magazine aldhakwat albedh

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of clustering strategy on the acquisition of grammatical concepts and the measure of cognitive speed among fourth-grade female students in Arabic grammar. The researcher intentionally selected Thwaiba Al-Islamiyya Intermediate School among the various schools affiliated with Diyala Governorate. A total of 61 students were selected as experimental and control groups respectively by means of random selection. The researcher ensured that equivalences were present between the two groups in the variables of chronological age, previous year grade average, intelligence test, and language ability tests. For the purpose of this research study, a test was prepared for the acquisition of the grammatical concepts, while the other tool was the cognitive speed scale, which was administered to the students selected from the research sample. After gathering, marking, and statistically analyzing the data, results showed that the experimental group performed better than the control group. The researcher presented several conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

Beck›s (1967) theory and Seligman›s (1975) learned helplessness model have attracted significant attention. Beck asserted that individuals with a negative cognitive style, including a negative outlook on self, the world, and the future, are predisposed to experiencing hopelessness when negative life events occur. Seligman, on the other hand, considered individuals who experience loss or failure to be at risk for cognitive, emotional, and motivational disturbances and low self-esteem. In their hopelessness theory, Abramson et al. (1989) hypothesized that individuals who attribute negative life events to fixed, universal causes and infer negative characteristics about themselves are more likely to experience hopelessness when experiencing a negative life event than individuals who do not exhibit this negative cognitive style. Similarly, in Beck›s (1967) theory (1987), individuals with a cognitive schema involving disturbed situations are more likely to suffer from hopelessness than individuals whose cognitive schema does not involve disturbed situations. According to the disturbed situations, individuals with maladaptive patterns are more likely to suffer from hopelessness than individuals who do not reveal such patterns.
The researcher employed several objectives, the achievement of which required the following procedures:
- Constructing a hopelessness scale from three domains divided into three factors, with five items for each factor, totaling 45 items derived from Beck›s theory and the theory of hopelessness. The final form of the scale consisted of 44 items, after one item was omitted in the paragraph analysis.
- Identifying hopelessness according to gender and specialty variables.

The aim of the research is to know the effect of the models of Coscroft-Osborne and Madelin on the achievement and development of scientific sense among fourth-grade science students in the subject of chemistry. The research community is represented by fourth-grade science students in the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad/Rusafa I for the academic year (2024-2025). The total number of students in the research sample was (80) students, with (25) students in the first experimental group that studied chemistry according to the Cosgrove-Osborne model, (25) students in the second experimental group that studied the same subject according to the Madeleine model, and (30) students in the control group that studied the same subject in the usual way. The researcher prepared an achievement test in chemistry consisting of (40) items, and a scale of scientific sense consisting of (50) items. Their validity and psychometric properties were verified, and their stability was found, using statistical methods. The results showed that the students of the first experimental group, who studied according to the Cosgrove-Osborne model, and the students of the second group, who studied according to the Madeleine model, outperformed the students of the control group in achievement and development of scientific sense. In light of the results reached by the researcher, the researcher developed a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

This research inquiry explores literal meaning as a core from which juridical reasoning emerges, and as a central source in the production of legal rulings—not to glorify it or dismiss alternative approaches, but to deconstruct its presence and assess its capacity for interpretation and legal derivation when operating independently of reason, reality, or higher objectives (maqāṣid). Islamic
jurisprudence, rooted in theological and epistemological foundations, has long suffered from a latent tension between the apparent meaning of the text and the demands of lived reality, between the rigidity of literal signification and the fluidity of time and its transformations. The central and pressing question framing this investigation is: Can literalism remain effective when severed from history, reason, and purpose?

This research addresses illusory foci as diverse rhetorical techniques, such as metaphor, metonymy, arguments, and fallacies. This technique was frequently used in Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan›s discourse. Because illusion is different from clarification and disclosure, the addressee resorts to it to convey his ideologies. Illusion possesses multiple rhetorical foci, such as metonymy, metaphor, argument, and fallacy, which help the addressee convey his claim and deny the opposing party. Based on this, the research consists of an introduction, an introductory preface, and two chapters. The first chapter is titled «Metaphorical and Metonymic Foci in Muawiyah›s Discourse,» while the second is titled «Illusory Fallacies in Muawiyah›s Discourse.» The research concludes with a set of findings that demonstrate the role of illusionary techniques in misleading the recipient and weakening the opponent using rhetorical tools. This paints a picture of Muawiyah›s discourse and ideologies.

