Journal of Al-Farabi for Humanity Sciences (JFHS)

Abstract
The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism, established by the Human Rights Council as a subsidiary mechanism, represents a qualitative shift in the United Nations international human rights system. It aims to promote and advance human rights through capacity-building and reviewing the human rights records of all UN member states. This process involves preparing the necessary documents for this process, including the national report, the UN information compilation report prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner, and the stakeholder report. In this context, the research addresses the concept of the UPR mechanism in the first section, which is divided into two sections. The first section addresses the origins of the UPR mechanism, while the second section explains the legal basis for the UPR. The second section of this research sheds light on the procedural stages of the UPR through two sections. The first section addresses the documents upon which the UPR mechanism is based, while the second section addresses the working groups involved in the UPR.

Abstract:
The right to healthy food is one of the fundamental human rights, receiving significant attention from both international and national legal frameworks due to its close link to human dignity and public health. This thesis addresses the legal regulation of the human right to healthy food by examining international standards and national laws, with a particular focus on Iraqi, legislation. It also highlights the role of civil society organizations, regulatory and administrative bodies, and various state ministries such as health, agriculture, and trade in ensuring this right. The study explores the legal challenges related to the protection of healthy food and analyzes the shortcomings in relevant Iraqi legal provisions. It further proposes legal mechanisms to guarantee access to safe, adequate, and nutritious food that respects human dignity and complies with recognized health standards. The thesis aims to enhance understanding of the legal framework surrounding this right and to promote governmental and societal commitment to upholding healthy food as a non-negotiable human right.

Abstract
This study examines the legal framework of the right to withdraw from a contract, considered an exception to the principle of contract bindingness. It explores the legal basis of this right and the rationale behind its recognition by various legislations. The research also analyzes the conditions under which this right may lapse.A combination of analytical and comparative methodologies is employed to assess the relevant legal texts and doctrines, while comparing the approaches of Iraqi, Egyptian, and French law—particularly in light of recent reforms in French contract law. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legitimacy and limitations of the right to withdraw, balancing transactional stability with individual autonomy.

Abstract
This research aims to investigate the effect of the Word Wall strategy on the achievement and linguistic intelligence of fifth-grade female students in the Rhetoric subject. To achieve this, the researcher adopted an experimental design that falls within the field of partially controlled experimental designs, and a final test for two research groups: one experimental and the other control The researcher randomly chose (Al-Tahrir Girls Secondary School) located in the center of Diyala Governorate, and in the same way she chose Section (A) to represent the experimental group with (23) female students, and Section (B) to represent the experimental group with (23) female students The researcher rewarded the students of the two groups on the following variables: (mid-year exam scores for the rhetoric course, chronological age calculated in months, parents’ academic achievement, and Arabic language grades in the mid-year exam for the academic year 2022-2023).The researcher formulated (75) behavioral objectives for the topics that will be taught during the experiment period and prepared daily plans for teaching the two research groups. The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of fifty paragraphs, and also used the Howard Gardner scale for linguistic intelligence.The researcher applied the two tools to the two research groups after the end of the experiment period, which lasted (eight weeks), as it began on Monday, February 17, 2023, and ended on Tuesday, April 6, 2023. The researcher herself taught the two research groups.The researcher used the following statistical methods: t-test for two independent samples, chi-square (Chi2), Pearson’s correlation coefficient, difficulty and discrimination coefficient equation, and incorrect alternatives effectiveness equation. After statistically analyzing the results, the researcher concluded that: The students of the experimental group who studied rhetoric using the word wall strategy outperformed the students of the control group who studied the same subject using the traditional method.In light of these findings, the researcher made a number of recommendations, including:
1. The need for students to be aware of the Word Wall strategy, its importance and application, and for teachers of other subjects.
2. The need for students to become familiar with modern strategies, including the Word Wall strategy, to address the greatest possible amount of knowledge, which will be reflected in their achievement.
The researcher proposed the following studies:
1. Conducting an experimental study similar to the current study at other academic levels.
2. Conducting a study similar to the current study on other dependent variables.

