The White Dome Journal

Among these linguistic causes is their explanation based on the phenomenon of successive phonological alterations (Tawālī al-Iʿlāl), which refers, in brief, to the exposure of a single word—or two words—to more than one structural change in their phonemic composition. This means the occurrence of two or even three transformations such as deletion, inversion, vowel silencing, or even assimilation. This study is devoted to tracing the concept of successive phonological alterations as understood by classical Arab grammarians, establishing its usage from the early stages of grammatical authorship through to later periods, and identifying its manifestations and various forms within Arabic word structures. It also investigates the number of alterations within a word’s structure, whether they occur in pairs (binary) or in triplets (ternary). One of the key focuses of this research is to identify multiple instances of this phenomenon in Qur’anic readings, poetic evidence, and scattered lexical examples, along with their interpretative justifications.

Jurists have been concerned with the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and have compiled numerous works to regulate them. Among these principles of Islamic jurisprudence, which scholars have researched, is the principle of the hand, a principle that has a strong connection to the reality of Muslims› dealings around the world. Therefore, I decided to do my best to research this principle and extract from it whatever rulings and definitions I could. I am certain that it is beyond my ability.
The research aims to clarify and explain the structure of this rule. Is it a fixed rule or not? What is the extent of its significance? What are its powers? And does it include ownership of external assets and benefits that occur externally between transacting parties? In my research plan, I divided the study into two sections, preceded by an introductory section consisting of five points. The first includes a definition of the research terms to be proven. The second consists of understanding the reality of the rule of hand, and the third examines the position of Sharia.
Of ownership, the fourth deals with the division of ownership, and the fifth deals with the difference between it and the rules that fall under it.
Then the other two topics, the first topic deals with the evidence of the legitimacy of the rule of the hand from (the Qur’an, the Sunnah of the Prophet, reason and consensus) and it has four demands. As for the second topic, it includes the jurisprudential applications of the rule of the hand and it has two demands: the first deals with the scope of the meaning of the rule of the hand. As for the second demand, it deals with the sayings of the jurists. My research also includes a conclusion that includes a brief account of the results of the research.

Extract Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers, Muhammad, and upon his good and pure family and his noble and auspicious companions:- This research aims to shed light on the necessary competencies of the Islamic education teacher in light of the requirements of the contemporary educational process. The research problem stemmed from the existence of a gap between the outcomes of Islamic education teacher preparation programs and the needs of the educational field, which necessitated a comprehensive study of these competencies. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach by reviewing educational literature and previous relevant studies. The research concluded that the preparation of Islamic education teachers must be integrated, encompassing spiritual, moral, academic, professional, cultural, and social dimensions. The research also highlighted the importance of personal competencies such as intelligence, dreaming, firmness, and sincerity, as well as professional competencies that include planning, teaching management, lesson implementation, evaluation, human relations, and continuous training. The results confirmed that sustainable professional development and keeping pace with technological and educational developments represent a basic condition for the success of the Islamic education teacher in performing his educational mission. The research recommends the need to develop teacher preparation programs to keep pace with the requirements of the times, while enhancing the applied aspect and intensifying continuous training, which contributes to preparing a competent teacher capable of combining authenticity and modernity in the educational process. The research included three main topics:
•The first section: The general framework of the research, which included two requirements:
o The first requirement: the research problem and its objective.
o The second requirement: the importance of the research and its terminology
• The second section: Characteristics of the Islamic education teacher and his preparation, and includes two requirements:
o The first requirement: Characteristics of an Islamic education teacher.
o The second requirement: preparing the Islamic education teacher
• The third section: Professional competencies of Islamic education teachers, and includes two requirements:
o The first requirement: personal competencies.
o The second requirement: scientific and professional competencies
• Conclusion
• Sources

This research aims to reveal what the phenomenon of silence entails in all its manifestations, in the collection «The Time Of Silence» by the poet Neamah Hussein Muftah, whether those manifestations are in the synthetic phenomena that the poet restored to or in the words that indicates silence. Searching for examples from some of the collection›s poems to represent other poems.
The research concluded that silence in this collection was like the axis around which all the poems revolved, and from here it is permissible from him to consider silence as a semiotics on which the collection was built with all its parts.
The purpose he seeks, as his purpose was to suggest the inability of language to describe the catastrophe that life is witnessing, and hence (silence) is more eloquent than expression, and it is the alchemy capable of suggesting in a time when people have deafened their ears to hear speech.

