Al-Bahith Journal

After Abu Amr Al-Jahiz, one of the most prominent scholars who enjoys a great scientific and social status, and this prestigious status that Al-Jahiz enjoyed did not come from a vacuum, as he is a great encyclopedic scholar, and grew up in houses of knowledge, learning and Hadith, and was familiar with different sciences, and in his writings he established branches of knowledge that no one had preceded him in, whether in history, literature or other sciences. His writings, books and letters have received the attention of authors and researchers, both ancient and modern, as the book that Al-Jahiz writes is appreciated even if others differ with him in point of view, and he was characterized as an eloquent, poetic, modern scholar, and students flocked to him from other Arab countries. Abu Omar Al-Jahiz was a student of the great scholars and jurists and he gained a great scientific status. A group of jurists were his students, including Abu Bakr Abdullah bin Abi Dawood Al-Sijistani, Abu Al-Abbas bin Zaid bin Abdul Akbar Al-Basri, Yamut bin Al-Mazra’, Ibn Abd Rabbih and others. Abu Omar Al-Jahiz also wrote many books, some of which we mentioned in the research. Abu Amr Al-Jahiz died in Basra in the year ( 255 AH/ 868 AD ).

Abstract
The study examined the statistical analysis of the demographic characteristics of visitors and their impact on transportation and traffic flow in the holy city of Karbala. It revealed that the characteristics of visitors entering Karbala were characterized by variability and differences between Arab and foreign visitors. This variability in characteristics among visitors directly impacts transportation، especially during peak times during the seasons of millions of visitors to Karbala.
The study of statistical analysis of the characteristics of Arab and foreign visitors came to answer its main problem، which was represented by the demographic characteristics of visitors and their impact on the movement of transportation in the governorate. A number of approaches and methods were used to serve the purpose of the study and address its problem، as the researcher used the descriptive approach and the analytical approach in presenting and analyzing data related to visitors. Some statistical methods were also used..

This study seeks to identify the degree of Islamic standards in the Arabic language textbook for the third intermediate grade. To achieve the study's objective, the descriptive-analytical approach (content analysis) was adopted, given its suitability to the nature and objectives of the study. The study population was limited to the content of the Arabic language textbook for the third intermediate grade. The research sample: Part One, fifth edition of the Arabic language textbook for the academic year (2024 AD) (literary texts) only. To achieve the study's objective, the researcher adopted indicators of Islamic standards. An observation card was designed for the Islamic standards found in the Arabic language textbook for the third intermediate grade. The study found that the standards were generally met by (80%) in the literary texts analyzed, with (13.3%) partially met, while (6.7%) were not met. The texts excelled in moral and social aspects, with moral values clearly evident in most texts, and social values were strongly reinforced, specifically in topics related to homeland and belonging, by (95%). The texts also used eloquent language and sophisticated literary styles appropriate for the educational stage, achieving the standard by (100%). The study recommended the need to consider the opinions of Arabic language teachers in improving this book, including their involvement in the authorship and development committees, and to revisit the Arabic language textbook to ensure it aligns with its objectives and Islamic standards. It also recommended that evaluation, development, and modification processes be carried out for the Arabic language textbook for the first intermediate grade, within carefully considered steps and within committees of specialists in the subject, educational and psychological sciences, Arabic language teaching methods, and religious education.
Keywords: Analysis, Arabic language textbook, third intermediate grade, Islamic standards.

The current research aimed to identify: (The effect of the jar-filling strategy on acquiring geographical concepts and environmental awareness among fourth-grade literary female students). The researcher adopted an experimental design that falls within the field of experimental designs with partial control of the achievement test and the scale and environmental awareness for the two research groups (experimental and control), as the two sections (A, B) were chosen randomly to represent the research sample of fourth-grade female students.
Literary in (Umm Al-Banin Girls) Intermediate School, for the academic year (2024-2025), and the researcher rewarded the two groups of the current research in variables (chronological age, previous achievement, previous information, Raven Intelligence Test, Environmental Awareness Scale), and the researcher determined the academic subject that will be taught during the period of the experiment, which is three chapters from the geography book for the fourth literary grade, and formulated the behavioral objectives for the topics that will be taught There were (159) behavioral objectives in the four Bloom levels, and the research sample consisted of (61) female students. The researcher also prepared two tools in the research, the first tool was the achievement test, which in its final form consisted of (36) objective test items of the (multiple choice) type, and its validity was verified and its reliability coefficient was reached by the split-half method and was corrected using the Spearman-Brown equation, which reached (0.863). As for the second tool, it was represented by The final version of the environmental awareness scale was (48) items, and they were applied after the end of the experiment. The researcher analyzed and processed the data using the statistical package program (SPSS), to calculate (t-test) for two independent samples. The results showed that the students of the experimental group who studied geography with the jar-filling strategy outperformed the students of the control group who studied the same subject in the usual way. The achievement test and the environmental awareness scale. In light of the research results, the researcher made a number of recommendations and proposals.

This study aims to shed light on a pivotal phase experienced by the Levant and other Islamic regions following the death of Yazid ibn Muawiya. The phase was preceded by an overview of Muawiya’s efforts to establish the Umayyad state, beginning with his focus on strengthening the army and navy, proposing the institution of hereditary succession (*wilāyat al-ʿahd*), and culminating in the appointment of his son Yazid as ruler of the Muslims through a testamentary directive. Muawiya’s endeavors marked a transitional phase from a pre-state structure to a formal state system. However, his project faced fierce resistance from Hussein ibn Ali and the sons of the Prophet’s companions, which contributed to divisions that tore through the Muslim world during Yazid’s caliphate. These rifts resulted in the martyrdom of Hussein ibn Ali at Karbala, the siege and partial destruction of Medina, and even extended to the burning of the Kaaba following its blockade by the Levantine army.
Upon news of Yazid’s death, hostilities ceased, and warring factions retreated to their territories, ushering in a new phase that fragmented the Islamic world into political chaos. This fragmentation stemmed from Muawiya’s failure to institutionalize his succession project due to opposition from Hussein ibn Ali and the companions’ sons, as previously noted. Additionally, the reclusive caliph (likely referring to a later figure) maintained his withdrawal from governance and did not designate a successor, disenchanted with the caliphate and unconvinced of its legitimacy. Consequently, the resulting political vacuum damaged the Muslim world, dividing it into provinces loyal to two rival caliphates: one in the Hijaz and the other in the Levant .
The latter emerged after a tumultuous process, culminating in the selection of Marwan ibn al-Hakam as caliph at al-Jabiyah. His rise marked the end of the Sufyanid branch of the Umayyads and the beginning of the Marwanid era. Tribal partisanship, particularly the pro-Yemeni tribal support for Marwan, played a decisive role in resolving the power struggle within the Umayyad state .