This research aims to study the words for deeds and physical organs added to the prophets, considering their lexical meanings and Qur’anic usage. The research concluded that some words for deeds were overlooked by the prophets, and both words were added to the pronouns and not to the apparent noun.

The issue of distorting the Holy Quran is a worrying obsession for all Muslim scholars، because the mere possibility of saying it، even in the form of a partial affirmation، leads to doubt spreading to all the verses of the Holy Quran، and then it cannot be challenged and said that it is miraculous، and then the authority and certainty of its texts is disturbed، because doubt spreads to them. For this reason، Muslim scholars confronted this dilemma with denial and rejection. However، this theoretical denial does not stand up to their practical proof in most of their hadith sources that are considered reliable and trustworthy، especially what we find among the Sunni scholars، as they insisted on the authenticity of everything mentioned in them and their authentication of their authors، leaving no room for discussion about them. Rather، whoever violates them is an innovator، a misguided person، and someone who contradicts the consensus of the nation and its practical conduct. Then we fall into the problem of the duality between theoretical rejection and practical acceptance، and this is what this research will undertake to study according to the analytical inductive method. Given the seriousness of this issue and its dire consequences for the authority and definitive nature of the Holy Quran، its authority as a source of legislation and everything human life requires to meet its worldly and otherworldly needs.

A category of researchers engaged in writing on Usuli (legal‑theoretical) disputes has tended to bypass the preliminary discussions, passing over the foundational issues as a traveler merely passing through. Such researchers neither pause at the points of origin and formation of the discipline nor examine its developmental stages. Rather, they proceed with their discourse and then depart, as if the question of how the discipline of Usul al‑Fiqh was constituted, and the scholarly disagreements surrounding it, neither aroused any intellectual curiosity nor yielded any epistemic benefit. Even when one of them touches upon the issue of its formation, he rarely moves beyond mere narration, transmitting statements from their sources as one might relay the reports of those to whom he pays little attention or whose records he has set aside.
This approach neglects a question of genuine scholarly value and reflective significance, for the issue of the discipline’s formation serves as a key to answering fundamental questions regarding its very conception, such as: From which sources does this science derive its principles? Upon which foundation does it rest? Is it an independent discipline, or is it subordinate to another upon which it relies?
Since these inquiries remain obscure unless approached through the lens of the discipline’s genesis, the present study seeks to uncover its concealed dimensions, to make its points of access more approachable for those who wish to investigate them, and to examine the loci of scholarly disagreement therein. It then highlights a significant practical implication of this debate—a result that, to the best of my knowledge, has not been explicitly addressed or emphasized in prior studies.
This result is embodied in the question of the status of an Usuli not proficient in applied fiqh with respect to juristic consensus (ijma). This outcome reveals the practical impact of the theoretical issue—namely, the formation of Usul al‑Fiqh—and brings to light questions such as: Does this science derive its substance from fiqh itself? Does a scholar, by mastering Usul alone without engaging in applied jurisprudence, attain a status in the juristic community that allows him to breach the consensus of the jurists if he disagrees with them on a particular substantive ruling?
This, in turn, prompts a deeper reflection: If Usul al‑Fiqh is detached from practical application, does it retain its own distinctive authority and epistemic weight? Or, under critical scrutiny, does it become a shadow without substance, a voice without meaning?

Some seasoned Roman leaders played a prominent role that contributed to shaping the political history of the Roman state in the last century of its republican era, and Commander Pompey was the best example of them, as he entered the political and military arena and the leaders of many wars when he was not more than twenty-five years old. He expanded the spheres of influence of the Roman state in East and the security of its borders, and because of his quest for power and higher positions, he entered into a struggle against his contemporaries, especially against Julius Caesar.