Every nation has a civilization and heritage, which the children inherited from their ancestors, and through it comes the advancement of the nation, and by knowing that heritage and presenting it to the world. The Arabs before Islam had a civilization, one of the most wonderful civilizations in the world and the best compared to other civilizations, and after Islam came, the righteous predecessors left us a legacy. Among this heritage is the noble hadith, which the Companions took from the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, and the Followers took it from the Companions, and there was a series of narrators who took some of them from others, so we had this noble knowledge, which is considered the second source of Islamic law.
In a previous study, I dealt with the life of the author and the study of the manuscript in detail, and for that reason I refer the honorable reader to it in order to become acquainted with its vocabulary, as I will begin directly to investigate the translation of Uwais al-Qarni and others who appeared in the entire manuscript. I will limit myself to only ten translations, which are brief translations for each character. And from God is success
After these translations were verified, which conveyed to us the Noble Hadith, these translations showed whether he was one of the followers or also one of the loyalists who had knowledge of the Noble Hadith.
As they had an interest in the noble hadith, this is what placed their names on the lists of transmitters of the noble hadith, and this increased their pride and virtue for their knowledge of the noble hadith.
This research focused on Islamic figures, people of knowledge and talent in this science, who have multiple sects and intellectual trends.
They had clear names, surnames, and lineages, in addition to mentioning some of the dates of their births and deaths
Despite the paucity of information in these translations from the manuscript, their content has many and broad meanings.
He mentioned the descriptions of some of them and what the talents of some of them were, and in the manuscript he mentioned some of the sheikhs from whom they learned knowledge, and he also mentioned some of the students who studied and learned knowledge from them, and he mentioned some of the sayings of the scholars about them and described them as knowledgeable and just .
Some of them even taught science to children and adults without taking wages from them, due to their love of science and to those who wanted to learn. May God be pleased with them all.

In this research, we attempt to uncover the importance of prior knowledge and the element of persuasion and understanding it represents, as well as the latent presuppositions found in the recipient›s cognitive store (epistemology). Presuppositions are an element of communication and a stimulus for memory, ensuring the consolidation and entrenchment of the given information in the collective mind. This is consistent with the contextual significance of the linguistic component. Presuppositions reshape sociocultural norms and revive what has been established among the correspondents.

The application and development of art require a foundation in sciences that strengthen and reinforce its pillars, such as sociology, psychology, and education, particularly art education, which analyzes diverse direct and indirect methods for developing aesthetic and artistic sense. Individuals of all ages. To achieve individual happiness within society, it is essential to focus on the most crucial element in building society: education at all levels, particularly primary school. Primary school is a very important stage in instilling general values ​​and, especially, aesthetic values, which are reflected in behavior and choices, thus influencing...
This significantly impacts his general and personal taste. Adding to the research problem, we have recently observed a growing ignorance in our society—not illiteracy, but a different kind of ignorance: a distancing from the appreciation of beauty, aesthetic taste, and architectural aesthetics. This has led to a decline in general taste and a lack of artistic and spatial awareness. Beauty is considered one of the The secrets of divine power and one of its important proofs is that it can be perceived through the senses. Inner feelings can be translated into specific expressions or gestures, which then manifest in body language through facial features and expressions. Furthermore, the perception of beauty within a person arises from the harmony between human perception and external beauty.
Through his sensory perceptions, education aims to achieve the learner’s integrated growth in physical, psychological, and social aspects in order to achieve harmony between him and his society. This goal requires significant efforts from educational and societal institutions. Therefore, development begins in society, especially from a young age, and this is what prompted the researcher to The selection of the primary stage and the research into how to build and develop artistic and aesthetic taste and enrich their artistic and spatial culture to appreciate beautiful things, buildings, and the civilization left by their ancestors in architecture that bears an aesthetic character. Through the above, the research problem emerges in the loss of aesthetic knowledge and taste in art and architecture and how to address it through the establishment of A foundation for cognitive experiences of artistic and spatial appreciation for primary school students, which is the basic seed for its development in other educational stages.

