iklil for Humanity Studies

Disciplining a child, whether by simple beating or by any other means, is a legitimate right of the guardian. They are entitled to exercise this right when the child's disobedience is justified. They are threatened to ensure family stability, in addition to the possibility of harm resulting from their disobedience. However, the right to discipline is not absolute; rather, its use is restricted by objective, final controls to prevent the guardian from being arbitrary in its use, which would then fall within the scope of domestic violence. Jurisprudence and law have established material controls to prevent the legitimate limits of the right to discipline from being exceeded. Iraqi legislators, whether in the Personal Status Law, the Penal Code, or the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, have attempted to establish a mechanism that, in essence, protects children from the phenomenon of domestic violence as a social phenomenon. By criminalizing violence, the legislator has provided special protection for children within the family from repeated assault by those who use the right to discipline as a pretext for assault or violence.

This study examines jurisdictional challenges in Iraq’s administrative decentralization-between problem and solution—highlighting the gap between constitutional/legal texts and post-2005 practice. It employs a descriptive–analytical approach, supported by legal–comparative analysis and institutional/financial examination of decision chains and local funding flows. Findings reveal overlapping competences and weak accountability, uneven and partial fiscal autonomy across provinces, and simultaneous transfer of powers without adequate human capacity or robust governance systems. The study proposes a unified legislative–regulatory framework of competences with a binding dispute-resolution mechanism; a phased devolution program based on readiness indicators and capacity building; and a transparent financing formula backed by an equalization fund and independent auditing. It concludes that making decentralization effective requires aligning local autonomy with federal coordination to safeguard policy unity and improve service quality and balanced development.

The objective of this research is to analyze the proposed Iraqi cybercrime law, identify its strengths and weaknesses, and assess its ability to address the phenomenon under study, particularly concerning its legal phrasing, impact on public freedoms, and the neglect of the tribal dimension. This research adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and reached several findings, the most prominent of which are: the study found that traditional criminal rules are fundamentally inadequate in assessing the collective harm caused by cybercrimes of a tribal nature, and that pressures from tribal reconciliation lead to the withdrawal of complaints in 68% of cases before a verdict is issued. The analysis also revealed that the proposed cybercrime law neglects the tribal motive as an aggravating circumstance, and that 73% of digital evidence is lost before being secured due to a lack of technical expertise. The study recommended the enactment of a cybercrime law by 2026 that includes an explicit provision increasing the penalty by 50% in the presence of a tribal motive. It also recommended the establishment of 5 specialized judicial circuits in Baghdad, Basra, Erbil, Najaf, and Anbar by 2027.

It is known that criminal proof is one of the most important topics in criminal procedures, and the primary goal of these procedures is how to prove the truth that occurred, as according to criminal proof the innocence or conviction of the accused is achieved, as his goal is to establish evidence in order to reveal the truth in order to achieve justice.
The principle of emotional conviction is one of the most important principles of the theory of proof because it is consistent with the ordinary and logical way of thinking in ordinary life and in scientific research, as the judge rules according to his conviction in the evidence presented in the case, and that his authority is broad and absolute in investigating the truth as dictated by his conscience and conscience, and he also has the right to exclude any evidence that he is not comfortable with, and that his discretionary authority is complementary in weighing the evidence and determining its value He also has complete freedom to coordinate the evidence presented to him and to draw from it a logical conclusion that he can rely on to decide the innocence or conviction of the accused. Therefore, the judge is free to form his own belief.
Under the principle of emotional conviction, the criminal judge, in accordance with his discretionary authority granted to him, can, in accordance with this distinguished role, complete any of the incomplete evidence presented by the parties.
It should also be noted that the criminal judge's reliance on incomplete evidence in the ruling may have many effects when it is overturned by the parties before the Court of Cassation (Court of Cassation), including the release of the accused, changing the legal description by the Supreme Court, or returning the case again to the trial court to reconsider the case again and strengthening this evidence with other evidence that complements it.

