DIRASAT TARBAWIYA

Extremism leading to terrorism represents a denial of democracy and human rights, which are the two main objectives that States are working to achieve, and no country in the world is immune from the dangers and threats of terrorism, terrorism is a real widespread phenomenon and has many and multiple facets, but it must be evaluated to ensure that it is not amplified or vice versa minimized by it, and the State bears the primary responsibility in preventing and combating terrorism, as well as this assumes its responsibility to respect and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, The state should also benefit from the support of society in general, including civil society organizations and economic institutions, to succeed in combating this phenomenon. The media also plays a pivotal role in the search, acceptance and then transmission of ideas and information, and when the media is independent it can contribute greatly to the strengthening of the democracy of countries, and although the media also has actual rights and duties, the media should not convey hate speech and hatred that may push people towards terrorism and try to justify it or encourage its emulation.

The aim of the current research is to find the correlation between cognitive distortions and academic reluctance among middle school students, and the researcher has adopted the two scales of the current research, the scale of cognitive distortions of the researcher (Salah El-Din, 2015), and the scale consisted of (34) items distributed over six dimensions and a triple gradation (often, sometimes, rarely), and the academic lagging scale (Ahmed, Abdel Tawab, 2020) consists of (30) paragraphs with a quadruple gradient (very large, large, very weak, weak) and the two scales were applied to the research sample, which amounted to (300) students After addressing the responses of the students, it was concluded that the middle school students have cognitive distortions and low academic delay, as well as the results showed that there is a weak and inverse correlation between the two research variables, as a set of recommendations and proposals were reached that help the concerned authorities and those in charge of caring for students to help them stand against behavioral phenomena and useless methods of study in order to protect students and society in general.

The aim of the research is to reveal the extent to which levels of mathematical understanding are included in the content of the mathematics textbook for the sixth grade of primary school for the academic year (2022-2023), and to achieve the goal the following question was formulated:
(What is the percentage of levels of mathematical understanding available in the content of the mathematics book for the sixth grade of primary school)
The researchers adopted the descriptive analytical approach, as the research population and its sample consisted of the content of the mathematics book for the sixth grade of primary school. The content was analyzed according to the analysis tool for levels of mathematical understanding, which consists of eight levels: (primitive identification, Image composition, Image Having, Note adjectives, generalizing, observing , Structuring, Investigation), and after completing the analysis, the validity of the tool was confirmed after presenting a random sample of the analysis to a group of arbitrators and specialists in mathematics teaching methods They agreed on the validity of the analysis. After that, the cognitive objectives of the mathematics book were derived, reaching (258) cognitive objectives, which were analyzed according to the analysis tool for levels of mathematical understanding..

This research aims to know the impact of the rapid round strategy, and I am still thinking about the collection of social studies for sixth grade students, and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher chose the experimental research approach because it is the appropriate approach for the research goal. (Mixed Fraternity School), and randomly chose Division (C) to represent the experimental group with (33) students, while Division (A) represented the control group with (34) students, and the researcher rewarded the female students of the two research groups statistically. The subjects of the subject of social studies for the second semester of the academic year (2022-2023), and the researcher formulated (110) behavioral goals, and prepared (32) teaching plans. The researcher presented two models of them to a group of experts and arbitrators. of the type (multiple choice), and the researcher made sure of its validity and reliability, and the results resulted in the superiority of the experimental group over the control group, and there were no differences according to the gender variable. Teaching social studies using the quick round strategy, and I am still thinking that it increases the academic achievement of students better than the traditional method .

The study aimed to identify the degree of middle and middle school administrations’ practice of administrative transparency and according to its fields of (information and instructions, work procedures and mechanisms, communication, decision-making and decision-making, performance evaluation) from the point of view of the physical education teacher. The questionnaire as a tool for data collection, such as the teachers of physical education in the study population, who numbered (249) teachers, the sample consisted of (178) teachers, the results of the study showed that there is a high degree of practicing administrative transparency by the administrations of middle and middle governmental schools in the center of Nineveh Governorate from the point of view of teachers Physical education in general, and all its fields came with a high degree. The study recommended strengthening the role of creative middle and preparatory school administrations in practicing administrative transparency to maintain this high degree, and motivating them for the best by the Ministry of Education by honoring them for their practice of administrative transparency, with the activation of educational meetings and seminars among school principals. To exchange experience in the practice of administrative transparency

