iklil for Humanity Studies

The Qur'anic discourse is considered a unique model in employing rhetorical techniques to serve doctrinal and educational purposes. Among these techniques, the alerting function (tanbīh) emerges as one of the key tools in awakening the awareness of the recipient and involving them in the structure of the discourse. In this context, Surah Hud stands out as a rich example filled with alerting cues that are employed in service of the thematic structure of the Surah—especially in conveying the message of faith, affirming divine laws, and encouraging reflection on the destinies of past nations.
This study aims to explore the presence of the alerting function in Surah Hud, analyze its tools and stylistic manifestations, and clarify its semantic impact in shaping the discourse. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing upon modern stylistic and rhetorical studies, while being guided by the rich Arabic linguistic and rhetorical tradition. Among the most prominent alerting tools identified in the Surah are:
The explicit alerting particle "Ala" ألا, which occurs to provoke mental alertness and prepare the audience for a significant meaning or critical conclusion. The vocative particle "Ya" يا, especially when directed at the Prophet or specific groups of people, which adds further intensity and focus to the message.
Demonstrative pronouns such as this, these, those (which draw attention and emphasize the subject being referred to. The findings show that the alerting function in the Surah is not marginal or incidental; rather, it is integrated with other core functions such as informative, argumentative, and persuasive elements. It contributes significantly to capturing the listener’s attention to the major truths conveyed by the Surah—such as monotheism, resurrection, divine reward and punishment, and the laws of destruction and victory. The role of alerting is also evident in the transitions between sections and in highlighting the moral lessons drawn from the stories of the prophets and their peoples.

Contemporary banks have sought to develop innovative solutions that can be leveraged to achieve the objectives of Sharia. Contemporary jurists have taken these needs into account, discussing the means banks have proposed to facilitate development processes and adapting them to suit the objectives of Sharia, without violating the Islamic legal perspective. Among these, it is permissible to use checks and electronic currencies in purchasing transactions. However, gold purchases differ from other sales because they are subject to the rules of exchange. This study examines the permissibility of using checks and electronic currencies in purchasing gold

The aim of the research is to identify excessive thinking among students of the College of Education for Humanities at the University of Mosul and to identify the significance of the differences according to the gender variable (males-females) and the grade variable (first-third). The research sample consisted of (228) male and female students. The researchers constructed a scale (excessive thinking), and the researcher used a set of statistical methods through the statistical package (SPSS). The results showed the presence of a statistically significant difference in favor of the hypothetical average, in addition to the absence of a difference between the variables of gender and grade. This indicates that university students do not possess excessive thinking. The researcher recommends conducting studies on other samples, conducting correlational studies with other variables, as well as conducting experimental studies aimed at reducing excessive thinking.

Smartphones are essential communication tools used by all age groups, especially young adults and teenagers. Without them, you'd feel inadequate. However, they provide a wealth of information at your fingertips, and they bridge the gap between social media and the impact of mobile phones on all aspects of life, including sleep quality and, finally, social work. The current study is a clever attempt to examine the relationship between mobile phone use and sleep quality among adolescent girls and boys. The current research aims to-:
Measu the relationship between mobile phone use among adolescent girls and boys.
Clearly distinguish between the differences in excessive phone use by gender (males and females) and grade (second intermediate and fifth preparatory) among girls and adolescent girls.
Measure sleep quality among the general public and adolescent girls.
Identifying the significance of sleep clarity for gender (males females) and grade (second intermediate - fifth preparatory) worldwide and for adolescent girls.
Measuring the association between excessive mobile phone use and sleep quality among urban residents and adolescent girls.
The research populations are stratified: the gifted and talented secondary school in Baghdad's Rusafa Secondary School for theatrical education (2024-2025) for morning studies.
The research results indicate that all women and adolescent girls have excessive mobile phone use and poor sleep quality. There are statistically significant differences between males and females, and only one correlation is found between mobile phone use and sleep quality. There are no statistically significant differences between gender and grade (second intermediate - fifth preparatory) and sleep quality. There is an additive correlation between excessive mobile phone use and sleep, meaning that the more excessive mobile phone use increases, the poorer the sleep quality of adolescent boys and girls, and vice versa.