Since 2003, Iraqi-Arab relations have witnessed remarkable transformations, reflected in Iraq's attempts to reposition itself regionally through new diplomatic tools, the most prominent of which is initiative diplomacy. Iraq sought to use its active participation in the Arab summits to launch initiatives aimed at enhancing cooperation, containing crises, and restoring its regional position. The Arab summits are a major platform for monitoring this trend.
The diplomacy of initiatives demonstrated flexibility in Iraqi politics and contributed to rebuilding positive relations with a number of Arab countries, despite the challenges associated with political disparities and regional and international influences. The Baghdad Summit 2025 initiatives embody Iraq's transition to the role of a driver of Arab action through an interconnected package linking security with development and knowledge.

The Abraham Accords signed between Israel and several Arab countries (the UAE, Bahrain, Morocco, and Sudan) in 2020 marked an unprecedented strategic shift in regional relations. These agreements opened the door to new political, security, and economic alliances, reshaping the balance of power in the region. A structural analysis of regional relations indicates the rise of a new axis comprising Israel and the Gulf states, confronting traditional axes such as Iran and its regional allies (Syria, Hezbollah, and the Houthis), in addition to a shift in the roles of major powers such as the United States, China, and Russia. These shifts have contributed to redrawing the map of influence through deepening intelligence and military cooperation between Israel and some Gulf states, the decline of the traditional role of some regional powers (such as Syria and Iraq), and Turkey and Iran's attempts to strengthen their influence to balance emerging alliances. Thus, the region has entered a new phase of regional competition in which "enemy" and "ally" are being redefined not only on the basis of the Arab-Israeli conflict, but also according to security and economic priorities that transcend traditional divisions.

The research aims to study the role of the legislative authority in making Iraqi foreign policy, and to analyze the relationship between them and its impact on foreign decisions. The results indicate that the authority play a crucial role in making Iraqi foreign policy, and that enhancing the balance and cooperation leads to improving the effectiveness of foreign policy making. The research recommends strengthening the role of the authority with the aim of supporting Iraq's regional and international relations

The Russian Federation faces a security threat in its Arctic regions due to melting ice. The increasing melting of ice has security implications for Russia, which for centuries has relied on thick, permanent sea ice to create a natural barrier along its northern coast. This barrier is diminishing, forcing Russia to reconsider how it controls its vast northern borders for strategic and economic purposes. The continued melting of ice and its transformation into water will leave Russia exposed to its NATO adversaries. NATO warships and submarines can reach the Russian Arctic coast, thus threatening Russian national security. Furthermore, NATO controls the waterways upon which Russia depends for communication with the outside world (the Turkish Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and the Danish Kiel Canal). Consequently, the Russian Black Sea and Baltic Sea fleets will face significant difficulties in reaching the Arctic. Moreover, NATO effectively encircles Russia through the Arctic, as the Arctic states are members of the alliance. The Arctic region offers significant economic opportunities for the countries bordering it, particularly the Russian Federation. These opportunities are defined by two main points: (1) Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, fisheries, and important minerals used in advanced industries ranging from mobile phones to aircraft and military equipment. (2) The region's potential as a shipping route connecting three continents—North America, Asia, and Europe—making it a competitor or alternative to the Suez Canal and the Strait of Malacca, thus altering the global maritime map in the future. The success of these opportunities hinges on Russia's cooperation with the West to leverage its technological capabilities in extracting natural resources from the Russian Arctic and selling them to consumer markets via the Northern Sea Route. However, the potential for success has been significantly diminished by the economic sanctions imposed by the West on Russia following its invasion of Ukraine. The West aims to reduce revenues from the energy sector as a means of pressuring the Kremlin to halt its military operations in Ukraine.