The current study aimed to identify the degree of practice of social studies teachers in the primary stage of associative thinking skills from their point of view, and the descriptive survey approach was relied upon, and the current research community is limited to teachers of social studies for the primary stage in Maysan Governorate for the academic year(2022- 2023).
The sample of the study consisted of (75) teachers who were chosen in a multi-stage random way from primary school teachers in the Maysan Education Directorate (Al-Fatli and Nour, 2021) due to its novelty and suitability to the requirements of the current research, and it consists of three main skills for associative thinking (determining the ideas or things to be linked, finding the relationship between these ideas and things, provided that this link is a logical link, determining the result to be reached) and each skill It contains a set of sub-skills amounting to 15 skills, and after verifying its validity and reliability by presenting it to a group of experts and specialists in the field of educational and psychological sciences, measurement and evaluation, in order to identify the degree of social studies teachers’ practice of associative thinking skills according to academic qualification and years of experience, and after a procedure The statistical processes showed the results of the study showing that the use of alternative assessment by social studies teachers was at a low rate. As the arithmetic mean of the questionnaire as a whole was (2.51) and the standard deviation (1.24), and in light of the results, the researcher drew several conclusions, including:
1- The overall degree of social studies teachers' practice of associative thinking skills from their point of view was low.
2- There are statistically significant differences between the average responses of the study sample towards the degree of using associative thinking skills in teaching social studies according to each associative thinking skill.
In light of this, the researcher made a set of recommendations, including:
1- The need to familiarize teachers of social and other subjects with the skills of thinking in general and associative thinking on the subject particular.
2- Providing educational plans and programs that contribute to helping teachers practice associative thinking skills with students.
In order to complete this research, the researcher suggested several proposals, including:
1- Carrying out studies aimed at evaluating social studies teachers for the primary and secondary levels in the light of thinking skills.
2- Conducting research on the effectiveness of training programs to provide social teachers with associative thinking skills

The sixth stage of middle school in Iraq represents one of the most important stages of study for students, because it is the third and last final stage of school study, through which the student is directed towards the university level. Therefore, due to economic and political developments and social changes, students’ trends began to move towards the most desirable branches of study. It prepares them for university studies, which is the study of the scientific branch, which in the year 2016 was divided into (the applied branch and the biological branch). As a result of the desire of most students to obtain more economic and social opportunities in light of the challenges, most students moved towards researching different ways of success, such as intensifying Their efforts are in searching for teachers to teach difficult subjects such as (English, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and even Arabic), and with the increase in demand for private teaching as a result of the increase in the number of students coming to the scientific stream and with the high numerical density of students in the sixth grades of preparatory school for the scientific stream. In government schools, private teaching centers (private institutes) began to appear, the subject of the research. The researcher is trying to shed light on how the student began to live in an internal conflict when he passed the fifth scientific grade between studying in government schools or in private schools or working to enroll in These institutes. The research will address the nature of that challenge and its impact on the current and future academic and psychological level of the student. The research consists of three sections. The first section deals with the conceptual framework of the research and the geographical distribution of public and private schools and private teaching institutes in the city of Karbala. The second section deals with the challenges affecting the student between the studies. In public or private schools and their relationship with private teaching institutes, the third section deals with the future of the student in light of these challenges, conclusions and recommendations.

The study aimed to evaluate mental health services provided by Iraqi secondary schools from the point of view of educational counselors in those schools. The random sample reached (260) educational counselors from (13) directorates affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Education (Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, Wasit, Misan, Diyala, The Third Al-Rusafa, Babylon, Salah Al-Din, Basra, Nineveh, The Third Karkh, The Second Karkh, The First Rusafa, and Al-Qadisiyah). The questionnaire was used as a means of collecting data. The study relied on a scale containing (35) items, and the data was processed using statistical methods relevant to the subject, such as the arithmetic mean and deviation standard.
Through statistical analysis of the questionnaires, it was found that the sample (agreed) showed that Iraqi secondary schools are keen to accustom students to following sound healthy behavior, at a rate of (93.205%) of the total sample.
On the other hand, the sample members unanimously agreed that they were neutral with regard to the paragraph (rarely) regarding the coordination of school administrations with health authorities in order to provide the necessary mental health services to students in Iraqi schools, at a rate of (72.820%), which means that coordination often takes place between schools and the relevant health authorities for the purpose of providing appropriate mental health services to students.
The results also revealed that there are no statistically significant differences between the answers of the research sample members to the items of the scale used, which indicates that Iraqi secondary schools follow good methods in treating and providing services related to the mental health of students in schools.