By tracing the Quranic usage of the word «hukm» and its derivatives, it becomes clear that the concept occupies a pivotal position in the conceptual structure of the Holy Quran. Hukm is understood as a manifestation of divine sovereignty and a supreme authority regulating human affairs in belief, action, and societal relations. The root word (h-k-m) is repeated in more than 200 places in the Holy Quran, reflecting its abundant and significant presence in divine discourse. The noble verses present hukm as an undisputed divine prerogative, as in the verse: «Judgment belongs only to God» (Al-An›am: 57), meaning: no one possesses the authority to legislate or make final judgments except God. He alone is the true Ruler, and all human judgment must be based on His guidance and legislation.

By tracing the Quranic usage of the word «hukm» and its derivatives, it becomes clear that the concept occupies a pivotal position in the conceptual structure of the Holy Quran. Hukm is understood as a manifestation of divine sovereignty and a supreme authority regulating human affairs in belief, action, and societal relations. The root word (h-k-m) is repeated in more than 200 places in the Holy Quran, reflecting its abundant and significant presence in divine discourse. The noble verses present hukm as an undisputed divine prerogative, as in the verse: «Judgment belongs only to God» (Al-An›am: 57), meaning: no one possesses the authority to legislate or make final judgments except God. He alone is the true Ruler, and all human judgment must be based on His guidance and legislation.

This research analyzes educational legislation and policies in Iraq, focusing on their impact on the quality of education in light of the political and social challenges the country has faced in recent decades. The research presents the history of the development of the educational system in Iraq. From primary education to higher education, it also examines the challenges facing the education system, such as a lack of resources, deteriorating infrastructure, and the ongoing disruption of education policies due to security and political crises. The research also focuses on educational policies adopted after 2003, attempting to understand how these policies have impacted improving the quality of education, in terms of curriculum development, teacher training, and improving the level of educational infrastructure. The role of educational legislation in regulating the educational process and its effectiveness in achieving comprehensive educational goals in Iraq is also discussed. By examining available research and data, the study concludes that there is an urgent need to reform the education system in Iraq. This includes enhancing education funding, updating curricula to meet the needs of the digital age, and providing an appropriate learning environment that supports innovation and development. The study also emphasizes the importance of leveraging technology in Improving the teaching and learning process and ensuring fair distribution of educational opportunities across all Iraqi regions. Finally, the research provides practical recommendations for relevant authorities, such as the Ministry of Education and legislative bodies, to achieve a real transformation in the Iraqi education system, enhancing the quality of education and ensuring a better future for future generations.

This study presents an analytical examination of the personalities of Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Khālid al-Barqī and his father, Muḥammad ibn Khālid, through a survey of the biographical and bibliographical sources that discuss them, alongside a comparison between the chains of transmission (asānīd) found in the surviving portion of al-Maḥāsin and those in al-Kāfī. The study concludes that al-Barqī the son is considered a trustworthy and reliable transmitter of ḥadīth, and that his narration from weak narrators—at least in the extant portion of al-Maḥāsin—has no significant impact. Moreover, the collection of books known as al-Maḥāsin is regarded as a credible ḥadīth source, and any discrepancies in what has been transmitted from it are due to variations in the number of books that comprise it, not alterations in its textual content. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of al-Barqī’s transmissions from his teachers in al-Maḥāsin and al-Kāfī can be considered as an indication of the authenticity of the extant part of al-Maḥāsin.

God Almighty has blessed me with the choice of the topic of my thesis entitled “Linguistic Discussions in the Commentaries on Du›a Kumayl,” with a focus on its semantic aspects. This research is concerned with reviewing some of these semantic phenomena, namely the phenomena of “synonymy and antonymy,” which formed the main focus of the research. The research is divided into two main sections: the first section focuses on synonyms in the commentary on the Du›a Kumayl, and the second section focuses on antonyms in the commentary on the Du›a Kumayl. The introduction reviews the caller to prayer, the narrator, and the narrated text. The research concluded with the most important findings that became apparent to me, as well as some recommendations that I hope will be useful to future researchers as suggestions for their academic and research studies.

