Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities

Aims: The current study aimed to investigate the economic, construction, and ‎cultural conditions in Mongolian society by highlighting the natural resources, ‎agricultural, and animal wealth possessed by the Mongolian lands. It also ‎aimed to analyze their impact on lifestyles and social organizations. It also seeks ‎to address commercial activity and architectural aspects, focusing on what is ‎mentioned in historical sources about these aspects. Methodology: The ‎descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, based on studying historical ‎narratives and texts that dealt with Mongolian society at its various stages, ‎analyzing the content of what was mentioned therein regarding economic, ‎constructions, and cultural aspects, and linking them to the nature of the ‎geographical environment and the social structure of that society. Results: The ‎study showed that the Mongolian lands were rich in natural resources, which ‎contributed to the limited development of agricultural wealth, while livestock ‎wealth formed the economic basis of a nomadic society based on migration. It ‎also demonstrated the weakness of industrial activity due to the Mongol tribes' ‎preoccupation with wars and conquests, with a growing interest in trade, ‎especially during the reign of Genghis Khan. On the other hand, architecture ‎was limited in terms of documentation and sources, but the geographical ‎expansion contributed to the Mongols' openness to multiple urban patterns. ‎Conclusions: It can be concluded that the nomadic and military nature of ‎Mongol society influenced the features of its economic and urban ‎development, with the military nature dominating production, and a lifestyle ‎based on herding and trade emerging. Furthermore, the scarcity of historical ‎sources on architecture reflects the absence of a stable urban structure in the ‎early stages, calling for further research in this area to clarify the mutual cultural ‎influences between the Mongols and the peoples they subjugated.‎

Aims: This research aims to study the Lebanese parliamentary elections of ‎‎1968 as a prominent political turning point in Lebanon's modern history, and ‎the accompanying internal conflicts and blocs that had a direct impact on ‎Lebanese political life. The research also focuses on analyzing Iraq's official ‎and unofficial stance on these elections, in light of the regional and ‎international political interactions that the region was witnessing at the time. ‎Methodology: The historical-analytical approach was adopted in addressing ‎the subject of the study, through a review of official documents, sources, and ‎statements issued by Iraqi authorities, in addition to what was reported in the ‎Iraqi and Lebanese press during that period. Political data related to the course ‎of the electoral process and the conflict between the various Lebanese forces ‎were also analyzed. Results: The research demonstrated that the Lebanese ‎elections of 1968 were not merely an internal event, but rather reflected a ‎broader political struggle between two main movements: one inclined to ‎maintain the situation as it is, led by Camille Chamoun and Pierre Gemayel, ‎and the other calling for reform and change, led by Kamal Jumblatt and Sabri ‎Hamadeh. Iraq showed clear interest in these elections due to the potential ‎impact of their outcomes on the regional balance of power. The elections ‎reflected in official, diplomatic, and media coverage. Conclusions: The study ‎concluded that Iraq's position on the 1968 Lebanese parliamentary elections ‎stemmed from its vision of its regional role and its support for nationalist and ‎reformist forces in Lebanon. The elections also revealed the fragility of ‎Lebanese political balances amid sectarian divisions and external tensions, ‎making them a pivotal moment in Lebanon's modern political history.‎

Aims: This study aimed to analyze the strategic importance of the island of ‎Cyprus in the context of regional and international conflicts in the ‎Mediterranean basin. The study also aimed to highlight the historical ambitions ‎of the major powers to control the island as a vital pivotal point influencing the ‎balance of power in the region. The study also examined the dimensions of the ‎British-Turkish-Greek rivalry over Cyprus and its geopolitical implications. ‎Methodology: The study adopted the historical analytical approach, tracing the ‎developments in political and military control over the island of Cyprus, ‎referring to relevant international agreements and historical sources, and ‎analyzing the positions of regional and international powers from a strategic ‎perspective that links the island's geographical location with its military and ‎commercial importance. Results: The study showed that the island of Cyprus ‎has had increasing importance since the late nineteenth century, especially after ‎Britain gained control of it from the Ottoman Empire, granting it significant ‎maritime influence in the Eastern Mediterranean. The study also demonstrated ‎that the island's location made it a focus of conflict, both as a platform for ‎controlling trade routes and as a strategic military base capable of threatening ‎the maritime interests of surrounding powers. Furthermore, Turkey later ‎realized this importance, prompting it to intervene militarily and confront ‎Greek influence on the island. Conclusions: The study concluded that Cyprus ‎was not just an island in the Mediterranean, but represented a location of ‎utmost strategic importance throughout its history, making it a hotbed of ‎regional and international competition. Moreover, its geopolitical position ‎remained a focus of conflict among surrounding powers, reflecting its ‎continued vital role in the region's security and control equations.‎