No country is free of minorities, some of which are ethnic, others linguistic and national, and represent a group of individuals who live collectively or dispersed. Most countries work to guarantee the rights of minorities through internal laws, so they have direct representation within governments of various types and with representation that guarantees their rights, or based on human rights stipulated by the United Nations, that any sabotage that leads to the exposure of these minorities represents a blatant violation of their rights. The Yazidis in Iraq are among the minorities that have been subjected to the most heinous types of genocide by the terrorist organization ISIS, which has worked to kill men and children, and to take women captive, take them, enslave them and expose them to types of torture, which we will discuss in this research.

The research addresses the role of political parties In Iraq as an essential factor in organizing power and promoting political participation. The Iraqi political system depends on the multiplicity of parties, which contributes to embodying the popular will, but it also faces several challenges. Political parties are the key to organizing power and creating a balance between the various political forces, as they contribute to forming the government and choosing leaders, which affects the state’s policies and decisions. Parties play a major role in encouraging political participation through Mobilizing citizens to express their opinion in the elections and participate in political activities. Strong parties seek to raise voting rates and enhance political awareness. Political parties in Iraq face challenges such as corruption, lack of trust, and internal divisions.These factors negatively affect their ability to clearly represent the interests of citizens, and the effectiveness of political parties increases when the rate of political participation increases, as this enhances the stability of the political system and reduces internal conflicts. The role of political parties in organizing power and political participation in Iraq is crucial for achieving stability and development. The success of the political system depends on the ability of these parties to adapt to social and economic challenges and build sustainable trust with citizens.

The Iraqi banking sector has a long history, beginning with the establishment of the first Iraqi bank at the end of the 20th century. Initially, its role was traditional, limited to accepting deposits through account openings and lending to finance economic projects aimed at expanding Iraq's economic growth. This played a significant role in economic development, broadening the Iraqi banking network, and supporting development and investment. On the administrative front, the Central Bank of Iraq undertook several comprehensive administrative reforms to ensure the sustainability of this sector, particularly given the various obstacles the Iraqi banking system faced, including political, security, and economic challenges. These reforms included developing organizational structures, strengthening internal and external oversight of banks, and implementing international governance and disclosure standards. The Central Bank of Iraq also worked to update laws and regulations to keep pace with global developments and to align with the principles of transparency and financial stability. Technologically, Iraqi banks began a gradual transition from paper-based systems to modern electronic systems such as ATMs and online banking platforms. Despite economic and security challenges, Iraqi banks have witnessed rapid development and expansion in adopting digital transformation, enhancing operational efficiency, speed of transactions, boosting public confidence, and supporting the Iraqi national economy.

Merging religion with state power in theocratic society, particularly in relation to gender and class oppression, results in ominous socio-political consequences. Driven by this idea, this paper attempted to render a critical reading of Atwood’s dystopian novel, "The Handmaid's Tale", as religion and theocracy play central roles in shaping the oppressive regime of Gilead. The primary aim of the study is to examine how Margaret Atwood's "The Handmaid’s Tale" critiques the exploitation of religion as a means of enforcing totalitarian control and suppressing gender, and to examine the novel’s depiction of political and social dynamics within a theocratic society. The study adopted a qualitative, interpretive methodology grounded in literary criticism and Marxist criticism to examine the portrayal of religion and theocracy in the narrative text. The findings of this study asserted that Atwood revealed the dangers of theocratic rule and challenges readers to consider how religious and political discourses can intersect to sustain systems of oppression. The final conclusion of this study is that religion is used to maintain totalitarian control and enforce gender-based subjugation within a theocratic society inside the narrative text under study. The significance of the current study lies in exposing the socio-political consequences of merging religion with state power, particularly in relation to gender and class oppression in theocratic society in Margaret Atwood’s "The Handmaid’s Tale". It is hoped that this study contributes to extending the base of knowledge and enriches specifically the literature in this novel, and generally the field of dystopian English novels.