The current research aims to identify the effect of Driver's model on acquiring concepts in the subject of social studies among fifth grade students and developing their attitude towards the subject. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher formulated the following zero hypotheses:
1- There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of students taught according to Driver's model and the mean scores of the control group according to the usual method in the post-test in acquiring social concepts.
2- There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group taught according to the Driver model and the average scores of the students of the control group taught in the usual way in the post-test of the attitude towards social subjects.
3- There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group that are taught according to the Driver's model and the average scores of the students of the control group that are taught according to the usual method in developing attitude.
The researcher used the experimental design with two equal groups, an experimental group and a control group. The number of the research sample was (72) students, with (37) students of the experimental group who studied according to the Driver model, and (35) students of the control group who studied according to the traditional method. The researcher rewarded the two research groups in a number of variables. The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (30) items, as well as a measure of attitude consisting of (30) items, and their validity and stability were verified. The researcher started applying the experiment on Thursday 27/10/2022 and ended on Sunday 15/1/2023 When processing the data statistically, the results of the study showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups and in favor of the experimental group for the three hypotheses.

This research means studying (the impact of Islamic ceramics on the productions of students of the Institute of Fine Arts for Girls), which is located in four chapters. The importance of the research and the need for it came as it represents an attempt to crystallize research frameworks concerned with the study of Islamic ceramics and the extent of its impact on the students’ products, and it allows art students to view this study and crystallize the vision of the link between the effective act and the application space. The need for this research stems from the fact that it represents an attempt by the researcher to fill the void The outcome in this important area of artistic formation is that the topic needs to be enriched in this field of research, in order to reach the desired results. As for the goal of the study, it can be in: (Identification of the impact of Islamic ceramics on the productions of students of the Institute of Fine Arts for Girls), and the research was determined by studying the productions of students of the Institute of Fine Arts for Girls. As for the second chapter: it included the theoretical framework, which contained two topics: the first topic concerned me with studying: Approaches in Islamic art. The second topic was concerned with the study of: the art of Islamic ceramics through the ages (Umayyad - Abbasi - Fatimid - Seljuk), and the theoretical framework was concluded with a set of indicators. The third chapter dealt with the research procedures, while the fourth chapter included the results and conclusions of the research.

The research aims to: -
Identifying the level of role of physical education teachers in using methods to motivate students to belong to school scout teams from the point of view of secondary school principals for boys in the center of Nineveh Governorate.
The descriptive approach was used in the survey method, and the study sample included (50) principals of secondary schools for boys in the Nineveh Education Directorate. To obtain data, a questionnaire form was designed that included three main methods: (cognitive aspects, applied aspects, and motivational aspects) and it was applied after the scientific conditions were met. In terms of validity and stability, the data was treated statistically through the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, Spearman-Brown equation, Gitman equation, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.
The researcher concluded several conclusions, the most important of which are:
1- Physical education teachers’ use of methods to motivate students to belong to school scout teams, from the point of view of their principals, was generally positive and at a high level.
2- From the point of view of their principals, physical education teachers show high interest in motivating their students to belong to school scout teams in the motivational and practical aspects, while it was at an average level in the field of scouting cognitive aspects.
The researcher made some recommendations, including :
1- The need for physical education teachers to enhance their positive role in motivating students to belong to school scout teams in cooperation with the school administration.
2- The need for physical education teachers to include scout camps, training courses, educational seminars, and workshops in school scouting activities to develop their knowledge and applied experiences in the scouting movement

The current research aims to identify:
1- The level of moral sensitivity of educational counselors.
2- Differences in the level of moral sensitivity according to the variables (gender, academic achievement, years of service)
3- The level of satisfaction with the counseling work of educational counselors.
4- Differences in the level of satisfaction with the counseling work of the counselors according to the variables (gender, academic achievement, years of service)
5- The relationship between moral sensitivity and satisfaction with the counseling work of educational counsellors.
The research sample consisted of (180) male and female counselors from the Diyala Education Directorate, and the two research tools were applied to the sample, using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the T-test for one and two samples and the triple analysis of variance: the results showed that there was a positive correlation between the sensitivity Ethical and job satisfaction guidance

