study prioritizes and analyses trends, culminating in proactive measures. These measures aim to enhance the Ras Al Khaimah Department of Finance's preparedness by developing scenarios for each determinant and anticipating their interactions, thereby optimizing decision-making through future foresight tools and mechanisms.

One of the necessities of the current period is to search for all the problems facing the operation of electronic payment systems, and the country is heading to implement these systems in all transactions, so it is no longer a viable option or not, which prompted researchers to delve into reducing the auditing and accounting risks facing the operation of these systems through integration between the auditing approach and Continuous and International Auditing Standard ISA (400), so this was the goal of the basic research.
The importance of the research lies in the importance of electronic payment systems and the goal that is to be achieved is to reduce the forms of rampant corruption, which prompted the researchers to adopt the hypothesis that applying the continuous auditing approach with the international standard reduces the severity of auditing and accounting risks under these systems.
The research reached a number of conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which is that the continuous audit approach is closely linked to electronic payment systems, as it is closely linked to completing the transactions that arise in those systems. It is similar to a seal of trust and the issuance of continuous assurances regarding those transactions. The research recommended that the auditor’s reports will be more professional and reflect the true picture. For institutions that operate under electronic payment systems in the event that the continuous audit approach is integrated with International Auditing Standard ISA (400)

The research sought to know the developmental role of specialized banks in Iraq, as the research idea is to analyze the effectiveness of the industrial bank and the extent of its contribution to the economic development process, and whether the bank plays its role or seeks to achieve profit like other commercial banks, based on the analysis of the data provided by the bank during the period 2018-2021. Therefore, the research hypothesis is based on the fact that specialized banks, especially the industrial bank, play a leading role in activating the investment movement necessary to rebuild countries emerging from wars and social conflicts. This applies to the Iraqi economy with its developing rentier structure. The most important finding of the research is that most of the bank's loans were directed exclusively to the bank's employees or state employees, and thus most segments of society did not benefit from them. The bank also did not make long-term investments that support the economic development process in Iraq. The study recommended that the bank's loans must be diversified, its procedures simplified, and loans made available to all segments of society.

The study aims to explain the impact of public debt on economic stability because of the impact public debt has, as the Iraqi economy suffers from the continued rise of public debt during the period of the study, whether internally or externally. The problem of the research is to shed light on how public debt affects the Iraqi economy and economic stability. The research hypothesis was based on two questions: explaining the extent of the impact of public debt, whether internal or external, in achieving economic stability during the period of the study. The study used the descriptive and analytical approach for quarterly data for the period (2004-2022) using Eviews10 software, and public debt variables were adopted. As independent variables, the gross domestic product at constant prices as an indicator of economic stability as a dependent variable based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) test. The study concluded that there is a negative impact of public debt (internal - external) on economic stability, and that the ratio of public debt to output The gross domestic product in Iraq has exceeded the permissible limits of (60%) for many years of the study, and most of the years of study were close to the danger stage, especially in recent years. The results of the econometric analysis proved that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables of the study, and that the model does not suffer. From the problem of serial correlation or the problem of heterogeneity of variance, as well as the structural stability of the model, the study recommended the necessity of finding new sources in forming the gross domestic product and not relying on internal or external debt through coordination between monetary and fiscal policies in confronting the budget deficit.

Given the increasing appearance of environmental pollution and the damage it causes to the environment and society produced by industrial companies operating in the Iraqi environment, and the failure to report these damages for the sake of a better environment and human well-being to ensure the enjoyment of basic rights and taking into account their continuity for future generations, the current study aimed to test the role of corporate governance. Companies in applying sustainable environmental accounting to a sample of Iraqi industrial companies through a questionnaire distributed to internal parties represented by (account managers, internal control employees, employees of companies) and external parties represented by (auditors, stakeholders such as investors and shareholders), and the most important thing is The study reached the results of analyzing the answers to the opinions of internal and external parties, the research sample, their interest in sustainable environmental accounting, which reflects its consistency with their desires to report environmental information according to the basic dimensions of sustainability represented by (the economic dimension, then the environmental, followed by the social), which recommended paying attention to the application of sustainable environmentalism because it enhances It is supported by stakeholders and society through corporate governance mechanisms, as well as creating an important information base for investment decision makers in line with the needs and desires of stakeholders on how to manage sustainable environmental resources on the dimensions of environmental, social and economic sustainability.