El aumento de la comunidad iraquí que vive en España necesita un sistema de salud que tenga en cuenta sus diferencias de idioma y cultura. Muchas personas tienen problemas para acceder a la atención médica por dificultades con el idioma. Esto incluye no entender la terminología médica en español y, a veces, la diferencia con las traducciones literales. Además, las diferencias culturales entre Irak y España hacen que sea más difícil comunicarse con el equipo médico. Esto puede causar problemas en la evaluación y en el cuidado del paciente. Este estudio busca entender este problema para crear estrategias que mejoren la comunicación con los pacientes durante las consultas médicas. También se quiere mejorar la calidad de la traducción médica en todas sus áreas y promover la formación de los profesionales de la salud, para poder atender correctamente a pacientes de diferentes culturas.

étude intitulée La Porte d’al-Darwaza comme roman de formation vise à mettre en lumière certains traits du roman de formation (bildungsroman) dans La Porte d’al-Darwaza « Bab Al-Darwaza » (2022) du romancier irakien Ali Lafta Saïed. Ce roman affiche clairement la trajectoire d’un adolescent à travers un moment charnière de sa vie ainsi que du contexte historique de pays tout entier à partir de 1978. Les caractéristiques de ce roman nous ont conduits à le considérer comme un roman de formation, car il répond aux critères de ce genre littéraire à travers ses éléments et composantes, tels que les personnages et l’univers romanesque dans lequel la conscience du protagoniste se développe de sorte qu’il soit dans la mesure d’identifier sa vision du monde ses rapports avec les autres.

This article considers the motifs of number-phobia and temporal anxiety in Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway (1925), and especially its dramatisation of the way in which the quantification of time in terms of clocks and hours heightens the characters' encounter with death. Using Henri Bergson's modernist concept of time, as well as the psychoanalytic definition of anxiety, the essay posits that Woolf dramatises the fear of time's numerical count as a cultural and psychological condition. It is a time that occurs in the novel not as organic durée. Still, as a smashed succession enforced by social and mechanical systems, and it is experienced almost as an existential vertigo: a kind of number-phobia. The main question the study seeks to ask is how Woolf's re-presentation of time in Mrs. Dalloway mirrors modernist anxieties regarding temporality and death, as well as interrogating the psychological impact of breaking lived experience down into the manageable units of measurement brought about. The primary research questions include: (1) How does Woolf represent the conflict between lived, qualitative time and mechanical, quantitative time? 2) How does the novel connect number-phobia to death, trauma, and existential terror? (3) How does Bergson’s notion of time interface with psychoanalytic ideas of repression and anxiety in opening up Woolf's narrative strategies? The study focuses on close textual analysis of temporal images, narrative form and the motifs of clocks and measuring in relation to Bergsonian theory and psychoanalytic criticism. The results have so far suggested Woolf’s novel as a source whereby the alienation provoked by the relentless quantification of modernity is both disclosed and resisted in the modality of memory, consciousness, and felt experience

En este trabajo, se puede evidenciar que los estudios sobre los errores y las dificultades en los pronombres átonos en español son pocos. Del mismo modo, consultado las didácticas de enseñanza, sabemos que los textos más consultados son los manuales de ELE. En ese sentido, el propósito de este trabajo es verificar la propuesta didáctica acerca de los pronombres átonos en los manuales de ELE que más se utilizan en la Facultad de Lenguas -Universidad de Bagdad-Irak. Se plantea la necesidad urgente por parte de los docentes de ELE de Iraq y los estudiantes de conseguir manuales de ELE más recientes, ya que esto les ayudará a enseñar y aprender sobre los pronombres átonos con textos que tienen ejercicios más didácticos y llamativos. Además, los docentes serán capaces de planificar estrategias y clases para el uso correcto de estos textos.