The current research aims to identify the readiness for suicide among middle school female students. The research is limited to (100) students from the Directorate of Education in Baghdad, Karkh Al-Thalitha, for the year (2025). The researcher relied on the descriptive approach and previous studies that explored suicide in order to understand the nature of suicide and clarify the role of the family and Iraqi society in addressing it. The researcher adopted the suicide readiness scale (Al-Jadou, 2021), which consists of (34) items in its final form. The researcher used the statistical package (PSSS) to analyze the data and concluded that the students have a readiness for suicide. The current study community is an important element of Iraqi society. Based on the results, the researcher reached several conclusions, recommendations, and proposals.

The current research aimed to identify: 1- The positive and negative effects of social networking sites on family relationships, 2- The significance of differences in the variable according to gender (male - female), 3- The significance of differences in the relationship according to the variable of academic specialization (scientific - humanities). To verify this, the researcher used the social networking sites scale, which she had developed for this purpose, and verified its psychometric properties. The final form of the scale consisted of (23) items distributed over the two dimensions of positive effects (12) items, and negative effects (11) items. After applying it to the research sample of (170) male and female students, who were randomly selected from the University of Baghdad students, the following statistical methods were used: (T-test for one sample, T-test for two samples Two independent variables, two-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha equation.
The following results were obtained:
-The sample students have a high level of social media use.1
-Social media has a positive impact on the Iraqi family.2
3-There are no differences based on gender (male-female) or specialization (scientific, humanities) in the research variables.
In light of these results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This research explores the philosophy of environment in the Medieval Christian era through the study of the ideas of Augustine, Anselm, Thomas Aquinas, and Bonaventure. The research focuses on the importance of preserving the environment to ensure the continuation of life on earth, and emphasizes that humans should be guardians of the environment or part of nature.
The research shows that medieval Christian philosophers considered the environment an integral part of divine creation, and therefore it should be respected and preserved.

Happiness is complete contentment with the good the soul attains. The moral philosopher, with his intellectual happiness represented by contemplation and reflection, always longs to attain the ultimate good. Therefore, he is absolutely happy. This is what Ibn Maskawayh sought to achieve in his ethical doctrine, whereby he added to intellectual virtue a spiritual happiness based on constant peace of mind. This is true, complete, and blessed happiness. Ibn Maskawayh always worked to unify the highest good with ultimate happiness. Accordingly, according to Ibn Maskawayh's view, intellectual happiness is a gift from God Almighty and a gift to humanity. It is true happiness, and it is the most noble of good qualities and the highest of their ranks. It is specific to the perfect human being, and is not shared by those who are not perfect. In this research, Ibn Maskawayh sought to clarify true happiness along with its counterparts, such as pleasure, bliss, and goodness. He established its divisions and ranks for the happy human being, and emphasized its specific and general conditions. Finally, he added several types of happy life for people.

this research, we attempt to present the contributions of Gaston Bachelard, one of the most prominent philosophers of science in the modern era, who left a clear imprint on the field of philosophy of science through his theoretical and epistemological perspectives. Bachelard presented many distinct philosophical ideas that profoundly influenced this field, particularly through the concept of "philosophy of refusal," which is pivotal to understanding the relationship between philosophy and science. Despite the transformations witnessed by scientific thought and the diversity of disciplines, Bachelard believes that philosophy remains the broadest horizon for contemplating the foundations of science and critiquing its theories.