The importance of art education lies in its societal benefits, which necessitate keeping pace with modern advancements without neglecting any of them. This is because art education prepares graduates for the job market, and the curriculum, with its objectives, content, teaching methods, and assessment techniques, is the means of this preparation. The computer is a product of our time. Having permeated all aspects of life and penetrated all fields of work, it has become easy to use and is employed to facilitate work, store all data and achievements, and establish all professional and academic connections that underpin all types of professions. It has become a modern invention that must be studied. students are trained in these skills to ensure they graduate with qualifications that will benefit them in their chosen field.The world today views the technological revolution of recent years, which continues to evolve, as the driving force of work through the fields of information technology and its processing. The computer is one of the most prominent innovations of this revolution. The technology produced by the technology of the twenty-first century has become an essential and integral part of successful strategic and operational plans of countries.

The study sought to identify psychological influence among university students. It aimed to:
1. Identify psychological influence and control over the behavior of others among university students.
2. Identify differences in psychological influence and control over the behavior of others according to gender.
The current research is focused on students in the English Department at the College of Arts at the University of Iraq. A sample of (100) male and female students was selected randomly, with (40) males and (60) females. Regarding the theoretical framework, the researcher adopted Eric Berne›s (1910-1970) theory of interactional analysis. To achieve the objectives of the current research, a scale for psychological influence and control of the behavior of others was constructed, which in its final form consisted of (28) items. Two types of validity were achieved for psychological influence and control of the behavior of others: apparent and construct validity. Reliability was extracted using three methods: test-retest reliability reached (0.80),Cronbach›s alpha for internal consistency reached (0.79), and the split-half reached (0.73). After using a number of appropriate statistical methods, the researcher reached the following results:
1- University students possess the ability to psychologically influence and control the behavior of others.
2- There are differences between males and females, favoring females in terms of psychological influence and control over the behavior of others.
Based on the results of the current study, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

The research concluded that the legal protection of minors in private international relations is based on two complementary pillars: substantive protection, through the determination of the applicable law via choice-of-law rules, and procedural protection, by ensuring that disputes are brought before competent courts. It was found that, despite their importance, choice-of-law rules do not always provide sufficient protection due to issues related to classification, multiple or absent nationality and domicile, shifting conflicts, as well as application barriers such as public policy and circumvention. Consequently, modern conventions have tended to adopt the criteria of habitual residence or the law most closely connected, in order to enhance the interests of minors.
At the procedural level, the research demonstrated that international jurisdiction rules play a pivotal role in consolidating protection, whether through alignment or non-alignment with legislative jurisdiction, or by applying the concept of referral to avoid conflicting judgments. However, these mechanisms remain inconsistent among national legislations, necessitating greater international coordination to ensure more consistent protection.

This study reveals the al-jinas structure in the Sermon of Lady Zainab (peace be upon her) in Yazid›s court, following a stylistic approach, and examines its phonetic and semantic functions within the structure of the discourse. This sermon is considered one of the most prominent texts preserved by history, due to its strong argumentation, elegant style, intense emotion, and the heroic stance it embodies following the tragedy of Karbala. The research aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of the al-jinas structure in enhancing the rhetorical and argumentative impact of the sermon, through the analysis of its types (deficient, present-tense, successive, and derivational).
The significance of the study lies in highlighting a sermon that represents a high artistic model, combining the beauty of expression with the depth of its message. It emphasizes the distinctiveness of the text from an aesthetic and stylistic perspective and clarifies the role of the al-jinas structure in serving Arabic discourse and reinforcing its position in rhetorical heritage.

The Jewish Charitable Orphans Association is one of the associations established with the approval of the Iraqi government in 1945 for the purpose of helping the orphans and poor of the Jewish community. Wealthy and affluent families continued the work of the association
Until 1955, when it was closed due to the emigration of its founders outside Iraq, and its property devolved to the presidency of the sect, which it spent in other charitable works. Despite the short life of the association, it provided great social services by caring for orphans, the poor, and the elderly who were stranded. The Zionist movement took advantage of this association to pass its malicious plans, especially in sending large numbers of Jews abroad and then transferring them to the Zionist entity.

