Journal of university of Anbar for Pure science

Bacterial vaginosis is a prevalent genital condition in sexually active women globally, affecting 23–29%. It is characterized by an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, with a rise in facultative organisms such as Gardnerella and a decrease in beneficial Lactobacillus spp. This study investigated the association between bacterial vaginosis and spontaneous miscarriage and assessed whether Lactobacillus influences outcomes using bacteriological techniques. The research was conducted at several hospitals and laboratories between December 2023 and August 2024. Fifty-five women who underwent legal abortion due to intrauterine fetal death were included. Vaginal swabs were collected from each patient and analyzed by Gram stain and culture on different agar media. Gardnerella vaginalis was present in 24 of 55 cases, with the highest occurrence in the second trimester (30.9%), followed by the third (7.3%), and the lowest in the first trimester; this difference was statistically significant (???? < 0.05). In contrast, Lactobacillus spp. was identified in 19 samples; this was not statistically significant (???? > 0.05). These findings suggest that the vaginal microbiome may contribute to miscarriage risk and highlight the need to clarify this relationship.

This experiment aimed to assess the effect of Ephedra alata on toxic changes induced by lead acetate in rats. Forty male albino rats (185-215 g) were randomly assigned to five equal groups: the first received distilled water (control); the second received lead acetate alone (120 mg/kg); the third received alcoholic extract of E. alata alone (30 mg/kg); the fourth was pretreated with E. alata and then given lead acetate; and the fifth received lead acetate followed by E. alata. In the lead-acetate group, biochemical tests showed significant increases in aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β ), and transforming growth factor- β (TGF- β ), together with a decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), compared with the control group. Results for the E. alata-only group were comparable to controls. In both the pretreatment and post-treatment groups, levels of AST, ALT, MDA, IL-1 β , and TGF- β decreased, whereas TAC increased, relative to the lead-acetate group. Histopathological examination revealed marked hepatic changes in rats exposed to lead acetate alone compared with controls, while the remaining groups did not show severe alterations. These findings indicate a therapeutic role of E. alata extract against lead-acetate-induced hepatotoxicity.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of fatty plaques in arterial walls, leading to luminal narrowing and reduced blood flow. Because thyroid function regulates lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways, thyroid status and circulating inflammatory markers are important indicators of atherosclerotic risk. This study examined the relationship between thyroid function and blood parameters in atherosclerosis, evaluated the effect of thyroid dysfunction on disease development, and considered its implications for prevention and treatment. The study enrolled 140 participants divided into three groups: a control group (n = 40 healthy individuals), a conservative-treatment group (n = 50 patients receiving conservative therapy for atherosclerosis), and an atherosclerosis group (n = 50 patients taking anticoagulant drugs). Thyroid hormones, including total thyroxine (TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and hematologic/biochemical parameters (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, urea, creatinine) were measured in all participants. Compared with controls, the conservative-treatment and atherosclerosis groups showed significantly lower TT4, TT3, fT4, and fT3, along with higher TSH. In some patients, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were decreased, while urea and creatinine were increased. These findings indicate an association between atherosclerosis and thyroid dysfunction, characterized by reduced thyroid hormone levels with elevated TSH, and suggest that atherosclerosis also affects blood components and renal function. These results may inform strategies for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.

A competent, morphologically normal gamete (oocyte or sperm) is essential for successful fertilization, the development of a good-quality embryo, and implantation. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) allows direct microscopic assessment of gamete quality and the study of factors that may affect gamete quality and development. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue protocols (antagonist vs agonist) on oocyte maturity, morphology, quality, and embryo development. Fifty-three subfertile women were included. Participant age ranged from 18–37 years and body mass index (BMI) from 18.9–24.9 kg/m². All underwent ICSI using GnRH antagonist and agonist protocols. Microscopic evaluation of oocyte and embryo quality was performed and compared between groups. Among all parameters studied (total retrieved oocytes; oocyte quality and morphology; embryo quality; fertilization and cleavage rates), only the total number of good-quality embryos was significantly higher and the total number of poor-quality embryos was significantly lower in the GnRH antagonist group. Thus, the GnRH antagonist significantly increases the rate of developing good-quality embryos and reduces the rate of poor-quality embryos, despite producing a nonsignificantly higher number of immature and morphologically abnormal oocytes, which appear to have no impact on embryo quality or subsequent development.