The aim of the research is to find out the effectiveness of Eddy and Shire's model in achieving scientific fourth grade students and developing their generative thinking.
In order to achieve the goal of the research, two zero hypotheses were formulated, and for the purpose of verifying them, the research sample was selected from the students of the fourth scientific grade in Nineveh Governorate for the academic year (2022-2023 AD). The control group is represented by (38, 37) students, respectively, and the equivalence process was conducted between the students of the two research groups in the variables (intelligence, chronological age calculated in months, the general average for the previous year, science achievement for the previous year, the educational level of the parents, and generative thinking)……
The students of the experimental group were taught according to the strategy of Addy and Shire together, while the students of the control group were taught according to the usual method adopted in teaching Arabic grammar. The researcher prepared the necessary supplies for the research represented by defining the scientific material, formulating the behavioral purposes for it, and preparing the teaching plans for teaching the experimental and control groups, according to the strategy of Eddy and Shire together and the usual method. (30) objective test items of the multiple-choice type with four alternatives. The test was characterized by honesty and stability, as its stability coefficient was (0.81), and the coefficient of difficulty, discriminatory power, and the effectiveness of alternatives for its paragraphs were extracted, all of which were within the acceptable range. The second tool is the generative thinking test, which consists of (20) objective items to measure generative thinking skills. It was characterized by honesty and stability, as the stability coefficient reached (0.83), and also the discrimination coefficient was extracted, and all of them were within the acceptable range.
The experiment was implemented starting from the first semester of the academic year (2022 AD - 2023 AD), as it was equivalent to conducting a pre-test for the skills of generative thinking for the students of the research sample on (10/26/2022), then the researcher taught the Arabic language subject for the experimental and control groups, starting from (1/11). /2022AD) and it took (9) weeks to be applied, at the rate of two sessions per week. Upon completion of the experiment on (4/1/2023 AD), the two tools (the achievement test, and the generative thinking scale) were applied.
The data were collected and analyzed statistically using the t-test for two independent samples, and the results were as follows:
There is a statistically significant difference in the achievement of the Arabic:
1- language subject in favor of the experimental group that studied effectively the Addy and Shire model at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of the students of the experimental and control groups.
2- There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of the development of generative thinking for the experimental and control groups, in favor of the students of the experimental group that studied the effectiveness of the Addy and Shayer model together.
In the light of the results of the research, the researcher came out with a number of conclusions, including the efficiency and effectiveness of the Ade and Shayer model together in the achievement of fourth grade students in Arabic grammar and the development of their generative thinking compared to the usual method.
The researcher also recommended a number of recommendations, such as holding training courses for male and female teachers of the Arabic language for the preparatory stage on the use of modern strategies in teaching, including the effectiveness of the Ady and Shire model together, as well as the interest of book authoring committees in enriching Arabic language books with intellectual and skillful activities in a way that stimulates the energies of students and enhances their skills Thinking in general and generative thinking skills in particular. In addition to suggesting conducting future research in the field of methods of teaching the Arabic language and other educational stages, depending on the effectiveness of the Eddy and Shayer model.

Abstract
The current research aims to identify:
1. Exposure to bullying among middle school students.
2. The learning motivation of middle school students
3. The correlation between exposure to bullying and learning motivation among middle school students.
The research was limited to a sample of (400) middle school students affiliated to the General Directorate of Wasit Education for both sexes (males and females), for the academic year (2022-2023). In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher adopted the bullying behavior scale prepared by (Al-Sobhin 2007), where Al-Subhin prepared the scale in its initial form of (45) items distributed on the following five forms of bullying (verbal, physical, social, sexual, and bullying over property). The scale of a five-fold gradation is (always, dearly, sometimes, rarely, never) where the alternative represents (always) a very high degree of ascendancy, and the bad (mostly) a high degree, while the alternative represents (sometimes) a moderate degree, while the alternative (rarely) For example, a very small degree, and the alternative (never), for example, is that there is no bullying.
It also adopted a measure of learning motivation for the researcher (Rahim, 2012), as the researcher relied on the definition provided by the scientist Ormrod, 2011, which identified six components of learning motivation, namely: (orienting behavior towards goals, making an increased effort to achieve goals, taking the initiative to complete specific activities and events). , perseverance to face emergency obstacles and frustrations, an increase in the cognitive processes of the subject "of interest", attention, thinking, interpretation, clarification, expectation of results or factors that enhance or frustrate (Ormrod, 2011: 363). As the scale includes six components, the researcher prepared (90 Paragraphs distributed equally among the components of the scale, where (15) paragraphs were prepared for each component of the scale with its five alternatives (always, often, sometimes, rarely, never) and their weights were (5, 4, 3, 2, 1) on Cascade.
The researcher verified the psychometric characteristics of the two scales of the validity and reliability of the scale, and after analyzing the data, the following results showed:
- The level of exposure to bullying in the sample was moderate, and the mean scores of the sample members were not statistically significant.
- The sample has a good level of learning motivation, and the mean scores of the respondents were statistically significant.
- There is an inverse correlation between exposure to bullying and learning motivation among middle school students.
In light of the research results, the researcher recommends a set of recommendations and proposals

This study aims to find out the extent to which the requirements of crisis management are achieved in the schools of Babil Governorate, as well as to know the impact of each of the years of experience and training courses for the teaching staff in achieving the requirements.To obtain the best results, the study followed the analytical descriptive approach and created a questionnaire consisting of 40 items and distributed it electronically to the study sample consisting of 274 teaching staff members in the schools of the governorate. The study examined the requirements (administrative, material, and human) in crisis management, represented by the axes (information and communication systems, leadership skills, planning, and a specialized team) for crisis management.The results of the study showed that there were statistically significant differences between the averages of the respondents' responses in the first, third, and fourth axis, partially attributed to the variable years of experience.As well as the presence of statistically significant differences between the average responses of the sample regarding the requirements of crisis management in the schools of Babylon Governorate, due to the variable of training courses for the respondents. Based on the results, the researchers presented their suggestions to contribute to achieving the requirements of crisis management in schools in the future.