Aims: This study aims to investigate the historical importance of the 1968 ‎movement in Mexico, which represented a pivotal turning point in the ‎country\'s political and social history. This movement came as a result to the ‎accumulation of repressive policies pursued by the Mexican regime, led by the ‎Institutional Revolutionary Party, against the regime and seeking for social ‎justice. The importance of this movement lies in the fact that it represented the ‎first organized mass confrontation against the ruling authority, making it a ‎pivotal event in the development of Mexican political consciousness. ‎Methodology: The study adopted the historical-analytical approach, by ‎collecting and analyzing official American documents related to the 1968 ‎movement, including the political data and reports contained therein, with the ‎aim of reconstructing a comprehensive picture of the movement\'s events, its ‎internal and external context, and the extent of US interaction with ‎developments within Mexico. Results: Following the analysis of the data that ‎the researchers had gotten, the results showed that the demands were focusing ‎on the construction, focusing on issues such as academic freedom, ending the ‎militarization of universities, and unleashing public freedoms. However, the ‎ruling regime met these peaceful demands with a bloody response, represented ‎by the Tlatelolco Square massacre, which claimed the lives of hundreds of ‎unarmed civilians, deeply shocking Mexican and international public opinion ‎alike. Conclusions: Although the movement failed to bring about immediate ‎political change, it paved the way for the growth of political awareness among ‎subsequent generations, contributed to strengthening the culture of demanding ‎rights, and exposed the nature of the authoritarian regime, which subsequently ‎contributed to the formation of more organized and bold social movements.‎

Aims: This study aims to shed light on the personality of Dr. Musare'a Al-‎Rawi, as one of the most prominent academic and cultural icons in Iraq and the ‎Arab world during the second half of the twentieth century. The importance of ‎the study lies in its coverage of the intellectual and scientific aspects of Al-‎Rawi's career, unlike what most previous studies have focused on, which were ‎limited to the political and military dimensions of icons from that era. ‎Methodology: The study adopted the descriptive historical approach, through ‎analyzing Dr. Musare'a Al-Rawi's biography and related documents, with a ‎focus on the social, intellectual, and educational dimensions, in addition to ‎documenting the positions he held during his long career in serving scientific ‎and cultural institutions in Iraq and the Arab world. Results: The results ‎showed that Musare'a Al-Rawi belongs to a well-known social environment in ‎the city of Rawah. He received his education in Iraq and completed his ‎postgraduate studies in the United States, where he obtained a doctorate degree. ‎The study also revealed that Al-Rawi held prestigious academic and cultural ‎positions, including professor at the University of Baghdad, Minister of ‎Culture, President of Al-Mustansiriya University, and President of the Arab ‎League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO). He was ‎also a member of the Iraqi Scientific Academy and chaired its Social and ‎Human Studies Committee. Conclusions: It can be concluded that Dr. Al-‎Rawi represented a model of academic leadership and cultural commitment, ‎employing his scientific expertise to develop educational and cultural work in ‎Iraq and the region. He contributed to consolidating the concepts of ‎educational renaissance and literacy at the local and Arab levels, making his ‎biography an important focus for understanding the development of the Iraqi ‎cultural elite.‎