Many developing countries with river systems face persistent challenges related to water pollution, complicating efforts to meet safe drinking water standards. This study evaluates the water quality of the Euphrates River along the Anbar Governorate using two widely recognized models, including NSF Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) and CCME Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Seven monitoring sites were selected along the upper Euphrates basin, from Al-Qaim to Fallujah. Seventeen key parameters were analyzed, including physicochemical and biological indicators. Both indices produced similar classifications at upstream locations (Al-Qaim, Al-Haditha, and Al-Baghdadi), indicating marginal water quality, which reflects limited suitability for direct human use without treatment. CCME-WQI values were consistently lower than NSF-WQI results, indicating a more stringent assessment approach. The results align with documented pollution trends linked to urban and agricultural practices, particularly in highly populated regions. The study concludes that both models are effective for assessing water quality; however, the CCME-WQI provides greater flexibility and wider applicability across diverse environmental conditions due to its capacity to accommodate a broader range of parameters and site-specific considerations. In contrast, the NSFWQI demonstrates increased sensitivity to particular input parameters. These findings can enhance strategies for managing water resources and controlling pollution along the Euphrates River.

The current study aimed to determine the altered immune indicators resulting from the use of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics, isolated from various sources. In this experiment, a sample of twelve-month-old male Wistar albino rats was taken with an average weight of 204.67 grams and a standard deviation of 8.04 grams. Three mice were randomly assigned to each of the four experimental groups for a period of one month. The groups were placed in different types of water, with the first group receiving plain water (control group) and the second and third groups receiving plain water mixed with sedimentary cells of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the excreta of breastfed children. The fourth is on plain water mixed with lactic acid bacteria cells isolated from the excreta of bottle-fed infants. One month after the experiment began, blood samples were collected and subjected to six different immunological tests (IL-2, IL-8, TNF-????, TNF-????, ADP, and LEP) using ELISA kits. Both groups of natural feeders respond better than the other two groups, control and formula-fed. The mean optical density for the natural feeding groups is significantly different between the two natural-fed groups as well as between them and the other two groups of formula-fed and control. LEP and IL-8 recorded the highest optical densities among all others, which indicates that these factors mostly respond to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the excreta of breastfed children.

Advanced functional polymers have attracted significant interest in science and technology. However, microstructural damage and variations in chemical composition are often introduced during manufacturing and use, leading to degradation or even loss of functionality. To address these issues, self-healing functional polymeric materials have been developed to autonomously restore non-structural functions, thereby extending service life and durability. Recent work has emphasized such materials with capability of independently recover function without external repair. Unlike structural self-healing systems that prioritize strength restoration, functional self-healing targets recovery of specific properties. In modern polymers and hydrogels, temperature, pH, and light commonly act as external stimuli to trigger recovery. Biomimetic self-healing systems may also rely on chemical or mechanical interactions to repair critical cracks and restore functional performance. At the molecular level, ???? − ???? interactions, metal-ligand coordination, and hydrogen bonding are frequently exploited to reinforce weakened regions. These capabilities have driven demand across materials science and engineering. Moreover, they were used in biomedical fields such as localized drug delivery, skin grafting, implantation, dentistry, and bone and tissue regeneration. Self-healing polymers can regenerate damaged surfaces and often show favorable biocompatibility, faster healing, and improved tensile strength, supporting use in medical devices and other applications. As an example, a modified poly (vinyl chloride)/Cu(II) (PVC/Cu(II)) film were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and optical microscopy.

Prostate cancer (PC) is a disease that primarily affects older men, and nearly one in eight men will develop it during their lifetime. The most common form occurs after the age of 50. We assessed whether interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-39 (IL-39) are associated with selected biochemical parameters in Iraqi patients with PC. This investigation included 42 patients with PC from the oncology center in Ramadi and 42 healthy controls (HCs). Serum levels of IL-8, IL-39, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Urea, creatinine, total bilirubin (TBIL), total calcium (TCa), and zinc (Zn) were determined using enzymatic colorimetric methods. PC patients had significantly higher serum IL-8 and IL-39 levels than HCs (p < 0.0001). IL-39 showed a significant correlation with IL-8, hemoglobin (Hb), PSA, and urea, while IL-8 and IL-39 showed no significant association with the other measured parameters. The analyzed parameters showed the following descending order for the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve; PSA (1.0), hemoglobin (Hb) (0.9802), urea (0.9572), TCa (0.7577), IL-39 (0.7321), TBIL (0.7271), IL-8 (0.6706), creatinine (0.6670), red blood cells (RBCs) (0.6440), and white blood cells (WBCs) (0.6301). Serum IL-8 and IL-39 levels were significantly correlated with each other. IL-8 showed a weak and non-significant correlation with the other measured parameters, whereas IL-39 showed a significant association only with PSA and Hb.