Abstract
The current research aimed to identify emotional immersion and psychological immunity among preparatory stage students. It also aimed to identify the relationship between emotional immersion and psychological immunity among preparatory stage students. To achieve the research objectives, an emotional immersion scale was constructed, consisting of (24) items formulated in a declarative style. For each item, there are (5) graded answer alternatives: (always applies to me, often, sometimes, rarely, never applies to me). When correcting, a score of (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) is given to positive items, while the correction reflects the negative items. The (Khaddadoust, 2021) psychological immunity scale was adopted, and the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the two scales were verified. The scales were applied to a research sample of (200) male and female preparatory stage students, who were selected using a stratified random method. The data were analyzed using the bag. Statistics for Social Sciences SPSS, and the results showed that the level of emotional immersion among the sample members was good and that they enjoyed psychological immunity and that there were statistically significant differences in emotional immersion according to gender and in favor of females, and no statistically significant differences appeared in psychological immunity between males and females, and the results also showed the existence of a positive correlation between emotional immersion and psychological immunity among the sample members. In light of the research results, the researchers presented a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals

Abstract
The current study aims to identify the following:
1. The level of psychological hardiness among employees.
2. The level of job performance among employees.
3. The relationship between psychological hardiness and job performance among employees.
The study is limited to a sample of 150 male and female employees working in the General Directorate of Education in Wasit for the academic year 2024–2025.
To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher developed a Psychological Hardiness Scale consisting of 27 items, each with a five-point Likert response format. Each item is scored from 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest). The total score is calculated by summing the scores of all items, representing the respondent's overall score on the scale.Additionally, the study adopted Al-Azzawi’s (2012) Job Performance Scale, which consists of 32 items, each also using a five-point Likert response format, scored similarly from 1 to 5.The researcher verified the psychometric properties of the scales, including validity and reliability. After data analysis, the results revealed the following:Both male and female participants demonstrated a good level of psychological hardiness.Both male and female participants exhibited a good level of job performance.There is a statistically significant correlation between psychological hardiness and job performance among employees

Abstract
This research focuses on studying the impact of integrating the art education teacher into teaching school curricula on the development of conceptual intelligence among primary school students, from the perspective of teachers and educational supervisors. The researcher started from the hypothesis that art education, with its visual and creative elements, can help facilitate students’ understanding of abstract concepts and enhance their cognitive and imaginative abilities, especially when linked to other academic subjects such as mathematics, science, and language.The study addressed key concepts related to conceptual intelligence, which is defined as the ability to perceive spatial and visual relationships, form mental images, and employ imagination in analyzing information. The researcher indicated that this type of intelligence is among the essential skills in primary education, where children often demonstrate exceptional abilities in visualization and mental representation, if properly stimulated.To achieve its objectives, the study adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology, using a questionnaire directed at a sample of art education teachers and educational supervisors in the province of Karbala. The sample included 50 participants of both genders and various levels of experience.The statistical analysis showed that participants had a good awareness of the concept of conceptual intelligence and a deep understanding of the role of art education in developing it. Most participants expressed their support for the idea of integrating art teachers into teaching other academic subjects, emphasizing that such integration helps stimulate students’ imagination, simplify abstract concepts, and increase classroom engagement.The study concluded with several key findings, most notably: integrating art teachers into the educational process is an important pedagogical approach for developing multiple intelligences—especially conceptual intelligence—and that this integration has a tangible impact on students’ achievement and interaction. The researcher also presented a set of recommendations, including enhancing professional training for art teachers, updating curricula to be more flexible and integrated, and providing educational tools that support integrative art-based activities.