Abstract: Industry is the primary starting point for economic development and the mobilization of natural and human resources, along with the use of new production methods. This facilitates the process of building the necessary foundations for increasing national income and raising the population's standard of living. Geographical components also have a significant impact on the emergence and growth of industrial activity. Due to its unbalanced spatial diversity, regional disparities have emerged in the nature and scale of this activity's growth, both regionally and within a single region. The importance of these factors and their role in concentrating industry in one location over another is evident, as they vary from one country to another and from one location to another. These components play a significant and fundamental role in the emergence and development of the aluminum products industry in Babil Governorate. Babil Governorate enjoys a significant geographical location, as it is located in central Iraq within the alluvial plain region and occupies the northern edge of the Middle Euphrates region. This location facilitated the emergence of the aluminum products industry in the study area, providing numerous advantages, including the ease of transporting and distributing products to neighboring governorates. The study area enjoys a large market at the local and international levels, and these markets are capable of absorbing the aluminum products in the study area. The high population growth in Babil Governorate, particularly in the productive age group (15-64 years) (55.6%), has helped provide the labor force for this industry, which has helped transport aluminum products to markets and consumers in the study area.

Keywords: (Industry, Products, Aluminum, Babil)

Abstract:
The Ottoman Empire's Tendency To Rely On Foreign Experts Stemmed From The State's Scientific Poverty And Lack Of Reliance On Modern Sciences. It Had Not Kept Pace With The Pace Of Development, And Therefore The Ottoman Empire Was In Dire Need Of Their Expertise. Furthermore, The Ottoman Empire Was Trying To Win Britain's Favor To Stand By It In Confronting External Challenges. When It Felt That Britain Was Not Serious About Its Efforts, It Turned To Germany To Carry Out The Work. However, The Germans' Role Was Limited To Advisory Only. Therefore, The Foreign Experts Played A Dual Role, Primarily Serving Their Mother Country By Making Recommendations On Arms Purchase Contracts And Conducting Intelligence Work For Their Countries. This Became Clear when Britain objected to the appointment of Hobart pasha to the position without British Approval, which constituted a point of contention. Therefore, the role of foreign experts in the Ottoman Empire was based on interests rather than practical and service-oriented principles for the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, The Ottoman Empire Attempted To Win The Favor Of The Major Powers By Bringing In Experts In Various Military Fields, Not Just Naval Ones.

This research aims to identify the role of electronic newspaper websites in health education among students at the University of Karbala, in light of the growing reliance on digital media as primary sources of health information.
The researchers adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, using a questionnaire as a tool for data collection from a random sample of 150 male and female students from various colleges and disciplines within the university.

The research findings revealed an increasing dependence on the health-related content provided by electronic newspapers. They also showed a clear positive impact of this content in enhancing awareness and modifying students’ health behaviors, such as increasing water consumption, reducing the intake of unhealthy foods, and paying more attention to mental health.
However, the researchers observed that daily engagement with these websites remains limited, indicating the need to encourage students to interact regularly with reliable health content.
The study recommended the development of health content on these electronic platforms and the strengthening of cooperation between media institutions and universities to achieve more effective outcomes in promoting health education a.
Keywords: (Health education, electronic newspaper websites, digital media, health behavior, health media)

Abstract
This study examines the numerical, relative, and ordinal distribution of the educational workforce in primary education according to administrative units in Babil Governorate. The study aims to reveal the number and distribution of educational workforce and the resulting maldistribution. The study relies on data obtained from the Directorate of Education in Babil, Statistics Section. The results show a variation in the distribution of educational workforce in primary education according to administrative units in Babil Governorate for the year 2023. This variation has significant implications for the population and educational workforce in primary education in the governorate, particularly in terms of surplus or shortage of workforce and its impact on the educational process.

Abstract
The Horn of Africa region holds significant strategic importance due to its vital location and its position on the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. Somalia, as one of the countries in the Horn of Africa, has faced complex challenges, including internal conflicts, clan-based violence, poverty, and political instability. These issues began in the early 1990s when the central government led by President Siad Barre collapsed, and armed groups took control of large parts of the country, including the Al-Shabaab movement linked to Al-Qaeda. Due to the deteriorating security situation, several countries and international organizations have intervened to help stabilize Somalia. These include foreign military interventions, such as the U.S. intervention, as well as the rise of piracy off the Somali coast.
Somalia still faces numerous challenges that hinder its stability. The Somali problem is vere complex, with intertwined political, security, and humanitarian factors. While foreign

The research sheds light on the personality of General Henri Josephine Gouraud and his military upbringing in France and the challenges he faced, starting with his graduation from the Saint-Cyr Military College, passing through the French African colonies. His inclinations for adventure and discovery pushed him to challenge the African experience. After approval was given to transfer his rank to the colonial infantry divisions in the General Staff in Western Sudan in 1894, he was assigned his first mission there, then moved between (1900-1914) to Chad, Niger and Mauritania to conclude his African mission in Morocco.