When we stand before God Almighty and before His Noble Book, the Qur›an, the miracle of the Prophet (peace be upon him), we find that the Qur›an preceded modern discoveries by mentioning and clarifying scientific facts that humans had not yet discovered or learned of until centuries after the Qur›an›s revelation. This is the scientific miracle within it. Any book written by man may be subject to errors in the future, or other theories may emerge that refute what is stated therein, leading to differing opinions and ideas. However, the Holy Quran has broken this trend in the accuracy of the information it contains in various scientific, linguistic, and legislative fields, which has remained unchanged over time. God Almighty says: «Do they not then consider the Qur›an carefully? Had it been from other than Allah, they would surely have found within it many discrepancies.»
From here, I began my research into the aspects of scientific miracles in Surat Al Imran, attempting to interpret the verses therein, relying on the opinions of scholars, commentators, and scholars with scientific expertise to arrive at the truth.

In Iraq, procedures before the administrative judiciary constitute a fundamental component of the judicial system, as they enable individuals to challenge administrative decisions and actions that are believed to violate the law or infringe upon their rights. The administrative judiciary is competent to adjudicate disputes between individuals and administrative authorities, whether these disputes pertain to individual administrative decisions or general regulatory measures issued by state institutions. At the outset of the case, the plaintiff must submit a petition to the competent administrative court. This court adjudicates matters concerning administrative actions or decisions, such as administrative sanctions, the issuance or revocation of licenses, or other governmental measures that may adversely affect the individual. The plaintiff is required to support their claims with appropriate documentation in accordance with the applicable legal framework. The administrative court evaluates the case, and if either party is dissatisfied with the ruling, they may appeal the decision before the administrative appellate court. It is important to note that the appellate court examines only the legal aspects of the case and does not reassess the factual circumstances. The primary objective of this system is to ensure administrative justice and to safeguard individuals from arbitrariness or abuse of power by administrative authorities in the decision-making process.

The stylistic elements in Dove›s poem is examined in this study using the foregrounding of linguistic deviance theory. The writer`s use the model of deviation to explore the language of poetry and to successfully communicate are questioned. Finding the different kinds of linguistic irregularities and the ways in which the poet employs them as a stylistic marker are the aims of this study. In the poem under examination, the research aims to understand how language may be a powerful tool for advancing ideas while fulfilling an efficient and fulfilling communication role. It also looks into the types and degrees of linguistic variety seen in the texts under review. It seeks to show how the author of the selected poem uses linguistic variation as a style marker. The model used in this study is based on Short›s (1996) model of linguistic deviation, which explains the many sorts of deviations, and Leech›s (1969) model of various levels with semantic type. It is found that the poet exhibits a significant degree of variation in the poem that is being examined. After a careful analysis of the poem, it is determined that Rita Dove uses linguistic deviance to illustrate the psychological and emotional effects of hardship, racism, and oppression experienced by Haitian laborers as well as highlight the value of family and love, citing Trujillo›s personality as a result of his mother›s passing.

This research deals with a study of the fourteenth verse of Surat Al-Jathiya. It begins with a general study of the blessed Surah, then proceeds to explain the noble verse, contemplating its wording and eloquence, then contemplating its interpretation with the facilitation and favor of God Almighty, relying on what was narrated from the family of the Prophet and what was produced by the pens of commentators and scholars.

This research aims to examine the role of oil in shaping Iraq’s economic policies between 1927 and 1960, with a focus on the discovery of oil in Kirkuk in 1927 as a pivotal moment in Iraq’s economic history. The study explores the dominance of Western oil companies over the Iraqi oil sector during the monarchy and its implications for national economy and political sovereignty. It also analyzes the economic transformations following the July 14, 1958, revolution and the measures taken by the Iraqi government to regain control over its oil resources, including Law No. 80 of 1961, which significantly reduced the influence of the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). Furthermore, the research highlights Iraq’s role in the founding of OPEC in 1960 as a strategic step toward asserting national sovereignty over oil. The findings indicate that oil was a crucial factor in shaping Iraq’s economic policies, contributing to infrastructure development and national growth while also making the country vulnerable to foreign intervention and economic conflicts. The study recommends economic diversification to reduce over-reliance on oil, along with increased investments in technology and oil infrastructure to achieve long-term sustainability.