yahdif albahth 'iilaa altaearuf ealaa faeaal aistikhdam tariqat almudaris litadris aljughrafii fi tanmiat almafahim almadat ladaa tulaab alsafi althaani eashra, waligharad altahaquq min hadaf albahth tama sawgh fardiat alsafriat alqadimahunak aikhtilaf dhu dilalat 'iihsayiya (0.05) walsaalihat lilmajmueat altajribiati, an tafawaqat almajmueat altajribiat alati tatanasab bishakl wathiq mae almaqayis alastiratijiat lilnazar 'iilaa tulaab almajmueat aldaabitat alati taetamid ealaa altariqat alaietiadiat fi aikhtibar aiktisab almafahim aljughrafiati, hayth tama rafd alfardiat aldaqiqat lilbahth.walitahqiq dhalik tama 'iitbae altatbiq altajribii dhi aldabt almutaeadid limajmueatayn mutakafiatayn litaelimat wal'ukhraa dabitatun, walitahqiq dhalik albahth ean tulaab alsafi althaani almutawasit fi 'iihdaa almadaris altaabieat limudiriat altarbiat alainbar wadh tama aikhtiar 'iibdaei albahtha (mutawasit albayadiranin lilbanarin) watamat takrim majmueatay albahth fi baed kama taerif tahdid almadat aleilmiat bialwahadat althalathat al'akhirat alraabieat walkhamisat walsaadisat min kitab almuqarar lilsafi alkhamis al'adabii nihayiyi 2024/2025alkalimat almiftahia

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not fifth grade literary students made sufficient progress in developing their interpersonal communication skills and their ability to reason philosophical difficulties using the hill-climbing strategy. For this study, the researcher intentionally targeted Al-Ameen High School for Boys, which has the highest student population under the Salah Al-Din Governorate's General Directorate of Education and the Al-Dhuluiya Education Department. Seventy students were used in the study. Fifty were put into the experimental group and fifty were put into the control group. Both groups had different ages (in months), IQs, levels of family education, pace from the previous year, discussion culture, and scores on philosophical problem-solving tests. According to the study, fifth grade literary students were able to develop a culture of conversation and the capacity to address philosophical questions through the use of the "climbing the plateau" approach, and the two tools' validity and reliability were proved. Based on the findings, the researcher offered some comments and recommendations. Among these were the incorporation of contemporary pedagogical practices into the instruction of psychological and philosophical concepts in an effort to break through to a more advanced level, foster critical thinking, and equip students to address complex philosophical issues

Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the effect of a training program based on the ARCS model on developing independent learning among female students at the Institute of Fine Arts in the Diyala Governorate. The study tested the following hypotheses:
1-There are no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level between the mean ranks of the experimental and control groups on the Independent Learning Scale after implementing the program.
2-There are no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level between the mean ranks of the experimental group on the pre-test and post-test of the Independent Learning Scale due to the application of the program.
3-There are no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level between the mean ranks of the experimental group on the post-test and follow-up test of the Independent Learning Scale one month after the program implementation.To test these hypotheses, a quasi-experimental design with an experimental and a control group was used, including pre-test and post-test measures. The study sample consisted of 30 female students who obtained the lowest scores on the Independent Learning Scale. They were randomly assigned to two groups (15 students each), with equivalence in intelligence, age, and initial scores on the scale.An Independent Learning Scale consisting of 20 items with scores ranging from 0 to 4 was developed, and its psychometric properties were verified through face validity, construct validity, item discrimination, and reliability using Cronbach’s alpha. Appropriate statistical methods, including Pearson correlation, t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and Wilcoxon test, were applied.The training program included various activities based on the ARCS model, and its face validity was confirmed. The study findings revealed the following:
1-There were statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-test, in favor of the experimental group.
2-There were statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the experimental group in the pre-test and post-test, favoring the post-test.
3-There were statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the experimental group in the post-test and follow-up test, indicating the program’s lasting effect on enhancing independent learning