In this study, aluminum sulfate nanoparticles (ASNPs) were prepared using Ziziphus spina leaf extract. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films with a thickness of 50 ± 5 µm were then prepared by the casting method after adding the nanomaterial at different concentrations (0.04, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, and 0.0025)% to a PVC solution dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. The prepared aluminum sulfate nanoparticles were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which showed a particle size of 60.01 nm, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which indicated an average diameter of 9.74 nm. The optical fragmentation of the polymer films was then evaluated in the presence and absence of the nanomaterials. UV-visible spectroscopy at a wavelength of 278 nm was used after different irradiation periods (0, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160 hours) to calculate the photodissociation constant (Kd) of the polymeric films in the presence of the nanomaterial additive. The results showed that increasing the nanomaterial concentration led to a higher photodegradation rate of the polymer films compared to the films without the additive. Infrared spectroscopy was also used to calculate the absorption coefficient of the carbonyl group (Ico). The absorption coefficient of the carbonyl group (Ico) in PVC increased with both nanomaterial concentration and irradiation time, and this increase was directly proportional to irradiation time. The molecular mass of the polymer, the degree of disintegration, and the numerical rate of polymer chain scission (S) were also calculated using a viscometer. With increasing additive concentration and irradiation time, the molecular weight decreased, while both the chain scission rate and the degree of disintegration increased. Based on these findings, further work is recommended to investigate the impact of aluminum sulfate nanoparticles on different types of polymeric surfaces to enhance their physical and chemical properties. In addition, exploring alternative green synthesis methods may improve particle size distribution and overall material efficiency.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multisystem autoimmune disease associated with immune dysregulation, with reported incidences ranging from 1 per 100,000 individuals. The precise cause of SLE is still unknown. However, it is generally accepted that multiple factors, including immunological, genetic, and environmental influences, may interact to produce the disease. Any of these factors may contribute to its chronic course. Saliva contains a range of protective proteins, including high levels of amylase and lipase. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between salivary amylase and lipase and systemic lupus erythematosus in women. Ninety Iraqi females aged 20-50 years were included, consisting of 50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 40 healthy controls. Salivary amylase and lipase levels were measured by a colorimetric method. Salivary lipase and amylase in females with lupus were higher than those in healthy controls. These findings suggest that salivary amylase and salivary lipase may be associated with disease progression and may serve as potential markers for predicting systemic lupus erythematosus in women.

Peanuts are rich in various bioactive compounds, including total phenolics and total flavonoids. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of heating on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L). Seven peanut treatments were prepared, including heated peanuts at 95 °C for 30, 35, 40, and 45 min, and three unheated forms (unheated whole peanut, inner shell peanut, and outer shell peanut). Changes in antioxidant activity in heated peanuts were assessed by determining total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP), and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays. These values were compared with those of unheated peanuts. The results showed that peanut extract heated at 95 °C for 30 min, and the inner shell of peanuts, contained the highest concentrations of phenolic and flavonoid components (22.33, 24.50 mg GAE/g and 5.23, 6.61 mg QE/g, respectively). The highest DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP scavenging activities were also observed in the peanut extract heated at 95 °C for 30 min and in the inner shell peanut extract.

Cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) Nano-thin films on a seed layer were synthesized via the hydrothermal method at pH 3 and 9. The structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the produced films were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests showed that the prepared films are polycrystalline and have a cubic structure. Additionally, they have a crystallite size of approximately 14.5 nm and a pH of 3. Increasing the pH to 9 reduced the crystallite size to 12.9 nm. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images revealed that changing the pH resulted in a reduction in the size of the nanoparticles, while maintaining their spherical shape. Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the absence of impurity elements in the prepared samples, verifying the formation of pure cerium oxide. UV-vis examinations showed that increasing the pH value of the prepared films enhanced the optical transmittance and increased the values of the optical energy gap.