The research aims to know (the effect of the selective method in increasing achievement and historical curiosity among first-year middle school students in the subject of social studies) which focuses on how to teach the subject of history, which is part of the social studies subject taught to the first-year middle school in the first chapters of the book. This modern method distances us from traditional teaching methods. The research sample was used, which consists of the experimental group (30) students and the second regular group, which consists of (30) students in the school (Al-Durar Girls' Preparatory School). The researcher used the experimental method, and adopted a tool to extract the results, which is the achievement, which consists of (40) paragraphs. Historical curiosity questionnaires, which consist of (33) paragraphs, were also distributed to the study sample. After taking the results, collecting them and analyzing them statistically, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, which are: - The effectiveness of the selective method in teaching history led to raising the level of achievement among the students of the experimental group in the first-year middle school in the subject of history, as well as increasing their love of exploring historical events. And their desire to teach, research and uncover historical information and its sources. And reached a number of recommendations: In light of the results of the current research, the researcher recommends the following: - The necessity of using the (selective) method by middle school history teachers because of its role in raising the level of academic achievement as well as increasing historical curiosity. - Training teachers during service and on an ongoing basis and providing them with new teaching methods and explaining their importance in increasing achievement, historical curiosity and the desire to learn among female students. As well as a number of the following suggestions: - Conducting a study similar to this study and other universities and other schools and for all stages. - Addressing other additional teaching methods to increase achievement and historical curiosity.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the flipped classroom strategy on the achievement of second-grade middle school students in the subject of Arabic grammar and systematic thinking. The sample of the current research was determined by second-grade middle school students in the third Rusafa Education Schools, affiliated with Baghdad Governorate for the academic year (2024-2025). Second-grade middle school students at (Al-Fadhail High School for Outstanding Girls) were chosen to be the research sample intentionally. Two halls were chosen from a total of four halls of second-grade middle school students, one of the two groups was experimental and the other was a control group. The research sample amounted to (67) students, with (33) students in the experimental group, and (34) students in the control group. The researcher rewarded the two research groups in variables (the chronological age of fathers and mothers, the previous year's grades, and the achievement test was also prepared, as (50) paragraphs were formulated in a manner consistent with the content of the material and behavioral purposes (remembering, understanding, application), a systemic thinking test, as a test was prepared by the researcher, which is systemic thinking, which consisted of (26) paragraphs, and the data were analyzed And it was processed statistically by adopting the statistical program (21.SPSS.V), as the results showed that the experimental group students who studied with the required separation strategy outperformed the control group students who studied with the usual method in the systematic thinking test. Based on the research results, the researcher recommends the necessity of adopting the flipped classroom strategy in teaching Arabic grammar, due to its positive effect in increasing systematic thinking among students. In order to verify the research objective, the researcher developed the following urban hypothesis:
1- Are there no statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study according to the flipped classroom strategy, and the scores of the control group?
Those who study in the usual way of learning
2-There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study using the flipped classroom strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study using the traditional method in systematic thinking.

The study sought to identify the effectiveness of a training program based on social skills in reducing bullying behavior for female students of the Institute of Fine Arts in Kirkuk governorate, and reached )35( female students of the Institute, and they were distributed into two experimental groups (19 ) female students and the control group (16 ) female students. The study used the semi-experimental method and the design of the two control and experimental unequal groups, and the two scales were used before and after, and a training program was used in the development of skills and took about two months to apply, and the study reached results, the most important of which was the presence of statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group on the scale of bullying behavior and the measure of self-concept social skills, bullying behavior, self-concept)

The current research aims to identify the obstacles to the application of electronic tests in social studies textbooks from the perspective of male and female teachers. To achieve the research objective, the researcher defined the research community as social studies teachers. The researcher took a sample of (159) male and female social studies teachers in primary schools affiliated with the Education Directorate. The researcher also prepared the research tool, which consisted of (25) paragraphs, whose validity and reliability were verified after applying it to a survey sample to extract psychometric characteristics. The results revealed the presence of many obstacles in the use of electronic tests in general, and they need quick solutions. The researcher concluded that social studies teachers in primary schools suffer from many problems in the use of electronic tests. He recommended improving the material level of the teacher to develop himself in electronic tests, and equipping schools with the necessary computer materials for electronic tests.