Absitract
The study aimed to identify the role of environmental art in increasing enviwemmental awareness among students of the College of fine art at the university of Diyala The researcher used the descriptive approach. The study Population consisted of professors from the College of fine Art at the University of Diyala, numbering (100) male and female professors. The study. Sample Consisted of (40) male and Female professors who wear Selected Using a simple random method to achieve the study objectives, the researcher designed a questionnaire Consisting of three axes, each of which included Several relevant phrases. The data were collected and statistically analyze using the statistical Package for Social Sciences (spss). The Study reached the following results: Art education professors' and specialist use of environmental art forms in Lived reality to benefit from it in solving environmental issues was moderate, with an arithmetic mean of (2.50). The professors vision for inclucling content that includes environmental art in the prescribed curricula was moderate, with an arithmetic mean of (2.47). There are statistically significant differences at the Significance Level of (0,05) in the degree of use of art forms Environmental art by professors and specialists in lived reality to benfit from it in solving environmental issues from the professors Point of View according to the Variable (gender) in favor of the category (males) with an arithmetic mean of (2.50). There are no statistically significant differences at the significance Level (0.05) in the degree of use of environmental art forms by professors and specialists in lived reality to benefit from it in Solving environmental issues from the professors." point of view according to the academic qualification Variable. The study recommended consolidating the Value individual and collective responsibility towards environmental issues and the threats through the prescribed, paying attention to research related to environmental art, encouraging and assisting researchers to study environmental issues and benefit benel from their results in serving the Common emphasizing the application of home art to students of the College of Art Education at the university as a basic course. The study also made some Proposals Key words: role, interpersonal art, environmental awarenessThe reality of employing environmental art in enhancing environmental awareness among the students of the college of fine art at the University & Diyala: Afield Study from the perspective of the professors.

Abstract:
This study aims to investigate the effect of the project-based learning strategy on the development and acquisition of sustainable development concepts among first-year students in the Department of Biology, within the subject of Principles of Educational Psychology. The importance of this research stems from the growing challenges facing societies in light of environmental, social, and economic transformations, which call for a reconsideration of teaching methods to align with the requirements of sustainable development.The study adopted the experimental method using a quasi-experimental design (equivalent groups with pre- and post-tests). The research sample consisted of first-year students in the Department of Biology, divided into two groups: an experimental group taught using the project-based learning strategy, and a control group taught using the traditional method. A test tool was constructed to measure the concepts of sustainable development, ensuring its psychometric properties in terms of validity, reliability, and comprehensiveness.The results revealed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the project-based learning strategy in enhancing the acquisition of sustainable development concepts. The researcher recommends adopting active, learner-centered strategies and integrating sustainable development concepts clearly into curricula, along with training teachers on how to implement them effectively in classrooms

Research Summary
The research aimed to understand the extent of children's use of social media, from the mothers' perspective, and to determine the reasons for children's use of social media, as well as to determine the extent to which children use social situations. One of the research objectives is to identify the positive and negative aspects and their impact on children's socialization regarding the use of social media. The research aims to understand the social, cognitive, and emotional effects of children's use of social media technologies from their mothers' perspectives. This is considered qualitative research that sheds light on the effects of social media on two important groups in society: children and mothers. The researcher used the survey method, as it is the most appropriate within descriptive research. The researcher used a questionnaire tool, which includes a set of questions directed to the children's mothers. The researcher employed some hypotheses to determine the relationship between the research variables, including: "There is no statistically significant difference between the reasons for children's use of social media according to the gender variable (males - females)." Other hypotheses indicated that: "There are no statistically significant differences between males and females in the number of (Hours of use and preferred time), (there is a relationship between the mother’s education level and the number of hours the child uses social networking sites), and the research came out with a set of results that were extracted from the respondents (research sample), that the hours of children’s use of social networking sites are (one hour to less than two hours category) in first place. Regarding the preferred periods for children’s use of social networking sites, the category (after returning from school) obtained first place with a percentage of (50%).

Abstract:
Many researchers in the field of music education confirm that traditional musical manuscripts and songs are among the best sources for musical application. This study focuses on methods of teaching children to play the piano, which is directed towards young learners. Traditional musical works that students are already familiar with are among the closest and most effective ways to make it easier for them to understand music lessons and grasp musical accuracy. The purpose of this cultural study is based on musical heritage as a means to defend Iraqi cultural identity. Since Iraqi heritage is rich and diverse, this research aims to explore related topics in order to prepare children to become future musicians who are familiar with the musical heritage acquired from their environment and culture. Children face some challenges in learning theoretical details and performing musical pieces accurately, which often causes difficulty. Therefore, this research addresses the modern concept of music education, and how to connect and combine it with the Iraqi musical heritage. It also presents models inspired by other nations’ experiences. The researcher prepared simple piano melodies based on some traditional songs to help children aged 5–9 acquire musical skills. These melodies are based on Iraqi musical heritage manuscripts and focus on traditional songs and melodies, which are considered the best in teaching children music because they rely on familiar educational methods.