In this work, our aim was to design and test a silver-coated fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor for temperature sensing applications. An FBG of 125 µm diameter was coated with silver by magnetron sputtering technique. Three coating thicknesses of 10, 20, and 30 nm were prepared and examined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed the improvement in the roughness of fiber peel when the coating level is increased. The samples were analyzed at moderate ambient temperatures of 20, 60, and 100 °C to evaluate the temperature sensitivity in this range. The results indicated that the Bragg wavelength shift increased with silver coating thickness, and the highest sensitivity (Δ????????/????) was 0.076 nm/°C for the 30 nm silver-coated fiber. Hence, the temperature sensitivity improves as the silver coating thickness increases.

First-principles density functional calculations were implemented to study the electronic structure, optical, and magnetic properties of (10,0) Ni-combined boron nitride BN nanotubes. BNNTs were substituted with Ni to afford the formula B1-xNixN at (x) contents of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25. The obtained calculations showed that pristine BNNTs have an extensive band gap of 4.12 eV. Incorporating Ni atoms in the BNNTs reduced the energy gap by generating additional states beyond the Fermi level in the conduction band. Additionally, nickel dopants can cause magnetism in BNNTs, leading to a split in the density of states. The polarized DOS diagram typically displays noticeably different distributions, indicating that the Ni-incorporated material exhibits magnetic properties. Optical calculations revealed that the pristine BNNT does not have an absorption edge in the visible light region. Introducing Ni can increase the absorption coefficient of B1-xNixN nanotubes in the visible and infrared regions of the spectrum, thereby enhancing the material’s ability to conduct electrical current.

This current study investigates the optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyaniline (PANI), their 50:50 blend, and nanocomposite films doped with CuO and Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles. They were prepared using the casting method and the prepared films were tested using UV-Vis absorption spectra. The results revealed that pure PVA showed low absorbance, reflecting its transparent nature. PANI results demonstrated higher absorbance due to its conjugated ????-electron system. The prepared PVA: PANI blend showed synergistic effects with enhanced absorbance in the UV region due to ???? → ???? ∗ transitions and the formation of polarons from protonated PANI. Our results indicated that doping with nanoparticles further increased the absorbance through localized surface plasmon resonance effects. Moreover, transmission decreased with doping, especially in the UV region, due to enhanced scattering and absorption. The absorption coefficient was higher in the PVA: PANI blend, with doping introducing localized energy states and reducing the optical band gap. Our results highlight the potential of synthesized nanocomposites to use in different optoelectronic applications.

This study examines the structural and optical characteristics of lignin/polyvinyl alcohol composite films, with a particular emphasis on the influence of Fe2O3 incorporation and carbonization under a nitrogen atmosphere. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis demonstrated that variations in Fe 2 O 3 concentration induce significant morphological changes, transitioning from nanorod formations to fibrous structures as the concentration increases. Both the structural stability and porosity of the films were enhanced by the carbonization process, leading to the integration of Fe2O3 nanoparticles into the carbonized films. Raman spectroscopy implied shifts in the graphitic (G-band) and disordered (Dbrand) carbon structures, reversing enhancing graphitization at higher Fe 2 O 3 concentrations. Photoluminescence study identified the emission peaks at 605 nm, 750 nm, and 857 nm, in agreement with carbon dots, defect states, and extended sp²-hybridized carbon networks, respectively. Integrating Fe 2 O 3 to appear other peaks, which confirmed ???? − ???? ∗ transitions and Fe3+-related defects. These results underscore the key role of Fe 2 O 3 and carbonization in modulating the Lignin/PVA: Fe2O3 films’ properties, rendering it suitable for advanced sensors, supercapacitors, and catalysis applications. carbonization in modulating the material’s properties, rendering it appropriate for advanced applications in sensors, supercapacitors, and catalysis.

Dedicated mobile networks (MANETs) in wireless networks are prone to security issues because they are not regulated. They rely on a non-static infrastructure and do not have routers or fixed terminals to manage communication between devices. Networked devices, known as nodes, communicate directly with each other. Each node can act as a router and contribute to the transfer of data to other nodes. Therefore, the lack of regulation has several causes: (1) Network dynamics: devices in a MANET move continuously and frequently change location, altering established communication paths. (2) Decentralized architecture: there is no central point that manages data traffic; each node operates independently and is responsible for communication. (3) Devices are not always directly connected to each other, so data may need to pass through several hops to reach other nodes, which increases complexity and makes communication more difficult. This study examines MANET security challenges, suggests remedies, and proposes full security implementations. Security measures under investigation and potential implementation include attacks on the Domain Name System (DNS), distributed denial-of-service (DDoS), node abuse, energy-efficient security, trust management, intrusion detection systems, secure routing protocols, multilayer design, and machine-learning-based security. Implementing complete security methodologies, while addressing these issues, is necessary to enable effective wireless security for MANETs.