Zara Dinnen (2006): presenting a study of the linguistic and cognitive features of Benjy's mind style, the core cognitive stylistics — The Sound and the Fury, William Faulkner opening section character Reaching deeper into narrative discourse, mind style and representational devices corresponding to provisions of the characters' thought and perception structures might be a suitable tool for identifying cognitive deviations in literary works. The results suggest that cognitive schemas make up the underlying structure of Benjy‘s mental representation
Image schemata and metaphors of space are patterns emerging from the narrative data that appear to reflect an impaired theory of mind and a severe affective congruity between Caddy, on one hand, and natural phenomena, leading to the conclusion. In addition, the findings reveal Benjy constructs his sense of the surrounding world with fundamental motion schemas and metaphor in-depth correspondences that entail characterized conceptual framings onto his experience, belief and community attitude towards it. This analysis illuminates the cognitive role of language in story-telling as well as a new layer of mental representation for modernist literature

This paper is an attempt to pay much attention to the features affecting translatability of legal texts when being translated into another target language. Such features shall be considered at a time of translation from a source language into a target one pertaining to translating legal contents. It is not a matter of word for word translation. Translating legal segments require much consideration to the differences occur between the legal systems of the two languages concerned. Besides, the impact of culture shall be grasped in order to come up with a readable product of a legal translation. Legal translation, or call it legalese, is not without hindrances. It can be distorted if no attention given to differences between the two competent languages. This study came with findings displayed claims stating that translating legal content requires a set of understanding tips for not only linguistic aspects, but also to cultural gaps available between languages. Also, it was clear that translators with incomplete understanding of a certain legal system and culture would cause a caustic understanding and lead to incomprehensible product text translated into a target language. This study recommended that translators shall be fully acquainted with both cultures under translation in order to attain a comprehensible translated text.

This research explores the articulation of race-based traumatic stress in Clint Smith’s Counting Descent (2016). Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory is used as a theoretical lens for this exploration. Grounded in Caruth’s essential paradigm of trauma, its latency, disruptive return, and ethical witness, this research categorizes Smith’s poetry as a powerful intersection between clinical trauma theory and African American literary ethics. Through close analysis of selected poems from the pre-mentioned collection of poems, this research highlights how Smith portrays racial trauma as an individual wound formulating contemporary Black’s life. By applying Caruth’s core trauma concepts within the violent socio-historical context of slavery and its modern consequences, this research uncovers Smith’s poetic strategies, maintaining fragmented narratives, somatic imagery, spatial metaphors, and ecological symbolism, to transform poetry into a testimonial instrument. Furthermore, the research extends Caruth’s individual-centered trauma theory to articulate racial trauma as a collective, intergenerational, and spatialized phenomenon.

This paper attempts to investigate the most common grammatical mistakes committed by Iraqi university students who are learning English as a foreign language. The problem of the study is that grammatical mistakes would make sentences unclear or confusing. They deviate from the standard rules of a language. In this regard, Iraqi EFL university students encounter a variety of problems in learning grammar. Common problems include incorrect use of verb tenses, articles, prepositions, and subject-verb agreement. These mistakes are frequently caused by poor transfer from Arabic and a lack of exposure to English. The study aims to examine the grammatical proficiency of Iraqi EFL university students by analyzing their responses to a 20-item multiple-choice grammar questionnaire. The purpose is to identify, analyze, and understand the most common grammatical errors made by these students in their use of English. Through this analysis, the study seeks to uncover patterns of recurring mistakes and highlight areas of persistent difficulty. A 20-item multiple-choice grammar questionnaire has been designed and distributed to a sample of 110 second-year students, morning studies at Department of English Language and Literature/ College or Arts/ Mustansiriyah University. The questionnaire aims to assess students' grammatical knowledge and pinpoint recurring error patterns across a range of grammatical categories, including subject-verb agreement, verb tenses, article usage, auxiliary verbs and prepositions.
The data could reveal that despite two years of formal instruction, many students continue to commit consistent grammatical mistakes, particularly in areas that involve complex structures or subtle distinctions in English grammar. The highest error rates appear in items testing the use of the tense and subject-verb agreement. The analysis of these items proves that while some grammatical areas are generally well understood, others pose significant challenges. The results confirm that students often rely on intuition, native language transfer, or incomplete rule acquisition when selecting grammatical forms. Statistical analysis shows that 69 students fail the grammar test, while only 41 students pass. This suggests a performance gap that requires pedagogical attention. The study concludes that traditional approaches to grammar instruction may not fully address learners’ difficulties, especially when instruction emphasizes rule memorization over contextual application. The study underscores the need for more practical, focused, and communicative strategies in EFL grammar teaching in Iraqi universitie1