The research aims to adopt an Inter-Organizational Cost Management using the open books accounting method and its role in achieving competitive advantage.
The inductive approach and the descriptive analytical approach were adopted in preparing the research, and the leather factory/laboratory No. (8) was chosen as a place for the practical application of the research.
The research concluded with a set of conclusions, the most important of which is (adopting the Inter-Organizational Cost Management using the open records accounting method achieves great benefits for the economic unit and suppliers, by consolidating relationships and facilitating the negotiation process between them, as well as increasing trust between the parties of the supply chain(
The research concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is (working to increase awareness of the Inter-Organizational Cost Management approach and open books accounting method through research, workshops and seminars because of its major role in reducing costs and achieving competitive advantage(

In recent years, cryptocurrencies have become a focal point and a major investment tool used in global financial markets, attracting the attention of investors due to their substantial potential for high returns. However, these investments have been accompanied by sharp price fluctuations, increasing the potential risks faced by investors in these currencies. This study aims to analyze the nature of the relationship between spot exchange rates and future exchange rates of cryptocurrencies. To achieve the study's objective and test its hypotheses, statistical methods were used to analyze the exchange rates of the sample cryptocurrencies over a period of 36 months, from September 2020 to June 2023. The analysis of the statistical test results revealed that most of the spot exchange rates of cryptocurrencies have a significant and statistically meaningful impact on their future exchange rates. In the past few years, encrypted digital currencies have become a focus and a major investment tool used in global financial markets, as they have attracted the attention of investors thanks to their great potential to achieve high returns. However, these investments have been accompanied by sharp fluctuations in prices, which has increased the potential risks to which investors in these currencies are exposed. The research aims to analyze the relationship between future and spot prices at the time of concluding the contract and the time of implementation. To achieve the goal of the research and test its hypotheses, statistical methods were used to analyze the exchange rates of encrypted digital currencies in the research sample. The researcher adopted the use of the statistical program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (spss) to conduct statistical analyzes in all its forms, including descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, analysis of variance, correlation, and regression, which helps researchers in To make the right decisions, the time period was (36) months, extending from (September 2020) to (June 2023). The most important conclusions reached by the research are that most of the spot prices of encrypted digital currencies have a strong moral impact and are statistically significant on the future prices of those currencies. Currencies.

The research seeks to elucidate the significance of internal auditing in Iraqi banks, particularly in safeguarding resources and augmenting the bank's operations through systematic evaluation and enhancement of risk management, control, and governance processes. It emphasises compliance with international standards established by the American Institute of Internal Auditors, focussing on independence and objectivity in performance, management of auditing activities, qualifications of auditing personnel, and adherence to professional ethical standards.
This study's goals may be better met by breaking it down along two lines: first, the theoretical component, which will focus on the conceptual framework of internal auditing; and second, the practical component, which will examine international standards for internal auditing. Regarding the down-to-earth details, it examined the state of auditing departments of Iraqi banks. To accomplish its goals and validate its hypotheses, the research used a descriptive analytical approach, gathering data from primary and secondary sources. It also used a questionnaire to assess the level of alignment and compatibility between international professional standards for internal auditing and the actual practice among internal auditors at a group of private Iraqi banks. The study found several things, the most crucial of which is that auditors should be familiar with the American Institute of Auditors' code of professional ethics and internal auditing standards to carry out their work properly. The research concluded that the bank must implement the contemporary idea of internal auditing to increase its value by enhancing its risk management, control, and governance procedures, and it must also provide the resources to do so.

The human resource is considered one of the most important elements of production in any economic unit. However, the existence of differences and variations among human resources has its effects on work efficiency and performance quality. The process of evaluating internal audit performance is one of the criteria for internal auditing, as it serves as the foundation for many decisions related to human development programs in the units where they operate. Despite this importance, the evaluation process is less appealing to all departments due to the numerous challenges it entails, foremost among them being the difficulty of achieving objective and effective evaluation due to personal judgment during the use of evaluative criteria, inadequate training of the direct supervisor responsible for the evaluation, and ambiguity in the concepts of evaluation criteria, which causes confusion in assigning grades. The research discusses the answers to the questions: Do internal auditors possess knowledge of the criteria based on which their executed work will be evaluated? This leads to the question: What is the importance of the balanced scorecard in evaluating internal audits? What are the components of the learning and growth axis that can be adopted by the units to improve the quality performance level of employees?
Basra Oil Company was selected to implement the research and 40 questionnaires were distributed, 37 of which were returned. After analyzing the results, the most important conclusions of the research were that the evaluation of audit performance from the perspective of learning and growth (internal audit evaluation tasks) achieved a high arithmetic mean and a good level of importance, indicating the interest and support of the company's management in the self-evaluation of internal audit and indicating the extent of progress in achieving its goals. Also, the evaluation of audit performance from the perspective of learning and growth (internal audit performance measures) achieved a high arithmetic mean and a very good level of importance, indicating the company's management's reliance on the concept of learning and growth in adopting financial and non-financial indicators when evaluating internal audit performance. Also, the perspective of learning and growth and its dimensions achieved a high arithmetic mean and a good level of importance, indicating the company's management's keenness to provide organizational belonging and loyalty among the internal audit staff in the researched company. The most important recommendations of the research are the company's management's interest in supporting the evaluation of internal audit performance, in order to identify weaknesses and enhance the capabilities of employees.