Object recognition is a research area in Computer Vision and Image Processing that covers several topics, including face recognition, gesture recognition, human gait recognition, and traffic road signs recognition, among others. It plays a vital role in several real-time applications such as video surveillance, traffic analysis, security systems, and content-based image retrieval. It is the task in which an object can be recognized and labelled within an image. It aims to bring the visual perception capabilities of human beings into machines and computers. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a great interest in this field and is involved in most, if not all, of the various fields of life. Deep Learning (a new area of Machine Learning) is one of the AI techniques that is generated from Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Recently, it has gained popularity due to its competitive results in improving the efficiency of real-time decision-making. For this reason, it has been widely used in many fields, including object recognition. Therefore, this review provides insight into previous studies on how deep learning methods have been applied to object recognition, among various datasets. It classifies the deep learning methods along with different targeted objects, their contributions, the challenges they faced, and how the results were gained. These aspects will be discussed to introduce the researchers to more general knowledge about the recent techniques applied in this field. Practical experiments have proven the efficiency of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in object recognition tasks, achieving high-accuracy results within an acceptable timeframe.

Lately, there has been a growing sense of alarm within the global community due to increasing concerns about the transmission of COVID-19 and the urgent need to contain the virus. An increasing number of higher education institutions worldwide have opted to suspend in-person classes. This global shutdown of face-to-face learning is a response to the escalating concerns about the spread of the coronavirus. Moreover, the pandemic has exposed new weaknesses in education systems worldwide. The requirements to accomplish this task, such as internet access and smart mobile devices, are readily available, and the field of cloud computing is undergoing significant development. On this basis, educators are exerting extra effort to compensate for the shortfall caused by the crisis. In this article, we designed a platform that simulates a laboratory, where students execute their work on four different topics: C++ lab, Python lab, Materials lab, and Civil Engineering lab. The designed labs can fit over 50 students simultaneously without lagging. Data transmission and execution speed were tested, yielding excellent results. Great results were achieved when students logged into the system at different times to complete their academic tasks electronically using the programming languages discussed in this paper. The final outcomes highlighted how well the students’ login times aligned with the execution times of the programs.

Colorectal cancer is among the leading causes of death by cancer worldwide. Thus, colorectal cancer needs early diagnosis to help in the management of the disease. Colonoscopy remains the primary tool for polyp detection; however, the procedure sometimes fails due to the challenge of identifying vastly different structures and very small polyps, which can lead to potential overlooks. To overcome the limitation, this work presents a new image segmentation framework based on an Asymmetric Non-local Neural Network (ANN). Having considerably enhanced the accuracy of polyp detection in colonoscopy images, the ANN presents the best features of the non-local operation, which considers both subtle local features and long-range dependencies of an image for its segmentation, thereby facilitating better polyp identifications. Upon evaluating the framework over the Kvasir-SEG dataset, higher results were obtained, with a mean Dice score of 0.947 and a mean IoU (Intersection over Union) of 0.901. This breakthrough is hypothesized to provide a major support for colorectal cancer screening by reducing misdiagnoses and improving overall patient care, aiding in new possibilities for the early detection and effective treatment of this devastating disease.

The increasing need for secure multimedia communication has driven the development of more robust encryption schemes. This paper introduces a novel chaotic image encryption algorithm that uniquely integrates three different chaotic systems, including Lorenz, Rossler, and Chan, to generate a highly unpredictable, non-sequential encryption process. Unlike prior dual-system approaches, the proposed method assigns distinct roles to each chaotic system for key generation, pixel selection, and indexing, thereby enhancing both confusion and diffusion properties while maintaining low computational overhead. The three proposed chaotic systems, Lorenz, Rossler, and Chan, introduce a high level of randomness in the encryption process. Lorenz system generates chaotic random integer numbers (CRINs) as encryption keys to ensure unpredictability. Rossler system randomly selects nonsequential pixel indices to enhance diffusion. Chan system applies an XOR operation between the selected image pixels and the generated chaotic keys and encrypt image with highly resistant to decryption attempts. The Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol was also incorporated to share encryption keys between parties securely. Multiple image quality assessment metrics were used to evaluate the proposed algorithm’s effectiveness. The results indicated that the encrypted images exhibited significant distortion with a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 9254.5 and a Peak Signalto-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 8.4673 dB, indicating strong encryption. The Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) was very low (0.000604), reflecting high image scrambling. The encrypted image’s entropy was 7.9997, nearing the ideal value of 8, ensuring maximum randomness. The decryption process accurately reconstructed the original image with an SSIM of 1 and zero MSE, with encryption and decryption times of 0.409s and 0.369s, respectively. The proposed encryption algorithm offers an effective solution for protecting digital images in public communication channels. Integrating chaotic systems with a structured encryption framework shows strong resistance to modern cryptographic threats. This approach is particularly valuable in high-security areas such as military operations, medical data transfer, and confidential communications.