Abstract
This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in analyzing desertification dynamics and the sustainability of green areas within the study area from 2007 to 2017, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Muthanna Province, the study area, presents a significant challenge as Iraq's second-largest province by area (51,000 km²). This extensive area has experienced vegetation cover degradation due to both natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural Factors: Include drought, low average annual precipitation (reaching 110 mm/year), high evaporation rates (peaking at 637.6 mm in July), and elevated summer temperatures (reaching 46°C in August). These factors exacerbate desertification in the region. Anthropogenic Factors: Encompass overgrazing (driven by high livestock numbers, notably 1.4 million head of sheep), insufficient grazing units, and urban expansion onto agricultural land. This expansion has led to deforestation and the loss of green areas, particularly in Samawah city, where approximately 24 km² of agricultural land has been converted. These combined factors make Muthanna an ideal model for studying desertification in semi-arid environments. The study employed NDVI as a tool for monitoring vegetation changes due to its proven capability in distinguishing vegetation density through satellite imagery analysis. The research specifically utilizes Landsat 5/8 satellite imagery for the spring and summer seasons (2007-2017) alongside GIS to generate vegetation cover maps. Its objectives include establishing an analytical framework to identify patterns of vegetation degradation, particularly in fragile zones, and to monitor desertification trends despite prevailing climatic and human pressures, thereby evaluating the effectiveness of NDVI. Conclusions indicate that the NDVI is an effective tool for monitoring broad desertification trends. However, precise causal analysis requires supplementary field data. Key Recommendations include: 1. Establishing green belts using drought-resistant tree species around major urban centers within the study area, specifically Samawah and Rumaythah. 2. Implementing livestock population control measures. 3. Rehabilitating degraded pastures. The study provides a practical framework for Iraqi policymakers to prioritize desertification control efforts. It emphasizes that protecting green areas necessitates an integrated approach combining scientific NDVI/GIS analysis with sound administrative policies.

Abstract :
The study sought to demonstrate the positive impact of problem-solving strategy on developing creative thinking skills and increasing academic achievement of intermediate-level students in the Arabic language. To achieve this goal, the descriptive approach was adopted. The researcher designed an achievement test scale in the Arabic language, the educational material, and a creative thinking test, as well as an achievement test for the Arabic language. The study population consisted of (4216) male and female students from the intermediate level in the Arabic language subject, and the sample included (150) male and female students from the intermediate level in the Arabic language subject The study reached several results, the most important of which was the presence of a statistically significant correlation at the significance level (α≤0.01) between the problem-solving strategy and the development of creative thinking skills among intermediate-level students in the Arabic language subject. There was also a statistically significant effect at the significance level (α≤0.01) between the problem-solving strategy and the increase in academic achievement. There was also a statistically significant correlation at the significance level (α≤0.01) between the creative thinking strategy and the increase in academic achievement. The study concluded with several recommendations, including: Raising the level of creative thinking among students in the classroom through the use of the problem-solving teaching strategy