The current study aims to investigate the impact of the TASC model on the acquisition of social studies concepts and convergent thinking among fifth-grade primary school students.
To achieve the study›s objectives, the researcher formulated the following two null hypotheses:
1- There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students in the experimental group who study social studies according to the TASC model and the average scores of the students in the control group who studied the same subject using the traditional method in acquiring the concepts of social studies.
2- There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students in the experimental group who studied the social studies subject according to the TASC model and the average scores of the students in the control group who studied the same subject using the traditional method in the convergent thinking test.
The researcher chose the experimental method with partial control for two groups, one experimental and the other control. He chose a purposive sample of fifth-grade primary school students from Saba Elementary School for the academic year (2022-2023). He randomly chose Section (A) to represent the experimental group, which had (30) students, and Section (C) to represent the control group, which had (30) students The researcher made equivalence between the two research groups in the following variables: (the students’ age calculated in months, the prior knowledge test, the intelligence test, the concept acquisition test scores, and the convergent thinking test scores)
At the end of the experiment, a test was administered to acquire social concepts. The study revealed the following results:
The students in the experimental group, who studied social studies using the TASC model, outperformed the students in the control group, who studied the same subject using the traditional method.

The term of Phonetics is meant the production study of sounds[speech sounds] by humans. It is about physical sounds aspect, which are called phones. In phonetics, sounds are classified for many categories that depend up their articulatory properties. Two important categories are contoids (consonant sounds), and vocoids (vowel sounds).
This current paper aims at conducting a “Contrastive Analysis” for the consonantal and vocalic language {English} and Portuguese. This might be provided an analysis which is a descriptive analysis with the study of a contrastive one between consonant sounds and vowels related to these languages, clarifying the featuers of similar and dissimilar features to these two sound systems. In order to achieve the aims of this paper, the researcher conducted a comprehensive review of existing literature on phonetics, focusing on the consonantal and vocalic systems of English and Portuguese, and carried out a contrastive analysis of the consonantal and vocalic systems in both languages to identify the points of similarity and difference with regard to these phenomena.
The results of this paper show that both languages utilize voiced and voiceless contrasts for consonants, the presence of similar categories of consonantal sounds (stops, fricatives, nasals, etc.), both languages exhibit a range of vowel sounds, albeit in different quantities and qualities, Portuguese includes nasal vowels and has a more stable vowel quality in unstressed syllables, English has a larger vowel inventory with many diphthongs and a more complex system of vowel reduction and the stress patterns in English are more variable compared to the more predictable stress rules in Portuguese.
Keywords: Contrastive Analysis, Phonetics, Portuguese, English, Consonantal System, Vocalic System.

This study examines the perceptions of Iraqi secondary school English language teachers regarding the advantages and obstacles of using multimedia tools in their teaching. A total of twenty-five teachers were interviewed from three districts in the Babylon governorate (Al-Mahaweel, Kutha, and Al-Musayyab). The results demonstrate several advantages of integrating multimedia, including saving teachers’ time and effort, engaging students, increasing motivation levels (especially among less motivated learners), aiding comprehension, assisting with retention in long-term memory, providing a good lead-in to the lesson, and exposing students to the foreign language. However, significant challenges to implementation exist, including lack of infrastructure (computers, projectors, smart boards), unreliable internet, ongoing electricity shortages and insufficient teachers’ ICT skills.

With the beginning of World War I, the Ottoman Empire joined the war in 1914 and fought on many fronts, as a result of the Russian advance on the Caucasus front. The Russian Caucasian armies occupied most of the cities of the eastern Black Sea and eastern Anatolia on February 16, 1916, and Trabzon on April 17, 1916. The Russians headed to this region. In April to seize the strategically important Bayburt in order to gain access to the interior of Anatolia.