Aims: The current study aimed to investigate the amount of demographic ‎transformation in one of the age structure indicators, the median age of the ‎population of Anbar Governorate between the period of 1997 and 2023. It ‎also aimed to test the direction of change. Methodology: To follow the ‎phenomenon of median age historically, the research adopted the historical ‎approach. To analyze and interpret the phenomenon and its relationship to ‎other demographic variables, the descriptive approach was also adopted. The ‎study also adopted official data from the 1997 general population census from ‎the Ministry of Planning. The research sample consisted of (2400) individuals ‎‎(families), distributed as (1400) in urban areas and (1000) in rural areas. ‎Results: The results showed that the demographic transition for the median age ‎was evident during the research period between 1997 to 2023. The results ‎indicated that the demographic transition increased by approximately six years, ‎in both urban and rural areas alike. The results also indicated that this may be ‎due to a decline in the birth rate, which resulted in a decrease in the relative ‎representation of the age group (0-14) years, followed by an increase in the ‎relative representation of the middle-aged group (15-64) years, the elderly ‎group (65 years and older), and an increase in the life expectancy of the ‎population. Conclusions: It can be concluded that there are number of factors ‎have contributed to the change in age structure indicators, with the relative ‎overrepresentation of the middle-aged (14-64) and elderly (65 years and older) ‎categories, and the consequently decreased relative representation of the young ‎‎(0-14) age group. These factors include: The decline in the birth rate and the ‎increase in life expectancy. Additionally, the median age has declined, ‎increasing by more than five years between 1997 and 2023.‎

Aims: This current study aimed to analyze the demographic characteristics of ‎the agricultural workforce and demonstrate the impact of these characteristics ‎on agricultural activity in terms of production and diversity. It also aimed to ‎clarify the population distribution of the workforce according to demographic ‎and economic indicators, and finally to evaluate its relationship with ‎agricultural activities. Methodology: A descriptive and analytical approach was ‎adopted, relying on statistical data available from official and field sources. The ‎study also tried to determine the size of the workforce and its geographical, age, ‎educational distribution, and analyze the extent of its contribution to ‎agricultural activity. The correlation coefficient was used to measure the ‎relationship between labor force characteristics and agricultural production ‎indicators in the studied areas. Results: After analyzing all the gathered data, ‎the results showed a positive correlation between the density of the agricultural ‎workforce and the level of agricultural production in most of the studied areas, ‎especially in areas with adequate infrastructure and agricultural services. It also ‎showed that the productive age group of the workforce represents the highest ‎percentage of those employed in this sector, in addition to the concentration of ‎workers with limited education in traditional agricultural activities, which limits ‎the expansion of modern methods. Conclusions: It can be concluded that ‎workforce represents one of the fundamental pillars of agricultural sector ‎development, and that improving its demographic and educational characteristics ‎would contribute to increasing agricultural production efficiency significantly. The ‎study emphasized the importance of supporting agricultural training programs and ‎developing workers' skills in order to achieve optimal use of human resources in this ‎vital sector.‎

Aims: This study aimed to examine the relationship between climatic ‎characteristics and prevalence rate of pneumonia in the Upper Euphrates ‎region. Methodology: The researchers adopted the descriptive approach. Data ‎were collected from various sources, most notably data on patients with the ‎disease, which the researchers obtained from the Directorate of Anbar Health. ‎Climatic data were obtained from the Meteorological and Seismic Monitoring ‎Authority (MSMA). The researchers relied on the statistical program (SPSS) to ‎analyze the data, particularly Pearson's correlation coefficient, simple regression ‎coefficient, t-test, F-test, and interpretation coefficient R2. Results: After ‎statistically analyzing all the data, the study confirmed that there is a statistically ‎significant direct relationship between the prevalence rate of pneumonia ‎incidence and humidity. The results also indicated a statistically significant ‎inverse relationship between pneumonia incidence and the following variables: ‎‎(sunlight, minimum and maximum temperatures, and wind). The study ‎showed no statistical significant differences between pneumonia incidence and ‎stations of the region. Based on the findings of the current study, the study ‎concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which are ‎listening to the weather forecast before leaving houses, wearing clothing ‎appropriate for the weather conditions, and wrapping a scarf around the nose ‎and mouth, especially when temperatures drop, and avoiding crowded places ‎and enclosed spaces with high humidity as much as possible.‎

