Psychological Science

The wars and armed conflicts that lasted for three decades affected Iraqi woman in all aspects of their lives, directly or indirectly. In the current research, the researcher touched on the phenomenon of widowhood, immigration, displacement, the phenomenon of murder, the phenomenon of rape, and family disintegration. The researcher also touched on the psychological aspect of Iraqi woman in that era and the effects and psychological pressures on her. She also touched on the educational aspect of women and the challenges that she faced. it in order to complete her educational career.
The research aims to shed light on the suffering of Iraqi woman resulting from wars and conflicts over the past three decades in psychological, social and educational aspects.
At the conclusion of the research, the researcher presented the government procedures followed for the purpose of alleviating the social, psychological and educational impacts. The research reached a number of conclusions,:
1- The armed conflicts affected the psychology of Iraqi woman, as she suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, panic, and psychological distress.
2- Woman in that period suffered from compelling social conditions such as poverty, hunger, unemployment, and family disintegration

The current research aimed to identify the professional ethics of secondary school principals from the teachers’ point of view. The research sample consisted of (200) male and female teachers. For this purpose, the researcher prepared the professional ethics scale and consisted of (30) items in its final form. After conducting the validity and reliability of the professional ethics scale, the scale was applied to the research sample, using the SPSS statistical package.
The researcher reached the results that there are professional ethics among secondary school principals in schools in the Muqdadiya district of Diyala Governorate. In light of these results, the researcher proposed a number of recommendations and future studies

The current research aims to identify:
 Quality of university life (after satisfaction with the university environment) among university students.
 The significance of differences in the level of quality of university life after (satisfaction with the university environment) according to the sex variable
 Quality of university life (mental health) among university students
 -The significance of differences in the level of quality of university life after (mental health) according to the gender variable
To achieve this, the researcher chose the research sample in a stratified random way, consisting of (302) male and female students, with (102) males and (200) females from the colleges of the University of Baghdad. The data was processed using statistical methods using the statistical package (Spss) in the procedures and data analysis of the current research.
The research found:
1- The research sample of Baghdad University students enjoys the quality of university life in the dimension of (satisfaction with the university environment).
2- There are statistically significant differences in the quality of university life after (mental health) according to the gender variable and in favor of females.
In continuation of the research, the researcher came up with recommendations and proposals.

The research aims to identify the intention revenge and positive psychological health among the research sample, and are there statistically significant differences in the variable of intention revenge according to gender and position? And Are there statistically significant differences in the positive mental health variable according to gender and position? and Is there a significant correlation between the variables of intention revenge and positive psychological health? The research sample consisted of (132) employees and lecturesin the University of Baghdad, and they answered the two scales of intention revenge for Wade 1989 and the positive psychological health forThe Warwick –Edinburgh Mental Well-being,The results resulted in the following The research sample has a high degree of revenge intentions as well as positive psychological health. There are no statistically significant differences in the two research variables according to gender and position, and there is an inverse correlation between the two research variables.

The research aims to know school environmental education, its goals and methods of application through previous Arab and foreign literature and studies and international conferences that encourage environmental education. The researcher arrived at a definition of environmental education as everything related to the natural environment that is taught and applied within the school as a place for raising and educating the student in an integrated manner and achieving the goals of education. The first environmental education is to preserve the environment from pollution, and environmental education is applied through academic subjects and classroom and extracurricular activities that require a teacher who is scientifically and educationally competent in applying environmental education.

The study aimed to uncover the motives for electronic blackmail from the perspective of a sample of Iraqi society. The sample consisted of 458 person, 210 as males and 248 as females. Their ages have been ranged between (15 - 55 and above). One of the most prominent results of the research were that the financial motive is the most common from the perspective of the research sample to blackmail others, followed by the motive of revenge, then the personal, and then the sexual and recreational dimensions, respectively. The results also showed statistically significant differences according to the gender variable and in favor of females in Personal, vengeful, and recreational motives, while no statistically significant differences appeared according to the economic status. Moreover, it has been showed statistically significant differences according to the age in favor 45-54 material motives .The educational level variables in favor In favor of higher degrees, Masters and Doctorates in material motives.

The current research aims to distinguish between reactive and proactive aggression among kindergarten children aged between (5-6) years. To achieve this, the researcher prepared a pictorial scale consisting of (20) items. The researcher verified the psychometric properties of the scale by adopting logical validity and construct validity through some of its indicators. (The discriminating power of the items and the validity coefficients of the scale’s items through the item’s correlation with the total score of the scale), and reliability was estimated using the internal consistency method using the (Kuder-Richardson equation 20).The research sample amounted to (200) kindergarten children (primary stage) in Baghdad Governorate, and the results showed that the sample has low reactive and proactive aggression, and there are no differences between males and females in reactive and proactive aggression, and that children aged (5-6) years cannot distinguish between their motives for reactive and proactive forms of aggressive behavior, and in light of these results, the researcher recommended A number of relevant recommendations and proposals.

The aim of the study was to reveal the relationship of organizational similarity to the job performance of educational supervisors from their point of view. A correlational quantitative approach was employed, such as the population of male and female supervisors in the Directorate of Education of Nineveh Governorate, Iraq, with (175) male and female supervisors, and the sample consisted of (120) male and female supervisors. The study questionnaire was distributed electronically, and (115) of the questionnaires were retrieved, with a percentage of (96.2%). Among the most prominent results is that the level of organizational similarity among educational supervisors was at a high level, while job performance was at a moderate level, and the presence of a statistically significant correlation at the level of (α ≤ 0.05) between the level Organizational symmetry and job performance of educational supervisors. One of the recommendations was the necessity of working on sending supervisors in training courses in a way that improves administrative communication with principals and teachers.