Since it requires exact and right translation, the translation of legal writings is considered the most challenging duty of translation. The aim of this research is to investigate the translation challenges faced by fourth-year students at the Translation Department at the College of Arts at Mustansiriya University. Fifteen students participated in the test. The most important tool employed in this study is a translation test which consists of different types of legal documents. The test is mainly aimed at exploring linguistic difficulties while translating Arabic legal materials into English both on the level of the words and the grammar. It is hypothesized that fourth-year students may find many linguistic problems in translating Arabic legal texts into English. It is also hypothesized that the adoption of some translation strategies may play an important role in overcoming those problems. The research proves that Arabic legal writings translated into English poses many difficulties for students. These difficulties may include the arrangement of the text, difficulties with the tenor, problems with the lexicon and problems with the syntax. Only lexical and syntactic problems will be tackled in this study. To overcome those problems, some strategies are adopted. The study concludes that the translation of legal texts requires the translator’s good knowledge of applicable laws and language competence in both languages. It also requires a high competence of the linguistic and pragmatic fields in addition to professionalism in translating Arabic legal texts into English.

The fast-paced adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) in higher education has considerably impacted the global development of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and second language (ESL) education. The essential objective of the current research paper is investigating the effects of technology on Iraqi university students' EFL learning. The study explores the impact of generic information and communication technology (ICT) equipment including computers, mobile phone, online learning resources and digital media on the acquisition of the four language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. This study presents a mixed-method qualitative approach employing semi-structured interviews with EFL teachers and a validated Use of ICT Tools Questionnaire (Nagy and Habók, 2018, p. 212), for the quantitative analysis. Thus, Iraqi EFL students exhibit positive attitudes toward the use of ICT, where the perceived usefulness as well as usage ease are two major predictors of their level of engagement (and consequently achievement) based on language proficiency according to the findings of this study. Interviews indicated it is clear that instructors do think that ICT have an opportunity to foster student autonomy and communicative competence; yet they encounter challenges such as, the absence of institutional infrastructure and uneven digital literacy. The paper concludes by presenting evidence-based pedagogical frameworks to the use of technology and successful integration of technology in the Iraqi EFL context.

Legal language is one of the most conservative forms of discourse, used only in specific contexts (e.g., in courts or legal documents), and there have been many calls for making it more comprehensible for laymen. The present study aims to address the role of Austin's (1962) and Searle's (1969) Speech Acts Theory in legal texts, as well as the role of translators in conveying the meaning and legal effect of such texts into Arabic. The study hypothesizes that adopting functional equivalence plays an integral part in conveying the same legal effect and illocutionary force of the verbs of speech acts theory from the SL to the TL. Functional equivalence can convey the SL 'legal effect' to the TL while maintaining faithfulness to the SL text. This method, which is called functional equivalence, is referred to by some scholars as a measure that occupies the universal area between the source language and the target language. Those scholars prefer the use of functional equivalence for the purpose of the official translation due to the fact that functional equivalence makes the target text both understandable to the target reader and faithful to the original source text.
The translators of legal texts may encounter several barriers that might affect their capability to render legal terminology. The role of translators of legal texts is, therefore, even more significant, as they not only translate the texts, but also interpret them. The findings have shown that legal translators are very interested in speech acts theory because speech acts theory helps them explain how the law uses language and how people can convey more encoded information with this theory. The paper ends with the conclusion that legal texts that contain verbs which express speech acts theory can be best translated into Arabic by adopting functional equivalence. Moreover, the TT containing verbs of speech acts theory can also produce the same illocutionary force and the same legal effect as were produced in the ST.