Summary
The chemistry curriculum is one of the school curricula that contributes effectively to shaping the learner's personality and developing their mental abilities and scientific orientations necessary to confront and solve the increasing problems of life with ease. Chemistry is not limited to the classification aspects of life, but extends beyond them to an important aspect related to preparing the individual scientifically and educationally.The current research aims to identify (the use of multimedia and its impact on the achievement and retention of second-grade middle school female students in chemistry). To achieve the research objective, the following two null hypotheses were formulated :
1. There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied using multimedia and the average scores of the experimental group students who studied using the traditional method in chemistry achievement.
2. There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied using multimedia and the average scores of the experimental group students who studied using the traditional method in chemistry retention.The researcher followed the experimental design with partial control and post-test for two groups, one experimental and the other control. The research community consisted of all government daytime intermediate and secondary schools in the center of Babylon Governorate.
The Jenin Intermediate School for Girls was designated to conduct the experiment in it by random drawing method, and two classes from the second intermediate class were designated in the same way, one of them representing the experimental group and the other representing the control group. The research sample amounted to (34) female students, with (34) female students in each group, and the researcher conducted equivalence in the variables (chronological age, academic achievement of the mother and father, fixed grades for the chemistry subject for the first intermediate class for the previous academic year).The researcher taught the two research groups the subject of chemistry (the last three chapters - fifth, sixth and seventh) from the chemistry book prescribed for the second intermediate grade for the academic year (2021-2022). She prepared the second achievement test and the researcher applied the achievement test on 4/28/2022. After two weeks, the achievement test was re-administered to measure information retention on 5/12/2022. The researcher used the T-Test with other statistical methods to process the research data and concluded that the students of outperformed the traditional method in obtaining and retaining information in the subject of chemistry .The researcher concluded the importance of multimedia and its great effectiveness and impact on raising the achievement of second-year middle school students in chemistry and their retention. The researcher recommended emphasizing the use of multimedia methods in teaching chemistry due to their importance in raising achievement and retaining information. She suggested conducting a similar study with other dependent variables, taking into account the gender variable (males - females)

Abstract:
Manuscript libraries spread throughout Arab and non-Arab countries are the compass and foundation upon which researchers can find their way to the Arab and Islamic manuscript heritage by searching for the title of any manuscript they wish to authenticate and publish.This research reviews a group of manuscript libraries spread throughout the Iraqi governorates and cities, with the aim of facilitating the research process for Iraqi and non-Iraqi researchers, particularly undergraduate and graduate university students who do not possess extensive experience in the process of obtaining the title of manuscripts of all types and kinds

Abstract
This study examines the value system rooted in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, based on a cultural criticism approach that links the poetic text to the social, political, and cultural contexts that produced it. The study aims to analyze the moral, social, and religious values in pre-Islamic poetry and how they contributed to shaping the dominant cultural system and consolidating patriarchal and tribal authority. The study also explores manifestations of poetic complicity with authority and highlights the rebellious voices that attempted to resist or escape this system, reflecting the tension between stability and change in the cultural structure. The study provides a critical model for a deeper understanding of the relationship between literature and cultural values in traditional societies

Abstract:
Digital media is a milestone in the lives of modern societies, to the point that it has become an integral part of their lives, due to the significant benefits it brings to society and in all areas that individuals need. However, this media has been significantly impacted by the emergence of artificial intelligence, which has begun to shorten time and significantly influence AI.Therefore, the study aimed to identify the role of artificial intelligence in digital media, as well as the ability of digital media to be influenced by artificial intelligence, and the methods used by AI to influence digital media.The importance of the study lies in its addressing a controversial topic in society: "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Digital Media." There has been little research on this topic, which is considered important because digital media and its types have become one of the most important communication tools used extensively by society. Consequently, any impact of artificial intelligence impacts them, and this impact is reflected in society.The methodology used was the descriptive survey methodology, as it is appropriate for the nature of the research. The study tool used was a questionnaire, which was distributed to a study sample of (100) individuals. One of the study's most notable findings is that artificial intelligence has a significant impact on digital media. AI has had a positive impact on digital media, saving time and effort, but it has also had a negative impact on digital media, reducing trust in published information. Society has a high awareness of AI and its technologies. The study recommended improving media ethics and standards. It should be noted that the use of AI in the digital media industry requires certain controls, including data control and protection

Abstract
This study explores how Langston Hughes employs the blues aesthetic in his children’s collection The Dream Keeper and Other Poems (1932) as a cultural and poetic strategy to affirm and fortify Black youth. By weaving themes of sorrow, joy, endurance, and self-affirmation into verses accessible to young readers, Hughes reconfigures the blues from adult lament to a poetic language of survival and strength for the next generation. The study aims to examine how Hughes adapts the improvisational structure, repetition, and vernacular rooted in blues performance to nurture a sense of self-worth, historical continuity, and inner strength in Black youth. The study discusses selected poems written in blues structure from Hughes’ The Dream Keeper.