This research addresses the importance of the UAE's experience in artificial intelligence (AI) in the tourism sector, considering it an inspiring model for Iraq. The study focuses on AI and its role in developing this vital sector, highlighting that Iraq can achieve significant improvements in its main tourism offerings. The objective of the research is to demonstrate the role of AI technologies in simulating and accurately predicting the dynamics of tourist geographic phenomena. It sheds light on how AI applications can contribute to enhancing tourism development.
The findings reveal that AI technologies can improve the accuracy of predictions regarding the evolution of tourism phenomena and their trends more precisely. Additionally, AI contributes to optimizing various tools and methods to enhance different analyses and outcomes, aiming to reach the highest possible level of accuracy in applying these analyses. This aligns with modern trends that emphasize the necessity of employing AI applications in the process of tourism development.

The research concludes with a discussion emphasizing that Iraq must have a clear strategic vision on how to utilize and develop AI, as well as seek the expertise of international and global entities in the field of AI to build a knowledge and technological base in Iraq. This study examines the role of AI in tourism development through analyzing the experience of the United Arab Emirates and the potential benefits for Iraq.

Abstract
In view of the importance of agriculture in people's lives, the Arab Islamic state considered agricultural lands as public property of the state, and as for the farmers, they possess the lands and exploit them in exchange for paying the tax, which is like rent to the state. Since the state is the salt of the lands, it directs the farmer to cultivate the products necessary for the life of the community, and it also has the right to impose the tax it deems appropriate. The taxes imposed on agriculture were the main resource on which the state's finances depended, and these taxes differed according to the conditions of the farmer and agriculture and the relationship of its people to Islam. In the Hijaz, the Messenger (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace) imposed on the Jews of Khaybar, Fadak and Wadi al-Qura to pay half of the produce. As for the rest of the agricultural lands owned by the poor in the Arabian Peninsula, the tax on them differed according to the means of treatment and it exceeded one tenth of the full. The Arab owners concluded with some of the countries they entered, and they decided on the tax that the people of the country pay on their lands. The conditions of this peace differed according to the circumstances in which it was concluded.
but the majority of these The lands of the regions are owned by the state and farmers cultivate and exploit them, in return for paying a tax called kharaj.

Agricultural pests are considered one of the most significant challenges facing the agricultural sector in Iraq, negatively impacting the national economy. Iraq suffers from severe problems in this area due to the diversity of its climate and agricultural patterns, which creates an environment conducive to the spread of numerous insect and fungal pests that directly impact major agricultural crops such as wheat, barley, cotton, and vegetables.
This research focuses on analyzing the impact of agricultural pests on the Iraqi economy over different periods, highlighting agricultural productivity losses and their impact on the agricultural income of farming families, as well as food security in the country. The research also reviews the policies and measures taken to combat these pests, whether through traditional or modern technologies, and evaluates their effectiveness in reducing damage.

Abstract
The paper briefly discusses the reasons and motivations behind the development of the espionage and intelligence organization during Abdul Hamid II's era, It focuses on his upbringing and the early years of his reign, which shaped his personality and intelligence sense, Studies on this topic do not cover this aspect carefully, The paper is divided into three main topics: 1) the upbringing of Prince Abdul Hamid and the development of early doubts about his personality; 2) his attitude toward those in the palace surrounding him; 3) the external and internal political challenges he faced at the beginning of his reign, represented by the ambitions of Western powers to seize this or that portion of the Ottoman Empire's possessions, or the activity of hostile movements within the state and its provinces, The paper concludes with a conclusion that includes the most important findings, foremost among which is the need to develop and build a strong intelligence apparatus that differs from what existed during the reigns of previous sultans.

Abstract
Among the problems facing historical researchers is the problem of chronological divisions, or what is known as historical periodization. The issue of periodization has attracted the attention of a group of thinkers, some of whom were able to address it and strive to find an explanation for it. Periodization is considered one of the necessary means for framing and organizing past events according to chronological divisions with the aim of identifying their true historical meanings and implications. It helps bring history closer to people's understanding. This study addresses the problem of periodization in the Sultanate of Granada, which is considered a single, complete "era" that is both different and similar to the independent eras that Andalusia experienced, given that it was distinguished from those that preceded it.

Abstract
Over time, this image developed due to various political, social, and religious factors, reaching a peak of maturity during the fifth and sixth centuries AH. This marked the transition from the initial “nucleus” stage to the “documentary” phase in the poetic representation of Lady al-Zahra (peace be upon her).
The "documentary" image was shaped by several dimensions. The religious dimension sought to establish her as a symbol of a theological narrative affirming the rightful leadership of her husband and progeny, in accordance with the Prophet’s will. Poets such as al-Kumayt al-Asadi and Sayyid al-Himyari gave voice to this religious narrative in their verse.
Socially, the documentary image captured key events such as her marriage to Imam Ali (peace be upon them), portraying this historical moment with both factual realism and imaginative embellishment. The poetic tradition recorded these events in a manner that blended historical authenticity with artistic creativity.
Politically, this image served as a means for poets loyal to the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) to express their allegiance. They presented Lady al-Zahra (peace be upon her) as a moral and ideological benchmark, one that separated the righteous from the wicked, and the followers of truth from its adversaries. Thus, the “documented” image became an essential part of the broader, evolving poetic portrayal of Lady al-Zahra—a portrayal that continued to grow and transform in subsequent centuries.