This study purports to Investigate the parallel linguistic structures as encoded in S. T. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. It aims at exploring the categories of parallelism in the longer poetic text. The study proceeds on the hypothesis that the aesthetic value of the poem results in the systematic combinations of the phonological, semantic and syntactic patterns of the poem. To verify the hypothesis, a set of lines of verse are selected for stylistic analysis. The linguistic structures, more specifically the syntactic structures, will be analyzed in terms of Chomsky’s Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG). The study is divided into three main divisions. The first division deals with the fundamentals of the study, the second is preoccupied with the theoretical model, while the third division tackles the stylistic analysis The study is, then, rounded up with certain conclusions.

This research examines the terms “code-switching” and “code-mixing” in the context of multilingual speech and dialogue. Code-switching is a linguistic phenomenon that occurs when a speaker switches between two or more languages at the border of conversation, while code-mixing is the merging of linguistic aspects into a single sentence. This mixing is very common in multilingual societies. These two phenomena have many benefits and clear functions: they affirm social identity, improve communication, and clarify meaning in the context of speech and emotional expression. These two phenomena shed light on the availability of words and linguistic activity from a psycholinguistic and emotional perspective and how the mind coordinates cognitive processes when expressing a particular idea using multiple languages. English is the most widely used language in these linguistic practices, particularly following colonial expansion, globalization, and the dominance of the technological industry, which is programmed in English. This principle also applies to academic, professional, and other fields. The entire world has been affected by these factors, and students, teachers, and the general public now use code-switching and code-mixing on a daily basis; perhaps they are even unconsciously using this phenomenon, confirming the dominance of language and the potential extinction of native languages.
This study aims to understand the concepts of code-switching and code-mixing and their fundamental differences, and their impact on speakers from a socio-cultural linguistic perspective. It also focuses on interpreting the methods of language switching and mixing that have emerged in everyday conversations and online interactions on social media. The study is based on the central premise that bilingualism is not a random occurrence or a linguistic deficiency, but rather a conscious communicative strategy used to enhance semantic precision and emotional expression.

این پژوهش به بررسی تأثیر آموزش زبان فارسی از طریق روایت‌های ادبی بر ارتقای درک بینافرهنگی زبان‌آموزان می‌پردازد. زبان فارسی، با تاریخچه غنی ادبی و فرهنگی، به‌عنوان ابزاری مؤثر برای تقویت درک بینافرهنگی و توانش ارتباطی زبان‌آموزان شناخته می‌شود. هدف این تحقیق تحلیل تأثیر متون ادبی فارسی، از جمله داستان‌های کوتاه و اشعار کلاسیک، بر درک مفاهیم فرهنگی زبان‌آموزان و طراحی الگویی کاربردی برای استفاده مؤثر از این متون در کلاس‌های زبان فارسی است. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش کیفی و تحلیل محتوا، داده‌ها را از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختار یافته و بازخوردهای زبان‌آموزان جمع‌آوری کرده و به تحلیل مضمون پرداخته است. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از روایت‌های ادبی فارسی تأثیرات قابل توجهی در ارتقای درک بینافرهنگی زبان‌آموزان دارد و آن‌ها توانسته‌اند مفاهیم فرهنگی پیچیده‌ای مانند "تعارف"، "آبرو" و "حیا" را بهتر درک کنند. در نتیجه آموزش زبان فارسی از طریق روایت‌های ادبی نه تنها به تقویت مهارت‌های زبانی کمک می‌کند، بلکه زبان‌آموزان را قادر می‌سازد تا مفاهیم فرهنگی را درک کرده و توانش بینافرهنگی خود را افزایش دهند.