The current research aims to measure flexible thinking among high school students and compare it based on gender and specialization variables. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted a descriptive research method, which involves describing and interpreting what exists. The researcher reviewed previous studies and literature and adopted the Jallad (2014)scale, which consists of (32) life situations. The psychometric properties of the scale were extracted through face validity and reliability ,The scale was then applied to the main research sample of (60) male and female students, selected using a stratified random sampling method with equal selection. The participants were chosen from Wasit Directorate of Education for the academic year (2023/2024). The data was statistically analyzed. The research yielded several key findings, the most important of which is that high school students demonstrate weak flexible thinking. Regarding gender and specialization variables, the study found no significant differences, indicating that flexible thinking remains equal across these variables. The increasing psychological pressures in terms of quantity and type seem to have overshadowed the effects of these factors.Based on these findings, the researcher recommended utilizing the flexible thinking test to identify rigid thinking students in high school and taking appropriate measures to reduce such rigidity, enabling them to be more adaptable in facing various life situations. Additionally, it was suggested to incorporate content in curricula that enhances and develops flexible thinking among students at this stage.

يهدف الـبحث إلى معرفة:"اثر انموذج ناردو في اكتساب المفاهيم الجغرافية عند طالبات الصف الثاني المتوسط"،ولبلوغ الهدف وضعت الفرضية "لايوجد فرق دال احصائـيا بين مـتوسط درجـات طالـبات الـمجموعـة التجريـبـية اللاتي درسن وفقاً لانموذج ناردو ،ومتوسط درجات طالبات الـمجموعـه الـضابـطة الـلاتي درسن وفقاً لـلطريقـة الاعتيـادية في اختبار اكتساب المفاهيم"، اما الـعيـنة فتمثلت بـطالبات الـصف الثاني المتوسط في مدرسة(متوسطة زينب للبنات)،التـابعة لمديـريـة الكرخ الثـالثة،وتم اختيار شعبة(أ)لتمثل المجموعة التجريـبيــة والتي ضمت(26)طالبة، وشعبة(د)لتمثل المجموعة الضابـطة، والتي ضمت (25)وصُيغ(97)هـدفاً سـلوكـياً، وتم اعداد اختبار بعـدي ضم(30)فقرة ،وتحققت الباحثة من صدق الاهداف والاختبار وبعد ان درست الـمجموعتيـن فصلاً دراسـياً كـاملاً ،اجرت الباحثة الاختبار وتم تحليله احـصائيـاً وتوصلت الى: (تفوق طالبات المجموعة التجريبـية اللاتي درسن وفق انموذج ناردو على طالبات المجموعة الضابـطة في اخـتبـار اكتساب المفاهـيم البعدي).

The research aims to identify electronic curricula and their role in developing the educational process. The study was conducted on a sample of (40) male and female students from (middle and secondary) schools, with (25) male students and (15) female students. The descriptive analytical approach was used. The study tool was distributed, which is a questionnaire consisting of (39) paragraphs to measure the role of electronic curricula in developing the educational process. The study showed results, the most prominent of which were: Electronic curricula are necessary to improve the outcomes of the educational process, as a large percentage of responses showed support for this opinion. It also reduces the material cost associated with paper printing. It provides the possibility of updating curricula easily without the need to print new ones, which enables changes to be introduced quickly and easily. Electronic curricula can be delivered to all students at the same time, which enhances justice in education. It facilitates interaction between students and teachers thanks to interactive activities and electronic links. The most prominent recommendations were: The need to develop the technological infrastructure of schools and expand the scope of work with electronic curricula.

Primary education services are among the most important educational services, as they work to prepare and raise an aware, educated generation that can be relied upon in the future to build and prosper any country. From this standpoint, the research aims to understand the reality of primary education services in Al-Wajhiya district for the year 2024-2025 and the extent of their efficiency, suitability, and student numbers. The research sheds light on primary education services in Al-Wajhiya district in terms of the number of school buildings, classrooms, and student numbers, in addition to the number of teaching staff. The researcher relied on evaluating this service through the spatial distribution of schools in the district and their efficiency according to the local standards provided by the Ministry of Planning, which are related to educational services. After collecting, presenting, evaluating, and analyzing the data, the researcher reached several conclusions, including that the teaching staff is sufficient in terms of their numbers and distribution, with some failures in a small section of schools. The same applies to the number of classes, as there are schools with high numbers of classes in areas with low population density, unlike other schools. Through this, several proposals were made, including adding new buildings to schools in need, and reconsidering the distribution of staff in some of these schools. He hopes It is important for the relevant authorities to take this into consideration to serve the residents of Al-Wajihiyah district and the educational process.