ABSTRACT
Research Summary It is noted that human history has witnessed the emergence of goodness and happiness since the beginning of human thought, and this came in the ancient religions and civilizations that appeared in those time periods, as goodness and happiness were not limited to one religion or civilization without another or to a specific time, but rather it was initially not a scientific research, meaning it did not have scientific components that gave it a great influence, and later it developed and acquired scientific components, and entered the field of philosophy with Greek philosophy, arriving at Islamic philosophy

Abstract:
Child marriage is a controversial social phenomenon that is widespread in Iraq in general and in Babil Governorate in particular. The researcher sought to study the research problem represented by (Do social characteristics play a role in the spatial variation of child marriage according to administrative units in Babil Governorate?). The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach. She also relied on the statistical method represented by percentages to determine the spatial variation of child marriage in Babil Governorate according to administrative units. Due to the limited information available, a field study was resorted to using a questionnaire to collect information on the social characteristics of child marriage in Babil Governorate according to administrative units in Babil Governorate. (1259) questionnaires were collected on the social characteristics of child marriage for the year (2023). The study concluded that child marriage is on the rise in all administrative units due to various reasons, including the educational status of minors, as there is an inverse relationship between education and child marriage in any society. The higher the The educational level has decreased the marriage of minors. The degree of education, culture and information of a person plays a major role in delaying marriage and thus reducing the marriage of minors, which leads to the development of society and vice versa. As for the size of the family, there is a direct relationship between the increase in the size of the family and the marriage of minors. The larger the family, the greater the social and economic challenges, which is a reason for the marriage of minors to reduce the burdens placed on the parents. As for the nature of housing, the study revealed an increase in the percentage of minors living with the husband’s family due to the existence of a causal relationship represented by customs and traditions and the inclusion of the girl in the family system, thus making it easier for the family to monitor and control her. The study revealed the danger that threatens this group represented by the negative effects resulting from the marriage of minors, including the decline in the educational level, health and psychological problems, domestic violence and an increase in divorce cases

Abstract:
This study sought to analyze the trends of students of Karbala University regarding the treatment of Iraqi electronic newspapers on economic topics, during the period when the government of Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani came to power. The researcher adopted the survey methodology through a questionnaire distributed to a random stratified sample of (400) students from various faculties of the University. The study reached several results, most notably, the students ' weak reliance on electronic newspapers to follow up on economic topics, and that the exchange rate was the most economic topics read by them, and students believe that newspapers pay constant attention to economic topics, and that their treatment of these issues is balanced and reflects the needs of the public. The study concluded that press coverage of economic topics positively influences public opinion and contributes to pushing the government towards developing its economic performance.

Abstract
The research dealt with a study to evaluate the efficiency of secondary education services in the city of Abu Al-Khasib with the aim of revealing the reality of secondary education services in the city for the academic year (2024-2025), and their spatial distribution among the residential neighborhoods in the city to know their functional efficiency according to the local planning standards approved by the Ministry of Education. The results of the study showed that the number of secondary schools in the city of Abu Al-Khasib amounted to (39) There are (21) schools for boys and (18) schools for girls, including the intermediate and preparatory stages. As for their spatial distribution according to residential neighborhoods, they are not distributed equally. Their distribution was limited to (18) residential neighborhoods out of (40) residential neighborhoods. This means that there are (22) residential neighborhoods in which this service is not available. The study also showed that the reality of secondary education services in the city suffers from a deficit in the number of classes and an increase in the number of Students in the department, which negatively impacts the quality of education and hinders the effective delivery of educational material to students.

Abstract
Much has been written about Basra during the last Ottoman era, but these writings are taken from the fact that they do not address the character of Ali Ridha Basha al-Rakabi, whose receipt of the state administration has been linked to a time period that has witnessed many changes in Iraq in general and Basra State in particular as a result of the Ottoman Empire's attitude towards clan-based conflicts in the south. on the one hand, and leaders' struggles over influence and power and accompanying regional unrest on the other In the course of which Rijabi was able to play a distinctive role in the historical event industry, His roles were at the forefront of the military and political scene . His actions and the ideology of his ideas combined the art of the military with political thought during a stage in which he chose the personality of the Rikabi to reduce it and implement its policy in the region in a manner appropriate to its interests.

Abstract
This research was interested in studying the names of places mentioned in the Holy Quran, as I studied each name with an analytical linguistic study, and searched for its Western root or Semitic root, then moved to its phonetic and then morphological study, and showed the opinions of ancient and modern interpreters on each word, as I showed in the study whether the word is one of the Arabized or foreign words or one of the Western words, and I identified the names of places mentioned in the Holy Quran, and the study was selective for these words, and it was necessary for me to return to the sources and references that discussed the names of places in the Holy Quran, and the study concluded that some of the Quranic names were known to the West and they used their linguistic material and various derivations, then the Holy Quran used them with their meaning or with new meanings, and some words differed in them, some of them returned to Arabic and others returned to other Semitic languages.

Abstract:
This research aims to uncover the educational implications embedded in the Holy Qur’an through a descriptive and analytical study of selected texts. These texts highlight the aesthetic nature of the Qur’anic style and the depth of its educational guidance. The study showcases the beauty of the Qur’an’s educational function within its discourse. It is based on the hypothesis that the Qur’anic style is not limited to rhetorical and linguistic miracles alone, but also conveys profound educational objectives reflected in word choice, sentence structure, the employment of deep educational values, and dialogue that aims to shape human thought and refine behavior.
The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach based on extrapolating verses with educational dimensions, combining linguistic analysis with pedagogical understanding. It draws on selected Qur’anic verses that address educational issues such as: creed (belief), ethics, self-purification, social relationships, exemplary role models, and behavioral guidance. The findings showed that the Qur’an classifies educational implications into several axes, including: building faith, refining the soul, instilling moral values, and fostering social awareness—not merely for aesthetic purposes, but to enhance the educational impact on the recipient.
The research concluded that the Qur’anic style is an effective tool for instilling educational principles, and that understanding these implications through a stylistic perspective deepens comprehension of the Qur’anic message and contributes to the development of contemporary educational discourse.
Keywords: Modern education, sustainable development, the Holy Quran, modern educational methods, principles of education.