Aims: The current study aims to explore the history of using barley ‎germination technique to achieve sustainable livestock development through ‎international experiences that adopted this technology, which is considered as ‎one of the pillars of agricultural development. Animal products have high ‎nutritional value and are an essential food source for humans. Researchers ‎confirm that the availability of both green and manufactured fodder is the main ‎factor of developing livestock. Availability of such fodder has been recently ‎facing challenges because of the climate change. The problem of the current ‎study focuses to answer the following question: How does barley germination ‎technology contribute to the sustainable development of livestock? The ‎hypothesis came with the following answer: Barley germination technology is ‎one of the basic solutions that must be adopted to achieve sustainable ‎development of livestock. Methodology: The descriptive, analytical, and ‎objective approaches were adopted to determine the economic feasibility of this ‎technology. Results: After statistically analyzing the data, the current study ‎found: 1- Livestock in particular and agricultural production in general face ‎major challenges due to climate change that Arab countries are experiencing. 2- ‎It is necessary to move towards providing sustainable green fodder, including ‎barley germination technology, which contributes to providing healthy green ‎fodder that is sustainable throughout the year. 3- The economic cost of barley ‎germination is reasonable to provide (one ton) of green fodder compared to its ‎production through traditional agriculture. Conclusions: The current study ‎concludes that Arab experiences in this field confirm the importance of ‎replacing traditional agriculture to produce green fodder and moving towards ‎modern technologies with economic feasibility in order to face climate change.‎

Aims: This current study aims to identify the most prominent obstacles facing ‎tourism development and investment in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, with a focus on ‎the Ottoman barracks in the cities of Erbil and Aqra. The study also seeks to propose ‎strategies for reconstructing these barracks to ensure their transformation into active ‎tourist attractions that contribute to the revitalization of local and international ‎tourism, based on the hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between the ‎development of barracks for tourism and the revitalization of economic and cultural ‎activities. Methodology: The historical and descriptive-analytical approaches were ‎adopted to achieve the study aims. The content of the study was divided into three ‎main topics: First unite addressed the definition of the study area and its tourism ‎importance, second addressed the geographical distribution of barracks and their ‎most prominent architectural characteristics, and the third was devoted to studying ‎possible ways to develop these barracks and utilize them for tourism purposes. ‎Results: The study found that barracks in the Kurdistan Region represent an ‎important architectural and historical heritage dating back to the Ottoman era, when ‎they were used as centers to shelter soldiers during winter. The study also revealed ‎the weak tourism benefits from these facilities due to neglect, lack of investment, and ‎a lack of awareness of their heritage significance. Conclusions: The study concluded ‎that the barracks are heritage landmarks capable of supporting tourism development ‎in the region if they are reconstructed and utilized within well-thought-out plans. The ‎study recommended to protect these landmarks and integrate them into the cultural ‎tourism map as part of the architectural and historical identity of the Kurdistan ‎Region ‎

Aims: The current research aims to identify the impact of digital learning technology ‎applications on developing performance skills among university students. ‎Methodology: To achieve the research objective, the semi-experimental approach ‎was adopted. The research sample was randomly selected, amounting to (380) male ‎and female students from Anbar University-Iraq. An observation card was also ‎prepared consisting of (15) sub-skills falling under five main areas: performance ‎skills (basic, social, mental, practical, and technological). Each area had three sub-‎skills. The validity and reliability of the tool was employed. Results: After ‎distributing the observation card to the instructors who teach the research sample ‎students, numbering (92) male and female instructors at Anbar University, to ‎measure (development of performance skills), and using appropriate statistical ‎methods, the results showed that digital learning technology applications have a ‎statistical significant impact on developing performance skills among university ‎students from the instructors' point of view. The results also showed that there is a ‎statistically significant difference according to the impact of digital learning ‎technology on developing performance skills among Anbar University students, and ‎that students have good general performance skills. There is also a statistically ‎significant difference between the students' averages according to the variable of ‎using digital learning technology applications; in favor of students who used the ‎applications. The results also indicated that there is a statistically significant ‎difference between the students' average grades according to the specialization ‎variable, in favor of the scientific specialization variable. Finally, the results also ‎showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the students' ‎averages according to the gender variable (male, female).‎