It is known that approximation of the complex functions does not, in general, depend on approximation of the real functions. However, if the complex function is viewed as a Cartesian product of two real functions, a relationship appears between the two types of approximation specified above. This means that if ???? is a complex function where ???? : (????, ????) → (????(????, ????), (????(????, ????)), ????, ???? ∈ ????, and ???? 1 , ???? 2 are real functions with ???? = ???? 1 × ???? 2 , then there is a relation between an approximation of ???? and an approximations of ???? 1 , ???? 2 . This paper studies the relation between approximation of complex functions and approximation of real functions, in terms of existence and degree, in certain special cases. The first case is when ???? is a function only of ???? (i.e. ????(????)) and ???? is a function only of ???? (i.e. ????(????)); this means that the complex function ???? becomes ???? : (????, ????) → (????(????), (????(????)), that is, ???? = ???? 1 × ???? 2 with ???? 1 : ???? → ????(????) and ???? 2 : ???? → ????(????). The second case is when there exists a relation between ???? and ???? in the ????-???? plane (i.e. √ ???? = ???? (????)), for example ???? = ???? 2 or ???? = ????; this case leads to the first one. In addition, the relationship between the polynomial of best approximation and any polynomial of the complex function ????(????, ????) and its analogous real functions arising from it (i.e. ???? 1 (????), ???? 2 (????)) is considered in the sense of Kolmogorov’s theorem. Furthermore, the relation between the modulus of continuity and the difference of the function ????(????, ????) and the real functions ???? 1 , ???? 2 is examined, together with other related results.

A strong Gelfand pair (????, ????) consists of a group ???? and its subgroup ????, characterized by the property that the induced representation Ind ???? ???? ???? of the permutation representation associated with the action of ???? on the set of cosets ???????? is multiplicity-free. In this study, the conditions under which ???? forms a strong Gelfand pair with certain subgroups are investigated, with emphasis on two main cases: i) the wreath product ???? ≀ ???? ???? with its subgroup ???? ≀ ???? ????−1 , ii) the group ???? ???? = ???? ≀ ???? ???? = ???? ???? ⋊ ???? ???? with its subgroup ???? ???? = ???? ???? × ???? ???? , where ???? ???? is the diagonal subgroup of the direct product of ???? copies of ????. While such pairs are always Gelfand for abelian groups, in general they do not satisfy the strong Gelfand property. Specifically, there exists a positive integer 2 ≤ ????????(????) < |????| such that (???? ≀ ???? ????−1 , ???? ≀ ???? ???? ) and (???? ???? , ???? ???? ) are strong Gelfand pairs for ???? < ????????(????), but not for ???? ≥ ????????(????). This result holds for both abelian and non-abelian finite groups. A method is developed to compute this critical number ????????(????), and explicit examples are provided for specific groups.

The central challenge in cloud computing is delivering strong data protection while maintaining high system performance. This paper addresses the problem by developing a hybrid cryptosystem that integrates the strengths of Okamoto-Uchiyama (OU) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). For key transfer, the model employs secure OU public-key encryption to prevent key compromise in transit, and AES for fast symmetric encryption of large data bursts when required. As a result, AES handles data encryption operations while OU was used solely for key exchange, avoiding the usual overhead associated with asymmetric encryption. The hybrid system was deployed in the cloud and compared with asymmetric models such as RSA. Test results showed that the proposed system outperforms existing approaches by reducing encryption and decryption times by nearly 90% for large-scale data without compromising security. It also provides extended resistance to common attacks, including brute-force and man-inthe-middle (MITM) attacks, supporting its practical applicability in cloud environments. The hybrid cryptosystem offers an optimal balance of performance and security, making it suitable for current cloud computing applications such as SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS.