The feminist discourse in Salma's play seeks to reject marginalization and oppression and to search for the Kurdish identity of women from being lost despite the environmental and social challenges that contradict human values for the sake of excessive authority over awareness and culture. The Kurdish woman, the mother, the wife, and the daughter, is the one who faced the challenges and stood and struggled to raise her voice. Therefore, the feminist discourse in the play was embodied in conveying her suffering and standing in the face of the opposites of values. Therefore, the researcher sought to study these representations in Kurdish society at the level of women and their social, political, and human discourse.

Dijital iletişim, teknolojinin ve sosyal medya platformlarının hızlı gelişimi ile birlikte, bireylerin düşüncelerini, duygularını ve niyetlerini ifade etme biçimlerini köklü bir şekilde dönüştürmüştür. Bu dönüşümün en görünür ve etkili araçlarından biri, emoji kullanımının yaygınlaşmasıdır. Emojiler, başlangıçta basit grafik semboller olarak ortaya çıkmış olsa da, kısa sürede dijital dilin merkezi bir öğesi haline gelmiş, yazılı iletişimi zenginleştiren ve çok katmanlı anlam üretimini mümkün kılan bir ifade biçimi olarak işlev kazanmıştır.
Bu çalışma, emoji dilini yalnızca metni süsleyen görsel öğeler olarak değil, dijital çağın kendine özgü bir dil paradigması olarak ele almaktadır. Emoji dili, klasik yazılı dilin sözdizimsel ve anlamsal sınırlarını genişletirken, pragmatik açıdan iletişimin tonunu, bağlamını ve sosyal niyetleri aktarabilme kapasitesiyle öne çıkar. Bu yönüyle, emoji dili hem semiotik hem de dilbilimsel analizler için zengin bir inceleme alanı sunmaktadır.
Bu çalışma kapsamında, emojilerin dilsel ve sosyal işlevleri incelenmekte; semantik düzeyde belirli anlamları simgesel olarak temsil etmeleri, pragmatik düzeyde ise bağlama ve iletişim niyetine bağlı olarak farklı anlamlar üretmeleri vurgulanmaktadır. Ayrıca, sosyal dilbilimsel perspektiften emoji kullanımının kültürel ve toplumsal değişkenlerle ilişkisi ele alınmakta, dijital topluluklarda normların, kimlik ifadelerinin ve etkileşim kalıplarının emojiler aracılığıyla nasıl iletildiği gösterilmektedir.
Sonuç olarak, emoji dili, modern dijital iletişimde metin temelli etkileşimi zenginleştiren, anlam üretiminde çok katmanlı ve sembolik bir araç olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma, emoji dilinin yapısal özelliklerini, işlevlerini ve dijital iletişim bağlamındaki etkilerini dilbilimsel bir çerçevede analiz ederek, dijital çağın iletişim paradigmasının evrimini kavramsal olarak açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır.
Kuramsal Çerçeve

The importance of subject-matter knowledge lies in its role in ensuring accurate and effective simultaneous interpreting within commercial and institutional contexts. Such interpretation facilitates real-time communication and the smooth exchange of information among stakeholders. This empirical study examines how subject-matter knowledge influences interpreter performance using Gile’s Effort Model (1995) as the sole analytical framework. Three professional interpreters, each with over ten years of experience, were selected, and three samples from each were analyzed across the four components of the model: Listening & Analysis, Production, Memory, and Coordination. A qualitative and comparative approach was adopted to assess cognitive load, message accuracy, and delivery consistency. The findings demonstrate that interpreters with strong subject-matter knowledge exhibited superior listening comprehension, accurate production, and stable coordination under pressure. Conversely, limited domain familiarity was associated with higher cognitive strain, omissions, and weaker message reformulation. These results confirm that specialized knowledge significantly enhances overall interpreting quality and should remain an integral component of interpreter training and assessment frameworks.