The current research aims to identify
1- Unrealistic optimism among orphan students in middle school.
2- Psychological happiness among orphan students in the middle school.
3- The relationship between unrealistic optimism and psychological happiness among orphan students in middle schoo.l
The study sample consisted of (400) students in the middle school who were selected randomly To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher built an unrealistic optimism scale based on the definition of Weinstein (1980), which consists of (24) items distributed into two areas
The face validity and construct validity of the tool were verified, and reliability was verified using the Cronbach's Alpha method, and the reliability coefficient reached (0.77), while the reliability coefficient using the test-retest method was (0.80)
As for the psychological happiness scale, the researcher prepared a scale (Ishaq, 2017), which he built according to the model (Rive, 1989). The scale consists of (36) items. The apparent validity of the scale was extracted and the reliability was verified by a retest method, and the reliability coefficient reached (0.83). Using the Cronbach's alpha method (0.80), then the two scales were applied to the research sample consisting of (400) orphan students in Diyala middle schools, who were selected randomly. Using statistical methods,
The researcher reached a number of results. In light of this, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and proposals.

The present study addresses the impact of two different phonetic instructions, namely the explicit vs. Implicit, on the Learnability of English Vowels, monophthongs and diphthongs, by Kurdish EFL Students. To accomplish the previously stated aims of the study, a quasi- experimental study was carried out over 3 weeks with pre and post-tests on two homogeneous groups of Kurdish EFL university students. A total of 82 first year Kurdish EFL students/ Department of English/ College of Basic Education/ Salahaddin University for the academic year 2021-2022 participated in the experiment with randomized assignment to one of two experimental groups, A and B: the first group (N=41) underwent the treatment via the explicit Phonetic instruction using remedial teaching technique for mastering English, vowels while the second group students (N=41) received implicit phonetic instruction. The tests were rated by two raters specialize in English phonetics and phonology and based on the criteria set for accuracy and fluency. The collected data was analyzed via SPSS 24. The findings obtained from data analysis revealed that teaching English vowels via the explicit more effective in comparison to the use of implicit instruction.

The spread of electronic and non-electronic games that incite violence and fighting has led to the disappearance of the culture of peace among children and the emergence of aggression in various forms among them, and the good behaviors and good morals of children have become forgotten in relation to the healthy and natural growth of their personalities, and because comic stories are considered strongly attractive to children and are in line with their inclinations, the researcher believed Conduct this research to answer the following questions: Do stories expressing good morals affect building children’s personalities and making them peaceful and not aggressive? Do these stories affect the same degree for male and female children? Due to the importance of the childhood stage and comic stories as an influential educational method for children, a program of comic stories was built to develop their culture of peace. After applying the program and conducting the first and second post-test, it became clear that the experimental group had acquired the vocabulary of the culture of peace and that the program had effectiveness and consistency in its impact on its students. The experimental group graduated. Researching a set of recommendations and proposals, including for parents and educators, to create a culture of peace among students in various life situations, as well as preparing a systematic book of comic stories about the good moral qualities of students, teaching them to them, and evaluating them in practice.

The current research aims to identify the Self – Awareness of distinguished school students, and to identify the differences in Self – Awareness according to the gender variable.
In order to verify the objectives of the research ,the researcher built the research scale on the basis of Goleman’s theory (2000) to measure self-awareness, and it consists of (28) items. The researcher applied the scale to a sample of distinguished school students of both genders, as their number reached (100). Male and female students were selected by a simple random method.
After statistical processing and data analysis, the results showed that the students enjoy self-awareness, and there are no differences in self-awareness according to the gender variable
In the light of the results, the researcher reached a number of recommendations and proposals.

The aim of the current research is to determine the relationship between future thinking and perseverance among a sample of students from the College of Education for the Humanities. The research sample consisted of (250) male and female students. The descriptive, correlational approach was followed, and the future thinking scale and the perseverance scale were used, and to verify the validity of the objectives, which are: identifying the level of Future thinking among students of the College of Education for Human Sciences and identifying the level of future thinking among students of the College of Education for Human Sciences according to the gender variable, identifying the level of perseverance among students of the College of Education for Human Sciences, and identifying the level of perseverance among students of the College of Education for Humanities according to the gender variable, The relationship between future thinking and perseverance among students of the College of Education for Humanities. This result indicates that the students of the College of Education for the Humanities have high future thinking. There is no difference among the students of the College of Education for the Humanities according to the gender variable in future thinking. Also, the research sample has a high level of perseverance, and there is no statistically significant difference according to the gender in Perseverance, and there is a positive statistical relationship between future thinking and perseverance.

Logical thinking among the students of Educational Guidance Department, according to, Educationalits ‘s explanation, is the ability of analyzing and solving problems and as one action of perception actions. IT has a clear effect on innovation and scientific Creation.
This study aims to measure logical thinking among the students of Educational Guidance Department and the social interaction among them, identify the statistical differences significance of the level of Logical thinking among them according to gender variable identify the differences significance of the level of social interaction among them. according to gander variable and to recognize the correlation between Logical thinking and social interaction among them. The sample of the study consists of (400) male and female students where
the number of male students was (200) and as for female students one was (200) too whom were chosen randomly.
The research found the following results:
1- The individuals of the sample, according to the comparison between arithmetic mean and hypothetical one, have logical thinking at (0,05) significance level.
2- The individuals of the sample, according to the comparison between arithmetic mean and hypothetical one, have the ability of social interaction at (0,05) significance level.
3- There are statistical significant differences between Logical thinking variable and gender one among the students.
4- There are statistical significant differences between social interaction variable and gender one among the students.
5- There is a correlation between logical thinking and social interaction which is (0,05) among the students at (0,65) significance level.

The research comes up with number of conclusions, suggestions and recommendation