Intelligent transportation systems have been integrated and adapted to our daily lives. Transportation is one of the sustainable systems and an essential aspect of the shift toward a digital economy and intelligence. Here, we explore the theory of transportation services by exploring a mathematical model using queueing theory. Several methodologies have been employed for this theory, including micro- and Macro-simulation models. They have been used for the purpose of enhancing the analysis of intelligent transport systems. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are revolutionizing the management of transportation networks, leveraging advanced technologies to improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Operations research (OR) plays a crucial role in designing and optimizing these systems and providing mathematical models and computational techniques to address complex transportation challenges. This paper reviews the integration of OR methodologies and their role in developing and managing ITSs, including optimization, queuing theory, simulation, and network modeling. We assess technical applications for optimizing traffic flow, congestion, and instantaneous decisionmaking in transportation systems. OR contributes to ITS by using optimization models for route planning and traffic queue management. Simulation techniques also used to evaluate the system performance under different scenarios. The paper highlights the increasing trend of addressing multifaceted modern transportation networks by hybridizing models of multiple OR approaches. We aim to gather insight into current ITS methodology models, applications, and limitations by synthesizing recent advancements. Additionally, our aim is to identify emerging trends and future research directions, with a focus on big data, autonomous vehicles, and smart cities. This is a valuable resource in leveraging OR tools for ITS operations and designs.

This paper investigates a novel triple complex integral transform, highlighting its properties and its applications to functional, integral, and partial differential equations. Several fundamental theorems describing the general characteristics of the triple complex integral transform are formulated and rigorously proved. The concept of convolution associated with the transform is also examined, its properties are established, and a detailed proof of the convolution theorem is presented. Integral transformations are regarded as one of the most important methods for solving partial differential equations, as they often simplify both the solution procedure and the underlying mathematical operations. In particular, higher-order partial differential equations admit simpler solutions in the framework of integral transforms. The triple complex transform considered in this work (Complex Sadik triple integral transform) is likewise shown, through illustrative examples, to yield simpler solution steps compared with previous methods. The central objective of this study is to develop the triple complex integral transform as an effective tool for solving initial and boundary value problems in applied mathematics and mathematical physics.

This study investigates the application of algebraic topology, in particular homology theory and persistent homology. It includes the analysis of elliptic curves and their use in cryptographic systems and cybersecurity. The study was designed by establishing a topological framework for understanding elliptic curves as tori, highlighting the role of their homology groups in classifying their structure. A detailed case study illustrated how the first homology group H 1 (E) Z ⊕ Z oplus {????} provides the foundational loop structure for elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). Scalar multiplication and key generation were interpreted through topological cycles, reinforcing the complexity that underpins the hardness of the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). Persistent homology was then applied to cybersecurity, where topological features such as Betti numbers were used to detect anomalies in network traffic. A practical simulation demonstrated how transient spikes in ???? 1 could indicate coordinated attacks, supporting the role of topology in behavioral-based threat detection. Overall, the research bridged abstract topological theory with concrete cryptographic and security applications. It provides a new lens for understanding the shape and complexity of secure mathematical systems.

Rivers, like any other natural phenomenon, strive to maintain a stable state that is suitable for their environment or region. Any changes in the conditions surrounding the river will make the river out of its stable state. This makes the river change its characteristics to adapt to these changes and return to a state of stability again. This research aims to determine the impact of the Tharthar-Euphrates channel on the main Euphrates River in the Fallujah area. Measurements for current velocity, width, and depth were taken for two cross-section profiles of the river in two different locations before and after the Tharthar - Euphrates Channel connection point with the main Euphrates River. Measurements were done on two dates: November (the end of the dry season) and April (the end of the rainy season). To detect changes happening in the Euphrates course, this work was supported by using a series of satellite images (1972 to 2024) to detect the movements that occurred in the river. Also, the calculations of the sinuosity factor (1972, before the construction of the Thartha Channel, to recent time) show that some new banks appear as a new fertile area. Sinuosity showed the Tharthar channel has a strong effect on the Euphrates after the connection point, also the Euphrates, even in its recent low discharge and many drought seasons, still has some effect on its course. The results showed an increase in the sinuosity factor of about 0.8 after connection due to the effect of the channel.