This research aims to study the effect of the 5555 strategy on the achievement of - Social Studies among second-grade middle school students in the Canaan area of Diyala Governorate, in addition to its effect on the development of formal thinking among these students. The research was implemented in Iraqi government schools during the academic year 2024-2025, including 70 second-grade middle school students, divided into 35 students in the experimental group and 35 students in the control group. An achievement test was used in history to measure the level of achievement, and a questionnaire was used to evaluate formal thinking among students. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the achievement of history compared to the control group. It also showed that the 5555 strategy contributed to enhancing formal thinking among students in the experimental group significantly. The study confirmed the effectiveness of the 5555 strategy in improving the achievement of Social Studies and developing formal thinking among second-grade middle school students in government schools in Iraq. The study recommends using the 5555 strategy in teaching other subjects, especially those that require the development of critical and analytical thinking among students, and the need to train teachers on new strategies to improve teaching methods and enhance student achievement.

The population environment has always been interconnected and co-evolving, without which cities would not exist. Cities and their life potential depend largely on infrastructure. This important relationship between cities and infrastructure is an important factor in understanding the emergence and sustainability of cities and civilizations, especially because of the transformation and transformative power of infrastructure; this two-way relationship according to the foundations that support growth and the need for facilities, and cities and their social, economic and political functions lead to the development and/or emergence of demographic structures. This study aims to shed light on the role of infrastructure in sustainable urban development. The study concludes that the impact of infrastructure on sustainable urban development is reflected in two aspects that reinforce each other. The first aspect is its importance in providing basic living conditions - the needs of the community's residents regarding health and safety and economic, environmental, social, and cultural interests. The second aspect is the three dimensions of sustainable urban infrastructure, which are: population and environmental aspects, ensuring the improvement of the surrounding environment, confronting the impact of climate change and reducing the impact of climate change through renewable and low-carbon energy generation, efficient transportation and distribution systems and carbon emissions, balancing financing sources and financial resources, and citizens bearing appropriate costs in the future to enhance the financial dimension of assets managed by the older generation, as well as the physical dimension of assets. It affects urban sustainability - the footprint - in design, construction, maintenance, development, and the full life cycle approach to human activities.

The food industries in Diyala Governorate, especially in the city of Baqubah, are old, some of which date back to the thirties and forties of the last century (such as vegetable oils, alcoholic beverages, grinding grains, flour, bread, pastries, dairy products, molasses, date canning, and fruit juices such as pomegranates and oranges). Then other industries appeared, such as pastries, the meat industry, local fruits and vegetables, the manufacture of soft drinks, and mineral water. The food industry represents one of the industries that are associated with the abundance of agricultural production, both agricultural crops and animal production, within the study area, with the presence of the local consumer, not to mention other settlement factors, which contributed to the distribution of pastry and sweets factories related to the subject of the study within the areas of Baqubah city, which we concluded are heading towards meeting the needs of the local population. Their spatial distribution in the administrative units came according to the areas of population concentration, which indicates the role of the market in their geographical distribution
The research problem came about stating the most important components that contributed to the distribution of confectionery and pastry factories in the city of Baqubah and how they are distributed spatially. The research concluded with several results, including: There is a variation in the distribution of confectionery and pastry factories, but most of them are directed towards meeting the needs of the local population, and their spatial distribution in the administrative units came according to the areas of population concentration, which indicates the role of the market in their geographical distribution.