Aims: The current study aimed to identify the effectiveness of the 8w's model ‎of investigation in developing emotional regulation skills in the subject of ‎philosophy for the academic year 2023/2024. Methodology: A single-group ‎experimental design with a pre and post-test was adopted, which included (76) ‎male and female students who were intentionally selected from the Department ‎of Sociology/ College of Arts, Tikrit University. In addition, the researcher ‎created a test of emotional regulation skills consisting of (18) situations, for ‎each skill (3) situations. The test was judged by a group of experts to ‎demonstrate its validity. Some psychometric properties of the test were also ‎extracted to ensure its validity and reliability. It was then submitted to the ‎research sample before and after according to the plan prepared by the research. ‎Results: The data were statistically analyzed using the statistical package for ‎Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the statistical analyses indicated that the ‎eight-point model has a statistically significant effectiveness in developing ‎emotional regulation skills. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, it ‎can be concluded that the use of teaching methods, its techniques, and a variety ‎of strategies leads to better outcomes in raising students' levels in the abstract ‎subject of philosophy. Furthermore, the eight-point model has statistically ‎succeeded in yielded good results for developing students' emotional regulation ‎skills ‎

Aims: The study aimed to investigate the impact of mental thinking stimulation ‎model in understanding reading texts and developing creative comprehension ‎among fourth-year preparatory school students. Methods: The semi-‎experimental approach was adopted. The participants of the study consisted of ‎fourth-year preparatory school students at Maria Coptic Preparatory School for ‎Girls, with (25) students included in the experimental group and (25) students ‎in the control group. Reading text comprehension test and creative ‎comprehension development tests were adopted to collect the data. Results: ‎After analyzing all the data, the results showed that there were statistical ‎significant differences between the pre- and post-measurement on the reading ‎text comprehension and the creative comprehension development tests among ‎the fourth-year preparatory school students. Conclusions: The study ‎emphasized the necessity of training teachers to provide them with skills in ‎modern teaching methods and techniques which would enhance the mental ‎thinking and develop creative comprehension of their students. ‎

Aims: The aim of the current study is to identify the effectiveness of employing ‎green learning to develop environmental awareness and evaluative thinking ‎among second intermediate students in the social studies subject. ‎Methodology: The experimental approach was adopted. The sample of the ‎current study consisted of (50) students distributed equally between the ‎experimental and control groups. The first group (Experimental Group) studied ‎by the method of green education, while the control group studied using the ‎traditional method. A scale of environmental awareness was prepared ‎consisting of 39 items, and a test of evaluative thinking consisting of 18 items. ‎Both scales were verified for validity, reliability and other psychometric ‎properties. Results: After analyzing the data, the results showed that the ‎experimental group outperformed the control group in the scale of ‎environmental awareness and evaluative thinking. The results also showed that ‎there were statistical significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of ‎environmental awareness and the test of evaluative thinking in favor of the ‎post-test. Conclusions: In the light of the results, the researcher set several ‎recommendations, including: employing green education and sustainable ‎development in geography books at different educational levels due to their ‎great importance in preparing students and developing their positive attitudes ‎towards the environment. Furthermore, training geography teachers on aspects ‎related to green education and developing environmental awareness due to its ‎importance in preparing environmentally aware generations.‎

Aims: The current study aimed to identify the effectiveness of the allopathic ‎learning model on the achievement of first-year intermediate students in the ‎Holy Quran and Islamic Education and the development of their persuasive ‎thinking. Methods: The current research adopted the descriptive approach in ‎collecting data and the experimental approach in applying the experiment on ‎‎66 students distributed equally between an experimental group taught by ‎allopathic teaching and an experimental group taught by the traditional method. ‎The researcher then prepared two tests: the first is an achievement test ‎consisting of 40 multiple-choice items, and the second is a test of deductive ‎thinking consisting of 20 items. The psychometric properties were tested, ‎including the validity and reliability of the two research tools. Results: After ‎statistical analysis of all the data using appropriate statistical methods, the ‎results indicated that the tools are statistically sound. The results also showed ‎that the experimental group had more achievement and persuasive thinking ‎than the control group. Conclusions: A set of recommendation and suggestion ‎were then proposed.‎