Abstract:
Recently, the study of characters has emerged in Iraqi universities to reveal the secrets of their biographies, since the human being is the one who makes history and influences its events and is affected by them, especially in the cultural and social aspects, and the personalities of the educated elite in particular, who contributed to the development of their cities by assuming scientific positions in the state, and among these personalities Ghazi al-Khatib, who had a great impact on the hearts of the people of Samawah through the establishment of new faculties in the university and the appointment of many people from the city, as well as his victory in the provincial council elections, which gave him an imprint and a role and a role and partisan activity in the various political roles that the party went through, as well as his victory in the membership of the provincial council elections, which made him an imprint and a role and activity in the various political roles that the party went through, as well as his partisanship in the various political roles that the party through, as well as his The communist in particular and Iraq in general, in which Al-Khatib was that field person in his positions and relations in a life full of persecution, arrests, torture, and transfers between ministries.

Abstract
The term "linguistic empowerment" is a modern term in linguistic studies, but it has historical roots in the Arab-Islamic heritage. Historical facts point to the establishment of the Islamic state at the hands of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), who was the primary reason for the intervention of the supreme authority in the affairs of the Arabic language. This was initially represented by the direct intervention of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) when errors appeared or were present in some strata of Arab society within the Arabian Peninsula.

Summary:
This study addresses the phenomenon of "beautiful face in raised nouns" from an analytical grammatical perspective, highlighting the grammatical aspects whose selection is considered desirable in terms of grammatical, rhetorical, or contextual beauty. The study aims to demonstrate the criteria that make one grammatical aspect of raising a noun preferable to another, in any grammatical context, whether as a subject, a noun, a predicate, or otherwise.
The researcher relied on an analytical approach based on tracing the examples of grammarians who mentioned the place of beauty in their texts, often supporting them with examples from the Holy Qur'an and Arabic poetry. He analyzed these examples in light of the views of ancient grammarians, sometimes resorting to the views of modern grammarians and demonstrating the extent of their agreement or disagreement with those of modern grammarians.
The study concluded that "beautiful face" is not always the most popular or widespread concept; rather, it may be linked to the beauty of the structure, the coherence of meaning, or the eloquence of expression.

Abstract
This research examines the role of political poetry and its impact on political and social movements during the Umayyad period. It reveals how poets at that time were able to use poetry as a means of influencing public consciousness and directing society on important political issues. The study focuses on analyzing the poetic techniques used, such as praise and satire, which poets employed to express their political views and positions. It also discusses how poets succeeded in conveying political messages through hints and symbolism, allowing them to express their opposition in an indirect manner.
The research also highlights the significance of political poetry in strengthening tribal identity and collective unity, as poets were able to unite tribes around common causes, making them an effective and influential force in the political scene. Through analytical examples, the research demonstrates how poets used their verses to criticize the authorities, defend the issues of marginalized classes, and shed light on social values, making poetry in the Umayyad period a powerful tool for influence and social guidance.

Abstract:
This research presents a selection of prose texts that revolved around a significant event in Arab and Islamic history: the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (Aleah Alsalam). This event revealed the profound grief that engulfed hearts and left a profound impact on the souls of Muslims, especially preachers and poets, who shouldered a significant responsibility in confronting the difficult challenges that followed. It addressed an aspect of the phenomenon of the self and the other, which was prominent in selected examples of the prose of that revolution. It relied on a group of sources that supported the research. My intention in choosing this topic was due to its importance, as the phenomenon of the self and the other is based on a very broad field in prose. This was the most important reason for choosing this research. It also provided a clear survey of the intentions of the authors of these texts, who presented us with a rich and refined literature. This literature obliged researchers and specialists to examine its precision and solidity, expressing the horror of that painful event. ...and painted for us a profound inner picture that stirred the souls of those orators, and a significant historical legacy that recorded the events and ups and downs of that era. The study plan consisted of an introduction and two chapters. The introduction briefly

clarified the concepts of self and other in the prose of the Tawabin Revolution and the Emirate of Al-Mukhtar Al-Thaqafi. The first chapter examined the self in the prose of the Tawabin era and the Emirate of Al-Mukhtar Al-Thaqafi. The second chapter examined the other during that era. The study concluded with a conclusion that addressed the most important results and suggestions, as well as sources and references.

Research Summary
Our knowledge of the role of art in promoting and balancing the curriculum is the knowledge that stems from the culture of the twenty-first century, which emphasizes that the human element represents the means of development and purpose, which can not be achieved only by it affects the elements of production in quantity and quality, so the classroom environment is very important in activating the thinking of learners And to enhance their abilities and potential, and this will be achieved only in the presence of a descriptive environment where a set of characteristics that raise the thinking and creative abilities of learners to do their potential during the process of learning (Adas, 1996, p. 37) Therefore, this research was conducted to study the role of the classroom environment in the development of creative creative values among secondary and middle school students from the point of view of teachers and teachers of art education. For this purpose, a random sample of teachers and teachers of art education (72) The researcher prepared a questionnaire to identify the role of the classroom environment, which consisted of (44) paragraphs distributed according to three axes, the first axis: the role of the teacher with (17) paragraphs, the second axis: the role of the curriculum by (12) 15). After verifying the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, it was applied to the basic sample To search, and then the search results were processed using percentage, arithmetic mean The standard deviation, and Pearson correlation equation, the results showed the following:
- The role of teachers and teachers of art education in the development of creative creative values of their eyes among secondary and preparatory students was low.
- The role of curriculum vocabulary in the development of creative creative values among secondary and preparatory students from the point of view of teachers and teachers of art education, was a medium degree.
Mutual respect, encouragement of success, interaction with peers, dialogue, And to give the student confidence in himself, which makes him able to adapt to the new positions, holding seminars or conferences for teachers showing the need to keep pace with the development and use of new media in teaching and learning, and the establishment of a culture of education through art rather than art to deal constructively with the value and cultural developments that characterized this era, In addition to directing research centers and educational institutions to develop programs for the development of creativity and an integrated framework with the study material and educational activities in accordance with the educational principles derived from scientific research to become an effective tool in the development of educational practices Yamima, with the need to work on the preparation of training programs for teachers of art education to teach them what creativity and teaching methods In the light of the results of the research, the researcher suggested conducting a study on the classroom environment and its relation to critical thinking in secondary and preparatory schools, conducting a field study of the attitudes of teachers and teachers of art education in the holy governorate of Karbala towards the development of creative values.