Lightweight firebricks are critical in many sectors. There is a growing need to develop materials for furnaces, chambers, and burning towers in various construction and non-construction industries. Iraq offers raw materials that can replace imports. This study aimed to manufacture lightweight firebricks by adding porcelanite in different proportions to white kaolin and bauxite. Four raw-material mixtures were prepared with 9 samples were formed from each mixture (36 total) for evaluation. The study was prepared by performing chemical analysis and Atterberg limits, followed by forming firebrick specimens using the semi-dry pressing method. After drying at 105–110 °C, firing was carried out at 1200, 1300, and 1400 °C with a maturation (soak) time of one hour. The fired specimens were then inspected and tested to determine physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Physical tests included post-firing longitudinal shrinkage, porosity, and total density; mechanical testing measured compressive strength; and thermal conductivity was assessed for the produced bricks. The results met international and Iraqi standard specifications for lightweight refractories.

The reservoir model represents a validated mathematical simulation based on a set of geological data and petrophysical parameters for the studied section. The study provides a realistic three-dimensional subsurface image of the spatial distribution of the reservoir properties of that section. The target of this study is to determine the reservoir characteristics of the Jeribe/Euphrates Formation within one of the Missan oil fields in southeastern Iraq. When the main petrophysical parameters (water saturation, effective porosity, and shale volume), which were mathematically processed in the Excel program, were used in designing three-dimensional reservoir models using the Surfer-13 program. The formation was divided into two reservoir units (jr-1, jr-2), where the results of the reservoir analysis of the petrophysical properties of both units showed good values for hydrocarbon saturation and effective porosity with a low ratio of shale volume in most of the study sections. Effective porosity maintains its favorable ratios in most directions, but water saturation ratios are increasing at the expense of hydrocarbon saturation ratios in the northwestern part of the field, which negatively impacts reservoir efficiency in that direction. Otherwise, the reservoir characterization of both units is improving significantly in all other directions, especially towards the site of well-1 at the crest of the anticlinal structure.

The Fatha Formation, the youngest recognized formation, represents a Middle Miocene age in the study area. The Heet section, which is situated in the northeast part of Al-Anbar city, about 70 kilometres from Al-Ramadi, was sampled carefully for microfacies studies of the Middle Miocene succession of the Fatha Formation. Lithologically, this formation consists of two cyclic alternations of sandstone, siltstone, and claystone interbedded with marl, marly limestone, and gypsum with a thickness ranging from 7.2 to 4.8 meters. The details obtained from the textural and faunal properties have aided in the identification of microfacies zones, which have led to the division of the environment. Seven mixed clastic-carbonate facies types were recognized in the Fatha Formation in the Heet section. These include: Sandy Lime Mudstone, Dolomitized Lime Mudstone, Gastropods Lime Packstone, Bioclastic Lime Packstone, Claystone to Siltstone lithofacies, Marly Limestone lithofacies, and Gypsum lithofacies. These microfacies types can be grouped into four depositional environments: coastal, evaporitic, restricted to shoal environments.

The study scope has focused on the Late Jurassic Group: the three genetically related Najmah, Gotnia, and Sulaiy formations beneath an area of more than 40000 Km2 capitalizing on huge integrated 3-D, 2-D seismic and well data compiled with competent previous regional studies and foreign literatures related, to get the utmost understanding, where, each of which, is related to each other, genetically and depositional. The study has summarized the story of the development and deterioration of the three that made up the Late Jurassic succession. Accordingly, this study, based on sequence and seismic sequence stratigraphy, has proceeded and achieved some substantial successes, the most notable ones being the identification of the optimum-Najmah reservoir quality facies throughout the Oil Province. The study has determined some proposed optimum well locations to hit the predicted optimum Najmah facies. On the Basrah basin sub-basinwestern margin, it has been interpreted that the shallow water dolomitic limestones of Najmah Formation are predominant and are unconformable overlain by Very Early Cretaceous Sulaiy due to Pre-cretaceous erosion where Sulaiy overlie the last Najmah-SB above the Najmah MFS-J70 (the unconformity part of the SB=the cropped out part of the SB)and due to Gotnia Formation wedges out towards the same margin, while the Najmah Formation time-correlated, deep water limestones-Naokalekan Formation is conformably overlain by the same evaporates where Gotnia Formation directly overlie the submerged SB-part (i.e., conformable conformity =CC). Furthermore, the study has proved that the former stratigraphic relation aspects are true for the rest of the Iraqi areas in addition to the Basrah basin-western margin.

In this paper, we review established concepts and fundamental results of (????, ????) Calculus. Throughout this paper, let ????, ???? be constants with 0 < ???? < ???? ≤ 1. We recall some definitions and theorems related to (????, ????)-Calculus that are needed in the subsequent sections of this paper.