Abstract
Due to the interesting potentials of AI, it is fruitful to use it to reflect on some challenges in EFL expository writing by examing how the AI tool (preplexity) improve expository writing through the lense of evaluative language. The currents study aims to answer three questions: (1)What are the attitude categories use by EFL learners in the expository essays under analysis? (2) How do the original expository essays and the AI-improved essays differ in terms of the appraisal categories and their scales? And (3) What are the pedagogical implications derived from the difference recognized? The researcher uses eight texts by EFL students and improve them using AI tool. The researcher examine both versions in terms of the appraisal categories used and varied by improvement to recognize how different are the text and what insights are drawn. The researcher employs martin and White (2005) appraisal system: attitude system. The analysis revealed that students of EFL in expository essays routinely draw on a broad range of Appraisal "attitude" categories to express their stance. he overall density of evaluative tokens has decreased in the improved essays. Evaluative tokens had previously composed approximately 6.9% of the word count in the original essays. According to the AI texts improved results, this number decreased to about 5.2% of the total number of words count. This appears to be more in the same vein of what would be proper for advanced EFL writing.

Abstrait
Dans cette étude, le thème de « l'absurdisme » dans « Le Confident » de Grémillon est examiné en relation avec les théories de l'absurdité d'Albert Camus et à l'aide du cadre stylistique critique de Jeffries. L'objectif principal de cette étude est de démontrer comment l'homme contemporain gère son existence absurde. Au début de la recherche, les concepts de non-sens ont été considérés comme les principales qualités absurdes décrites dans le roman. Deuxièmement, il a examiné comment le personnage principal de l'auteur adopte le ridicule, en mettant l'accent sur les thèmes de « l'absence de sens » et de « l'égoïsme ». L'étude utilise l'analyse stylistique critique pour déterminer comment ces idées sont utilisées dans le livre. La principale conclusion de cette étude est que le non-sens an encore un impact significatif sur les individus contemporains. En conséquence, ni le personnage principal ni aucun des autres personnages de l'histoire ne peut comprendre le sens de leur existence. La recherche conclut que les concepts de « non-sens » et d'égoïsme présents dans le roman sont identifiés à l'aide d'outils stylistiques critiques tels que : nommer et décrire, nier, mettre en équation et contraster et émettre des hypothèsesMots -clefs: .Absurdité, non-sens, égoïsme, isolement, modernité

Abstract
This paper is a critical exploration of Thomas Pynchon’s use of the Hard - boiled fiction tropes in his last two novels to date Inherent Vice (2009) and Bleeding Edge (2013). The existing research on this topic tends to focus exclusively on how Pynchon re-writes these tropes through postmodernist lenses. The paper beats a different track by employing the principles of genre theory to identify the tropes of classic Hard-boiled detective fiction that Pynchon employed in Inherent Vice and Bleeding Edge. Since Pynchon is not a genre fiction writer, the paper presupposes that Pynchon adapted the tropes of the Hard-boiled fiction subgenre in ways that suit his postmodernist agenda. So, the paper shall explore this issue from the perspective of genre theory rather than from the perspective of postmodern detective fiction. The paper finds that Pynchon applies the tropes of the Hard-boiled fiction subgenre but put them to different ends in both novels. He benefits from the structure of the Hard-boiled to create a critical space to examine contemporary anxieties of the 21st century America

Abstract
Classroom interaction between intermediate-level students and their teachers plays a vital and effective role in enhancing students' grasp and understanding of academic content. It also helps build a sense of connection and closeness among students and between students and their teachers.The primary goal of this research is to highlight the significance of reciprocal interaction between intermediate-stage students and their teachers in boosting students’ comprehension and learning abilities.Additionally, the study seeks to explore the various factors—both positive and negative—that influence the practice of mutual interaction in the classroom, and to assess how such interaction positively affects students' ability to understand and absorb academic material.This research underscores that classroom interaction is a core element of the educational process at the intermediate level. Without it, the process remains incomplete, despite the fact that many educational experts tend to overlook its importance. The research employed a descriptive and analytical approach