The research aims to evaluate the book of methods of teaching art education in the institutes of fine arts from the point of view of teachers.
The research included male and female teachers who teach the book of methods of teaching art education for the third grade (all sections) in the institutes of fine arts in Iraq for the academic year (2022 AD 2023 AD), and the research sample reached (30) teachers and schools.
The researcher adopted the descriptive approach, and used the questionnaire as a tool to achieve the objective of his research, and processed his data statistically using percentage, Pearson's correlation coefficient, weighted mean, and percentage weight.
The researcher reached several results, including: that the introduction of the book has a link to its objectives and topics, and raises the motivation of students towards learning. The classes allocated for teaching the content of the book Methods of Teaching.
Art Education are sufficient. But the pictures and drawings do not meet the needs and interests of students. And the lack of educational and enrichment activities that help students understand the scientific material. There are some linguistic and scientific errors, and a lack of some vocabulary of the curriculum
The researcher recommended the need to revise the book from some typographical and scientific errors, and pay attention to pictures and illustrations that meet the needs of students and facilitate the learning process, and interest in increasing educational and enrichment activities in quantity and quality, and the need to mention the skills of implementing the whole lesson and give it a correct sequence (numbering).

The aim of the research is to identify the most important factors leading to the phenomenon of school violence from the point of view of educational counselors in secondary schools in the Hilla district center. School factors (causing school violence) The research sample consisted of (109) male and female educational counselors. The statistical package for statistical analysis (SPSS) version 26 was used in the process of analyzing the paragraphs of the questionnaire. In addition, we reached and proposed available solutions to reduce school violence. The student d uring adolescence, on the nature of his life inside the house, was ranked first among the psychological factors, and then comes the student’s feeling of frustration. As for the factors related to the family, the highest factor was the disintegration of the family and the separation of the parents. Then came the economic factor of the family. As for the school factors, the first factor was the lack of spaceInsufficient school facilities, lack of necessary facilities, and then not allocating time for educational activities and neglecting students' tendencies, in addition to the rest of the other factors.

The deictic shift theory supposes that fictional narration has various deictic fields as Galbraith (1995) explained. Deictic fields indicate a set of deictic expressions associated with a character, narrator, spatial, temporal and social relations. The study hypothesizes that readers can transit from one situation to another by shifting the deictic expressions. Thus, it indicates a psychological orientation to interpret the characters and events in the fictional world of the narrative text. The study aims to investigate and identify the deictic dimensions, identifying the most frequent deictic expression reflects the viewpoint in the narrative text. The results of the study show that the most prominent frequent deictic expression, namely: personal deictic shift which shows the narrator’s inner struggle against the world he lives in, then when he moves to the new world (in his dream) , there is a deictic shift which clarifies the social-relation with the other people in the new society. The personal deictic shift manifests the narrator’s new viewpoint towards the real world. Spatial and temporal deictic are closely related with the personal deictic expression.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by bacteria that affects the bladder and nearby tissues. These are people who have no concomitant conditions, such as diabetes, an immunocompromised state, or pregnancy, and no anatomical deformity. Lower UTI or cystitis are other names for uncomplicated UTI. Bacteriuria alone does not signify a UTI in the absence of symptoms. Urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and dysuria are typical symptoms. This study aimed to detect the percentage of P.aroginosa infection in UTI patients under age 10 years, by molecular method using different genes. In this study urine samples have been collected from 100 children, 50 of those subjects cases suffering from UTI and the other 50 cases are healthy children. Bacterial DNA has extracted by all the samples and then three genes responsible for the virulence factors of P. aeroginosa and one reference gene (16sRNA) real time- PCR has been done to detect the presence of the bacteria. The results of 16sRNA gene showed 28 samples were positives. Las B gene showed 24 samples were positive. ExoS gene showed 11 samples positive. The gene plcH showed 14 samples. The results also showed that using antibiotic has a significant effect on the pcl H gene since higher number of samples showed the presence of the gene.