Abstract:
Abdul Basit al-Malati was a man of good upbringing, born into a noble family and known for his good character. He was a scholar and a traveler, who traveled extensively and visited many cities. He excelled in many arts and sciences, and was a master of poetry and prose. He was a man of knowledge and virtue, and worked in the field of Hanafi jurisprudence. His book, "Ghayat al-Su'al fi Sirat al-Rasul" (The Ultimate Question in the Biography of the Messenger), is considered one of the most important books on the biography of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and was a source for many historians who came after him. The book contains a brief summary of the life of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his noble biography, as well as highlighting some of the aspects of his life that were previously overlooked. The book is written in a clear and concise style, and is based on reliable sources. The research provides detailed information about the biography of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and mentions the most important historical events that took place during his time.

Research :
Study title: The level of pedagogical content knowledge among social studies teachers in the middle stage inthe Holy Governorate Karbala
Objective of the study:The current reseearch aims to identify the level of pedagogical content knowledge among social studies teachers inthe Holy Governorate of Karbala.
Study methodology: A researcher followed the descriptive analytical method in his research, asthis type of method is consistent with the objectives of his research.
Study population and sample: The study sample consists of social studies teachers in the center of theHoly Karbala Governoratefor the academic year (2023-2024), where the researcher selected (71) teachers & schools using astratified random sampling method, and the questionaire was applied tothem.
Study tool: The researcher built the study tool, which consisted of (33) items distributed over four areas: (knowledge of the curriculum, knowledge of teaching methods, knowledge of students, knowledge of methods), and the researcher presented it to a group of specialists and experts to verify its validity and reliabIility.
Study results: The results ofthe study showed that most social studies teachers are distinguished by good experience in pedagogical knowledge of the content, which was reflected in the level of their performance within the classroom.
Recommendations:
It is necessary to build standards to determine the extent to which teaching staff possesses pedagogical knowledge for the purpose of identifying weak points in some aspects and working to develop them.

The phenomenon of repetition is one of the most prominent phonetic phenomena in the Arabic language; as the Arab poet does not stop repeating his poetry; because it is the tool through which the poet can express what is going on inside him intentionally or unintentionally, which makes it the subject of critics' study, revealing the poet's feelings in light of their study of the repetition that occurred with him. As for the folds of our research, it was from an introduction about repetition in general, then to defining the phenomenon from the linguistic and technical aspects, and the purposes of repetition and its motives; to draw a clear background for the reader about this phenomenon before entering into the types of repetition, which consists of three sections: repetition of the letter, repetition of the word, and finally repetition of the sentence, which is one of the most prominent manifestations of repetition; because it is sufficient in carrying the meaning intended to be conveye

Abstract
Hadha albahth (alqiam altaebiriat aljawiyat lisurat al'iimam Ali (ealayh alsalamu) bialdirasat waltahlil albalaghii li'abeadiha kama waradat dimn kitab diwan 'ashear altashayue aladhi haqaqaha almuhaqiqun altuwnisiu altayib aleashashi, 'iidh 'aelan hadha albahth fi wahid wathalathat mabahith alshier 'afjat ean mukhatat alsuwrat aljawiyat tashbihan waistiearatan wakinayatan, 'aeqabahum baed dhalik alkhatimati, waqad nahadat alqira'at bimihat altaerif bimafhum alsuwrat lughatan waistilaha, fima bahath almabhath al'awal taerif alsuwrat altashbihiat alati waradat fi hadha aldiywan ja' almabhath althaani liuslit aldaw' ealaa tabieat alsuwrat alaistieariati, 'amaa almabhath althaalith faqad bayn mafhum alsuwrat alkinayiyat wa'ahamiyatiha, thuma kanat alkhatimat baed dhalik waqad 'abrizat alnatayij alati tawasalat 'iilayha albahthu.

Abstract
The justification is a prominent feature in the grammatical lesson, and an important feature of its method, and it has importance in explaining the rules and standards. Many linguists and grammarians have come to rely on justification in their rulings and issues. Some grammarians have been more concerned with the cause than with grammar itself, and it has become a kind of mental sport in which linguists and grammarians compete. The book Sharh al-Kafiya by Ibn Haji Awad came full of grammatical justifications, as the study aimed to shed light on this great book, and highlight this aspect of it, making the built-in verbs the subject of the research .

The research dealt with presenting the specifications of feminine beauty in the taste of pre-Islamic poets, some of whom belonged to a Bedouin environment, and others to an urban environment. In the taste of urban poets, the mention of adornments and jewelry prevailed, and the images of natural heritage aspects were limited in their descriptive taste for the beauty of the woman they were flirting with. The woman appears more pampered, paints her face with perfume, applies kohl to her eyes with a tweezer, polishes her teeth with a siwak stick, dyes her hair and hands with dyes, wears silk and adorns herself with bracelets, wristbands, necklaces, earrings, and decorated anklets, and the shiny red splinter in her scarf. In addition to their likening women to pearls and gems, and to sculptures found in archaeological sites (see: Diwan Bishr bin Abi Khazim 155, Diwan Adi bin Zaid al-Abbadi 85) that the sculptor made from marble and alabaster. And other effects of the urban environment that were mentioned in their erotic productions.