This research aims to examine the impact of drought on population distribution in Anbar Governorate, one of the largest Iraqi governorates suffering from water scarcity due to climate change and regional water policies. The research examines the causes of drought, both natural (such as low rainfall and high temperatures) and human (such as poor water resource management), and their impact on the agricultural sector and the local economy.
Drought causes populations to migrate from rural areas to cities in search of alternative livelihoods, causing demographic changes that impact social and economic stability. It also leads to a decline in agricultural production, leading to higher unemployment and poverty rates, and impacting food security. Drought also exacerbates desertification and land degradation, increasing the risk of dust storms and affecting the quality of life in the governorate.
The research also focuses on drought adaptation strategies, including the development of modern irrigation systems, improved water resource management, and the adoption of sustainable agricultural policies. It concludes the importance of implementing development policies aimed at achieving natural resource sustainability and enhancing local communities' awareness of drought risks and adaptation methods.

This research aims to study the impact of vertical construction on green cover in the city of Baghdad, where vertical construction rates have increased in recent years due to population growth and urban expansion. The results showed that vertical construction has led to a significant decline in green spaces, which has negatively affected air quality and temperature in the city. These changes have also reduced biodiversity and increased pollution levels, which poses a challenge to public health and the population. It is necessary to address the housing deficit by establishing residential complexes according to original plans and without encroaching on green spaces. This procedure will limit encroachment on lands designated for green cover, and also ensure the implementation of sustainable development in the city of Baghdad and its vegetation cover, because caring for and developing the vegetation cover periodically has a positive impact on the health of the city's residents.

This study aims to identify the demographic and health characteristics of kidney failure patients in Ramadi District and shed light on the factors influencing the spread of the disease and its impact on patients' lives.The results showed that most patients suffer from health problems resulting from chronic diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure, which are among the most important causes of kidney failure. The current study recommended the need to raise health awareness regarding kidney failure prevention improve healthcare and early diagnosis, and provide social and health support to patients to alleviate the burdens resulting from the disease.

The problem of urban sprawl at the expense of agricultural land is one of the problems that led to the deterioration of agricultural land in Al-Dawwar District (39). This is due to the increasing population growth in the study area, which led to changes in land use at the expense of agricultural land. Urban sprawl increased after 2003 and had many negative effects, the most prominent of which was the decline in agricultural production and the destruction of large areas of agricultural land. In addition to this, there is environmental damage and a decline in municipal services in residential areas.

The study showed that hydroponics is a modern and advanced method that aims to address the problem of food security by improving the ability of crops to confront climate change as it was found that the agricultural sector is responsible for 14% of the gases causing global warming , in addition to reducing the effects resulting from water scarcity .
Iraq has diverse natural resources that must be optimally exploited to achieve self-sufficiency in line with the country's need . The study showed that hydroponics is still limited and individual in scope ,with limited and primitive capabilities that were applied for research purposes, such as in Anbar governorate , where barley germination technology was applied and proved successful. Another individual experiment was in Baghdad governorate ,where Ammar headed his project (Al-Hayani farm) which aims to confront the biggest challenges facing the city of Baghdad, which is water scarcity . His project started small, but he turned to the united nations development program in Iraq and expanded his project and introduced the aquaponics system that integrates fish farming with hydroponics and uses its waste as nutritional elements for plants . Therefore , these experiments can be a starting point for applying hydroponics on a larger scale if the financial capabilities and technical and technological security returns, as a self- sufficient country is a secure country.

The mental image of the American woman has its implications and psychological and social reflections on the Iraqi woman. From this perspective, this research came to explain that image, which reflects some of its aspects on the Iraqi woman when watching those foreign American films. It shows that the age group of the sample members, aged 18-29, is the most frequent group to watch those films, which accounted for 56% of the rest of the groups. Most of their educational level are holders of a Bachelor's degree. This group had the most viewing of films with their families, and the most used medium was television, and sometimes mobile phones. The image of the American woman reflected that she enjoys absolute freedom, while her role in the home was mostly the responsibility of the American husband. The percentage of the woman's intelligence compared to the American man was sometimes higher. As for the economic income of the woman, it was varying between high and medium. In terms of the quality of the professions she works in, it was good to some extent. As for evaluating the life of the American woman within American society in general, it was good.