The aim of this research is to identify human resources development and its role in settling compensation in the National Insurance Company, and to verify the extent to which human resources development requirements are employed and their effective impact in preparing an efficient, skilled, effective, trained and well-prepared employee based on scientific foundations.
In addition to analyzing the characteristics of the sample, the research examined a number of individual characteristics such as gender, educational qualification, number of years working in the company, job grade, and training courses. The research community included all employees in the company, and the research sample included managers or their representatives. The research used the questionnaire form as the main tool for collecting data, in addition to personal interviews of managers conducted by the researcher. The research hypotheses that were concerned with the existence of the relationship and impact between the research variables were tested using methods. Statistics relevant to the topic, and the research concluded with a set of conclusions, the most important of which were:
The advantages and improvement achieved by the researched company in work do not depend only on the position it enjoys in the insurance market and surplus resources, but also on the ability to invest in the human mind it possesses and the efficiency of its proper management and development.
The most important recommendations of the research are the following:
It is the duty of the managers in the surveyed company to confirm the distinct positive role that has emerged among the human resources functions in settling compensation, and to benefit from the level of its great importance that appeared in the answers of the researched sample. Partially reconsider the organizational structure of the human resources management department in the company in a way that makes all the divisions and units related to individual jobs Linked to one central body, including: (human resources planning, performance evaluation and employee motivation) or creating a type of effective communication mechanism between these divisions in the event that it is not possible to reconsider the current structure.

Financial inclusion is the availability or use of all financial and banking products and services at reasonable costs to the largest number of societies, institutions and individuals, as great pressure has been exerted by global financial institutions on banks to share one of the important information, which is information known As Financial Inclusion, This study focused on highlight the evaluation of the procedures of the internal control system to address the dimensions of financial inclusion for the sample under study (Kurdistan International Islamic Bank for Development and Investment\"BKUI\"), based on the bank’s annual report for the year (2019)
The study came out with a set of conclusions for the theoretical and practical aspects, the most important of which is that describing internal control as a system indicates that its work is based on a set of rules, provisions, controls and programs that operate in a specific financial environment, and that the decisions of the Basel III Committee contribute to reducing the risks to which the bank is exposed, which are considered part of financial inclusion, by assessing the risks, which contributes to improving the effectiveness of internal control. As for the conclusions of the practical aspect, it was found that the bank applied to some extent the procedures of the administrative, accounting and financial internal control system for the dimensions of financial inclusion. The researchers noted the absence of specific control procedures to some extent for the dimensions of financial inclusion for bank. Based on that, the researchers found that it is possible to divide the internal control procedures for the dimensions of financial inclusion into two parts: first one: administrative procedures for the dimensions of financial inclusion. second one : accounting and financial procedures for the dimensions of financial inclusion. One of the most important recommendations is that it is very important for banks in general (of all types) to review their internal control procedures map before starting to provide financial inclusion at the local, regional and global levels, in addition to enhancing, raising awareness and spreading the culture of financial inclusion for all segments of society, in a manner that suits its different levels geographically and culturally, in addition to opening a financial inclusion department in banks under the supervision of trained cadres, including accountants and auditors, and introducing the concept of financial inclusion into the scientific curricula in institutes and colleges concerned with accounting and auditing.

The purpose of this study is to identify the function of External Auditing (EA) in increasing Organizational Performance (OP) and achieving Sustainable Development goals (SDG) in Iraqi Health Institutions (IHI). It also seeks to clarify the concept of (EA) and its implications for services and (OP). The technique based on a descriptive analytical approach that focuses on providing an accurate and complete description of the study data.
Using international standards and plans devised, followed, and approved by Iraq\'s Ministry of Health and the Federal Board of
Supreme Audit. Furthermore, to obtain scientific and practical results in an objective manner by comparing the standard and planned data with actual and realistic data from the research sample in Iraqi health facilities for the years 2019–2020, the study found that (EA) plays a significant role in boosting (OP) and achieving long-term growth objectives. The study gives important advice and suggestions to Iraqi healthcare officials to help them make decisions. These include adopting health and (SDG) indicators, as well as international standards to evaluate (OP) improvement, with a focus on gaining benefits from scientific research and (EA) reports to address problems in (IHI), ensuring the provision of the best services, and increasing (OP) efficiency.