Abstract of the Research:
The current research aims to identify: (literary awareness among the students of the Department of Arabic Language at the Faculty of Education for Human Sciences - University of Karbala). To achieve this, the researcher followed the descriptive method, and the researcher chose the students of the Department of Arabic Language at the Faculty of Education for Humanities at the University of Karbala, a basic sample of (150) students, and the researcher used the test as a tool to know the literary awareness in the mentioned department, as well as the researcher used several statistical methods to process her statistical research data, including (the Pearson correlation coefficient, the T test for one sample and two independent samples, the difficulty and ease coefficient and the Kai square ... After processing the research data statistically, the researcher reached a weakness of literary awareness among the students of the Arabic language department to a (large degree), and at the end of the research, the researcher concluded and recommended several recommendations and proposed a set of proposals to complement the research and extend it, including:
Conclusions:
1- Weakness of literary awareness in the research sample in general
2- Weakness of literary awareness among females is more than males, the gender variable.
3- Weak literary awareness among most students of the department, especially second stage students, the variable of the academic stage.
Recommendations:
1- Developing educational curricula by designing courses that combine the study of literature and the analysis and criticism of texts on the one hand, and the inclusion of literary and poetic texts that establish the richness of language among students on the other hand.

2- Urging students to free and guided reading from different eras and cultures, expanding students' awareness and allowing them to compare the methods, symbols and vocabulary used in them.
3- Developing literary taste by encouraging students to express their personal impressions and feelings while reading texts and participating in discussion and group circles, which helps them develop expression and analysis skills.
Proposals:
1- Conducting a study similar to the current study that examines the correlation between literary consciousness and linguistic intelligence between students of the Department of Arabic Language and their counterparts in the faculties of Islamic Arts and Sciences (comparative study).
2- Conducting a study similar to the current study that examines the correlation between literary consciousness and linguistic intelligence between students of the Arabic language department and their counterparts in the faculties of education (comparative study).
3- Conducting a study similar to the current study that examines the correlation between literary awareness and linguistic intelligence between students of the Arabic language department and students of other departments in the same college (comparative study).

Abstract:
The current study aimed to explore linguistic literacy among students of the Arabic Language Department at the College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Karbala
The researcher adopted the descriptive correlational method, with the research population consisting of students from the Arabic Language Department at the College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Karbala. The study sample included 240 students, selected using the stratified random sampling method The researcher developed a linguistic literacy test and verified its psychometric properties, including face validity and reliability, using internal consistency and Cronbach’s alpha
The results indicated that students in the Arabic Language Department lack linguistic literacy. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended organizing workshops on linguistic literacy development strategies and providing training courses on modern methods of teaching the Arabic language

Abstract:
The present study is a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of Aladdin (2019). It investigates how Hollywood utilises linguistic and discursive strategies to represent Middle Eastern women. It further examines the construction of the "self" and "other" dichotomy, exposing how speech upholds cultural hierarchies and power dynamics. The study aims to investigate the linguistic strategies employed to represent Middle Eastern women in Aladdin (2019), examine how intertextual elements in this movie contribute to shaping and reinforcing dominant portrayals of Middle Eastern women, and finally, how these representations align with or challenge Orientalist and gendered narratives about Middle Eastern women. A qualitative approach is utilised to examine three selected scenes from Aladdin (2019). It also employs an eclectic analytical model that integrates Fairclough's three-dimensional model, Quirk et al.'s modality analysis, Searle's speech act theory, Halliday and Matthiessen's transitivity system, and van Dijk's ideological square. The findings indicate that Aladdin (2019) depicts Middle Eastern women as oppressed characters by using transitivity, modality, metaphor, and intertextual references to support existing Western perspectives. By sustaining gender-based and cultural stereotypes, these strategies support hegemonic power structures and add to a larger Orientalist narrative..

Abstract
The acquisition of English as a foreign language remains a central concern for researchers and educators due to persistent challenges such as limited learning outcomes, slow comprehension, and instructional inefficiencies. Given that language learning is inherently a cognitive process, this study emphasizes the critical role of cognitive constructs—particularly constructive thinking—in enhancing language proficiency, with a focus on reading comprehension. This research examines the correlation between constructive thinking and reading comprehension among Iraqi university students enrolled in English departments. A stratified random sample of 200 third-year students (100 males and 100 females) was selected from three different Iraqi provinces. Two standardized instruments were employed: a 30-item Constructive Thinking Inventory (Epstein, 1998) and a 10-item reading comprehension test (Abbas & Al-Musawi, 2020). The results indicated generally low levels of both constructive thinking and reading comprehension among the participants. A statistically significant correlation was observed between students’ constructive thinking scores and their performance in reading comprehension.These findings highlight the integral role of cognitive processing in second language acquisition. The evident correlation underscores the necessity of incorporating thinking skills development into EFL curricula to improve reading comprehension and overall language proficiency.

ABSTRACT
The current research identifies the implications of two colors that are presented in The Glorious Quran, white and red. The researcher selected Ayas and Suras that contain these colors then analyze according to the adopted model. There are (14) Ayas in (12) Suras where these two colors are presented. The study aims at identifying the most frequent color and the least frequent one, what ideologies are hidden behind using them in The Glorious Quran, and what stylistic tools are showed to analyze them and which one is not utilized. In association with the aims, the study sets out three hypotheses: (1) white color is more utilized in The Glorious Quran than red one , (2) each color has a specific ideology to be mentioned in The Glorious Quran, (3) naming a describing tool is the most frequent one while negating and hypothesizing are not present. To verify hypotheses and achieve the aims of the study, Jeffries'(2010) model is used which composed of the toolkits that manifest the analysis of critical stylistic perspective. Based on the findings, the study concludes that: (1) white color has recorded the highest frequent whereas, red has achieved least frequent, (2) each color presents specific ideologies when used in The Glorious Quran, (3) naming and describing tools are more frequent than others whereas, negating and hypothesizing have receded zero occurrence in analyzing these two colors from critical stylistic perspectives.

