Journal of Kufa legal and political science

This research examines the black market from a criminal perspective as one of the illicit economic phenomena that contribute to the financing and support of organized crime. It sheds light on the concept of the black market and its characteristics, including secrecy, the violation of laws, and its connection to corruption. It also highlights its close relationship with transnational criminal networks. The research also addresses the most prominent criminal areas in which it operates, such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, the smuggling of antiquities and weapons, and money laundering. The international position is reviewed through the agreements and measures launched by international organizations, as well as the position of the Iraqi legislator through the legislation and measures taken to combat this phenomenon. The research concludes that the black market poses a security and economic challenge that requires concerted national and international efforts to mitigate its effects.

The principle of legal certainty is a fundamental pillar upon which the modern rule of law is built, given its essential role in establishing trust in the legal system and ensuring the stability of legal transactions and relationships. Legal certainty refers to providing a reasonable degree of stability and clarity in legal rules, allowing individuals to anticipate the legal consequences of their actions without fear of sudden changes or the arbitrary use of power. This research aims to analyze the concept of legal certainty and its essential components, while also identifying the most prominent mechanisms for its practical implementation. Furthermore, it highlights the most significant obstacles hindering its realization, whether legislative, judicial, or institutional. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, examining relevant legal texts, judicial precedents, and scholarly opinions to arrive at scholarly conclusions that contribute to strengthening legal certainty and achieving legislative and judicial stability.

Although the term “Human Agent” is formally recognized within European legal frameworks, it is frequently employed in legal doctrine to denote the natural or legal person who assumes liability for the conduct of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. This legal construct arises from the inherent incapacity of such systems to be held directly accountable, as they lack legal personality and, consequently, cannot be subject to autonomous legal responsibility.

The primary purpose of the law is to protect and stabilize rights. This is also the case with Islamic law, which also attaches great importance to rights due to their importance in the life of society. This right is fundamentally based on the element of stability and permanence, which in turn leads to the stability of transactions and the achievement of legal security. This is the basic principle. However, there are cases in which the right is uncertain in terms of stability and constancy, as it is not permanently fixed but remains dependent on future events that are not certain to occur. This is what is called "an uncertain right," which has sparked a jurisprudential dispute over determining its legal nature and the consequences thereof.

The right to privacy is one of the most fundamental rights inherent to human beings. Although the term "privacy" may seem relatively recent, having gained widespread use in the social and legal sciences, the essence of this right has deep roots dating back to the beginning of human history. The right to privacy refers to complete secrecy and all the meanings it entails, which can be expressed in various terms such as isolation, seclusion, introversion, or non-interference from others. This right is a relative concept; what is considered private at one time may not be so at another, and what is private in one place may not be in another, and vice versa.

This research examines the complex issue of inheritance rights of the child born from adultery (walad al-zina) and the child born from li‘an (mutual imprecation) within the Ja\'fari (Imami) school of Islamic jurisprudence. The study outlines the doctrinal consensus that such children do not inherit from their biological fathers or their paternal relatives, nor do those relatives inherit from them. However, inheritance through the mother remains valid. The Imami view distinguishes between children born from mutual or one-sided adultery, from legal or doubtful unions, and explores the legal effects of each on lineage and inheritance. For a child born from li‘an, inheritance is confirmed from the mother\'s side only. The paper concludes by supporting the dominant view in Imami jurisprudence, providing textual evidence and practical inheritance scenarios.

It is one of the contracts concluded by the administration, and practical reality has played an effective role in the administration's prevalence of concluding this type of contract at the present time due to its need for the services of the daily wage worker in temporary or emergency work, due to the lack of available job positions. Or for the purpose of bypassing appointment procedures or for the purpose of absorbing the unemployed workforce in society. The effect of this contract is that it places the contractor in an organizational position with the administration. As for the field of activity of private law persons, this contract has not emerged in practical reality because it is of the same nature as the employment contract, which is human effort. Moreover, the legislator in the current labor law has established legal rules that are sufficient to protect the worker in the employment contract

Cybercrimes are considered an emergent form of criminal activity that has evolved within the realm of information technology, They are characterized by the exploitation of internet networks to perpetrate illicit acts, These crimes target the information systems of both public and private institutions with the intent to disrupt or destroy their data,Such crimes are carried out using methods that leave no tangible physical evidence, relying instead on digital data, which makes their detection highly complex In response to these challenges, the international community has undertaken a series of legislative efforts, These endeavors have resulted in the conclusion of international conventions aimed at standardizing legal rules for combating cross-border cybercrime In this context, the research sheds light on Iraq's international commitments through an analytical study of the extent to which Iraq's national legislation aligns with the standards of the United Nations Convention on Combating Cybercrime of 2024.

Since its independence in 1957, Malaysia has adopted a balanced mix of policies and mechanisms to manage its complex social fabric, comprised of diverse ethnicities, religions, and languages. These policies are primarily based on a set of comprehensive plans covering all political, economic, and cultural aspects. These efforts gained significant importance, particularly after the ethnic violence of 1969 between native Malays and immigrant Chinese communities. These conflicts resulted in numerous casualties and growing anxiety among Malays about their future in light of increasing Chinese dominance and economic influence. The Malaysian system's management of ethnic diversity has been successful, accommodating religious and ethnic differences, forging a national identity that unites the various Malaysian ethnicities, achieving political stability, and attaining a certain level of economic development. This success is attributed to the strong leadership skills of Malaysian leaders.