חשיבות המחקר
העיר ירושלים עומדת במרכז הזיכרון ההיסטורי, הדתי והלאומי של העם היהודי, ותופסת מקום מרכזי בשירה העברית לדורותיה — מתקופת המקרא ועד לשירה המודרנית. חקר הייצוגים של ירושלים בשירה העברית מאפשר להבין את הדיאלוג שבין עבר להווה, בין הקודש לחול, בין הלאומיות לחוויה האישית.באמצעות בחינה פואטית של טקסטים נבחרים, המחקר מאיר כיצד המשוררים תפסו את העיר כסמל רוחני, פוליטי, רגשי ואף מיסטי, ומה מקומה של ירושלים בזהות הקולקטיבית של הכותבים.

Abstract
The research is concerned with studying the relationship between Conversational Implicature and its impact on linguistic stylistics, while applying the principles of this theory in the speech of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu before the United Nations General Assembly. The study focuses on how linguistic discourse is employed to achieve rhetorical and political goals, analysing Netanyahu's speech according to Grice's theory, which includes four principles: Quantity, Quality, Relevance, and Modality. The study examines how these principles are used and how they contribute to shaping the style of speech in a way that promotes clarity, persuasion, and credibility. In addition, the study considers the role of rhetorical examples and linguistic devices in enhancing the emotional and symbolic impact of the speech on the audience. Through analysis, the study shows how Conversational Implicature can be used as an effective tool in political discourse, which is used to influence the audience's emotions and guide their attitudes. The study aims to emphasise the importance of this concept in analysing political discourses, linking linguistic style to the cultural and political context of the text.

Abstract:
Dependency phonology implies a great deal of interface between syntax and phonology that it shows interrelations at different levels of analysis. Thus headedness is the most important tie that holds the two fields. The current study deals with uncovering headedness at both modules of analysis syntax and phonological Form in order to define that kind of complementary aspect. Texts are taken from academic lectures on YouTube and analyzed in Praat to show prominence and parallelism with projection of syntactic tree diagram. Added to that, metrical trees are added to affirm the juxtaposition between headedness in syntax and phonology.

This essay gives a detailed Chronotopic analysis of Toni Morrison's "The Bluest Eye." It examines the impact of the novel's interconnected geographic and historical contexts on the characters' lives, illustrating the profound impacts of racist beauty standards and internalized oppression. This study employs Mikhail Bakhtin's Chronotope theory to examine significant narrative locales, from the idyllic realm of "Dick and Jane" to the Breedlove shop, the school playground, and natural landscapes. This research examines a significant aspect that is often overlooked in contemporary chronotopic analyses of "The Bluest Eye," which mostly use a static interpretation of the theory. In this essay, I will discuss the evolution and final disintegration of the novel's Chronotopes. I'll illustrate how they depict how the characters are feeling and how Morrison harshly criticizes repressive societal institutions, which leads to Pecola Breedlove's sad fall into a shattered existence in both time and space

Given the significant development that has occurred in all sciences, including the evolution of cartographic models and the science of cartography in particular, due to the technological advancements that contributed to the adoption of cartography through more advanced and modern methods in preparing, constructing, and representing cartographic models, namely Geographic Information Systems (GIS) programs, especially after relying on accurate maps that provide the most ideal representation of natural reality. Therefore, GIS and its programs emerged as new, more beneficial methods that assist in the analysis and comparison process, in addition to the ability to store large amounts of information in a small space. The development in the field of application programs has greatly aided the possibility of representing the map, as some researchers see it as the language of geography. Without it, understanding the place is impossible, as it contains information that enriches the interpretation of many phenomena. The close link between geography and how phenomena are represented on maps is its essence. This has led many geographers to state that if geography is not represented on maps, then it is merely descriptive information that falls outside the scope of geography. The results achieved by maps prepared using geographic technologies are regrettably unattainable in maps created through traditional methods. Computer software has contributed to alleviating many of the difficulties faced in preparing this type of map. The study conducted a representation of the population using traditional maps, triangle and square maps, and karuplith, and created a three-dimensional model, from which we derived the optimal model for the geographic distribution of the population in the study area.