Abstract

The use of recent technologies has posed new challenges to teachers in terms of developing suitable teaching approaches of language teaching and learning and looking for the ways to set their online courses to achive utmost benefits. As such, teachers who adopt online teaching should be equipped with the necessary technology skills, content knowledge, communicative and organizational skills, and motivation to be able to assess and pinpoint the extent to which the shift from face-to-face teaching to online teaching could be advantageous. This research investigates the problem that little research has conducted on the teachers' teching practices and the challenges they face. The current research aims at identifying university teachers of grammar perceptions. It hypothesizes that (1) online teaching is quite beneficial and its advantages obtained outweigh the disadvantages, (2) there are no differences between male and female teachers perceptions the advantages and disadvantages of this mode of teaching. To achieve the aim and validate the hypotheses, a 20-item questionnaire has been constructed. The questionnaire got validity by a panel of juries and proved reliable (0.86 value) by presenting it twice to 5 university teachers of grammar. Hence, the could be administered to a sample of 12 university teachers of grammar (8 males and 4 females) at universities of Mosul, Duhok and Zakho. On analyzing the collected data, the values representing the advantages outweighed the disadvantages and there were no differences between the sample's perceptions in terms of their gender,

This study developed and validated the Retirement Readiness Scale (RRS) to assess somatic, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of retirement readiness among Iraqi workers. A sample of (510) participated in 2 study. Through rigorous scale development and psychometric analyses, including principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, a four-factor structure emerged: purposefulness, acceptance, hope, and compensation. The RRS demonstrated strong psychometric properties. Importantly, the RRS is the first to comprehensively assess retirement readiness from a symptomatic perspective, highlighting the foundational role of purpose in life. These findings contribute significantly to the literature and have implications for both research and interventions aimed at improving retirement experiences.

This research paper shows how history is sometimes distorted to convey a different story, not a real one. This distortion is tackled to highlight the character of Meg from a feminist point of view. The argument is based on the theory of adaptation; Paula Vogel adapts Robert Bolt's A Man for All Seasons to write her play Meg. The aim of this paper is to disuss how Vogel shows in her play that rewriting history might disclose important facts through the theory of adaptation; in the case of Meg, it presents a powerful, smart woman who can take decisions and be completely independent. While readers do not meet Meg or Margaret only for few times in A Man for All Seasons because she is meant to be marginalized as a secondary character, Meg in Vogel's Meg is the central character who controls the whole action of the play, reporting a different historical fact concerning a female figure.

This current study examines the morphological and syntactic features associated with the dual number in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), which constitutes a unique grammatical category for designating precisely two units. Although singular and plural number categories are common across languages, the dual is quite uncommon. The Arabic language displays a complex and systematic utilization of the dual across numerous grammatical categories. In this paper, morphological expressions of dual forms and syntactic embedding in MSA are presented in detail. The study also explores the noun, adjective, demonstrative, pronoun, and verb types, describing how these types accommodate dual marking using certain affixes. The study employs qualitative descriptive research, based on classical Arabic grammar sources, contemporary linguistic resources, and corpus examples. The main results are the retention of the dual in MSA as opposed to its loss in the majority of dialects, the role of gender and case in conditioning dual morphology, and the consequences of dual agreement for syntax. The research concludes by highlighting the significance of the dual in understanding morphosyntactic alignment in the Arabic language, suggesting that dual marking in MSA can be a model for studying typological patterns and agreement phenomena in inflectional languages.

This study examines the factors influencing children's learning tendency (willingness) in post-conflict settings, with a specific focus on displaced students returning from Al-Hol and Al-Jad’a camps to their homes in Iraq. It also examines the impact of conflict on education and the learning environments of children. Drawing on a sample of 46 students aged 8–18, participants had lived in displacement for one to six years. They lacked access to formal and organized education. The research employs a mixed-methods approach using structured questionnaires. The data are analyzed quantitatively based on descriptive statistics like frequencies and percentages, while a qualitative approach is used in one open-ended question about respondents' future aspirations. The findings indicate that while trauma significantly reduced motivation to learn for most participants, factors such as family and teacher support, a sense of school safety, and informal educational programs played crucial roles in fostering resilience and learning willingness. Psychological benefits, including improved emotional well-being, were also reported. The study underscores the importance of integrating psycho-social support and trauma-informed teaching into post-conflict education systems and recommends stronger investment in informal learning environments as a bridge to formal schooling.

This paper presents a multimodal critical stylistic analysis of inner conflict in the American animated movie Inside Out (2024), the second part of the franchise. Being a recent release, the movie reflects current societal and cultural ideologies related to emotional expression and identity as the sequel introduces new characters, settings, and visual techniques, providing a rich ground for multimodal analysis. It aims to explore the key verbal and visual elements employed to deliver the characters’ inner conflict and show their integration to produce a combined narrative of such conflict. Additionally, it seeks to uncover the ideologies related to inner conflict embedded in the characters’ language and visual modes. This study adopts a qualitative approach for analysing two selected scenes of Inside Out that convey in their layers the theme of inner conflict during adolescence. The analysis is based on an eclectic model that covers the visual level and the linguistic one. Jeffries’s framework (2010) is devoted for the linguistic part while Kress and van Leeuwen's model (2006) is utilized for the visual one. The researchers find out that the concept of inner conflict is obviously exposed through the integration between the character’s expressions as well as their non-verbal language. Moreover, such mixing contributes in revealing various ideologies like resistance, doubt and regret that accompany inner conflict.

This study explores the use of conceptual metaphors in The Scarlet Letter through Appraisal Theory. While previous studies have examined metaphor and literary analysis, there has been no specific study on the relationship between conceptual metaphors and Appraisal Theory in this work. This study aims to fill that gap by systematically analyzing how metaphorical language influences the novel's themes.

This study conducts a pragmatic analysis of complaining acts as represented in the 2005 British film Pride and Prejudice. It aims to identify the most common speech act types and complaint strategies employed by characters and to explore their interactional functions and frequencies.