The relationship between religious references and literature, especially poetry, with a focus on the Abbasid era, where religious references received significant attention, as studies revealed their intellectual and artistic revolution linked to the human mind and their impact on religious beliefs, values, rituals, and ceremonies. Hence, religious references are considered a science and an ideological pattern that carries discoveries and significance in its formative dimensions, influencing poetic discourse. The influence of religious references is evident in the experiences of poets, such as Imad Jabbar, through their recourse to the Holy Quran, divine scriptures, and religious hadiths. This unleashes new semantic and creative energies and enhances the construction of poetic visions. Poetic texts interact with influences that bring about change in ideas, culture, religion, or history, and become embedded in a «constructed» reference that enhances the imaginative character and aesthetic value of texts.

the study aimed at highlighting the importance of the orientation towards renewable energy and its types and techniques used to exploit it. The research also addressed recent technological developments in this sector, its economic and social dimensions, the challenges to its spread and its central role in the future. Through research, it has been shown that the shift towards renewable energy has become a social and economic necessity, and the research has highlighted the vital role of energy storage techniques. The study showed that the energy of the sun and the wind proved their economic viability and their ability to compete strongly with fossil fuels. The study also concluded that renewable energy contributes to reducing air pollution, reaching disadvantaged communities and promoting social justice. The study also showed that there were many challenges to the future of renewable energy, such as the need for large investments in infrastructure, low-cost effective storage problems and simplify procedures, so the study concluded with recommendations mostly a solution to these problems

The current research aims to identify “the effect of an educational program based on the entrepreneurial education approach in developing future thinking among vocational secondary school students.” The research sample consisted of (60) students for both groups. The researcher conducted equivalence between the two research groups. To achieve the research objective, the researcher built an educational program and adopted a scale for future thinking. The researcher used statistical methods. (T-test and Cohen›s index) After processing the results statistically, the researcher reached the following results: There is a statistically significant difference in the development of future thinking in favor of the experimental group. In light of the research results, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, including: The educational program based on the entrepreneurial education approach proved effective in developing future thinking among students in the experimental group, compared to the traditional method. Suggestions include: Incorporating entrepreneurial education into national strategies and policies for vocational education in Iraq.

This is a statement of the objective interpretation method of Sheikh Abdullah Javadi Amoli. Sheikh Amoli followed the approach of his teacher, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba›i, author of the Tafsir al-Mizan, in his interpretation of the verses and surahs of the Qur›an, His approach was distinguished by its depth, richness and focus in interpreting the Qur’anic text. He also followed three main approaches in his interpretation: the first approach is the approach of interpreting the Qur’an through the Qur’an itself, which is the best method of interpretation according to him, The second approach is the Sunnah of the Infallibles - peace be upon them - because he saw them as a justification for the Qur’an, based on the two weighty hadiths, the authentic and the mutawatir, As for the third approach, he relied on the approach of interpreting the Qur’an with reason, which he called (the demonstrative reason), pure of illusion and imagination, through which he proves the origin of the existence of the principle of the world, its attributes and names.

This theoretical research aims to analyze the role of control mechanisms in enhancing sustainable performance within economic units. In light of the growing global focus on achieving sustainable development, economic units are no longer solely driven by profitability, but also by the need to demonstrate their commitment to environmental and social standards. Control mechanisms have proven to play a pivotal role in this context, as they contribute to regulating operational processes, reducing risks, and enhancing transparency. These factors positively impact sustainable performance across its three dimensions: environmental, economic, and social. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach by reviewing relevant scientific literature. It concludes that the effectiveness of control mechanisms is a fundamental determinant in achieving a balance between sustainable development and compliance requirements. It also emphasizes the importance of integrating control systems with sustainability strategies within economic units.

This study explores the biography of Imam Hussain’s envoy, Abdullah ibn Yaqtar, focusing on his lineage and service to Ahl al-Bayt, his assigned duties and qualities, his arrest and final speech in Kufa, and finally his martyrdom and Imam Hussain’s response

This research aims to explore the insights of religious texts in the Quran and Prophetic Sunnah on the environment, and to analyze the concepts and principles that these texts indicate. The research also aims to highlight the importance of environmental conservation in Islam, and the role of individuals and society in protecting the environment from pollution and destruction. The research includes a comprehensive analysis of religious texts related to the environment, with a focus on the concepts and principles that these texts indicate.

This research aimed to examine the impact of modern teaching methods in physical education on the development of students› motor skills, in light of educational transformations that emphasize the student›s active role in the educational process. The research addressed the most important modern methods, such as cooperative learning, active learning, problem-based learning, and blended learning, demonstrating the role of each method in developing motor performance and motivating students to participate and interact.
The results of educational studies have shown that the use of these methods contributes to improving motor performance, developing physical qualities, and raising students› motivation and self-confidence. The research also discussed the challenges that may hinder the implementation of these methods and presented a set of recommendations for activating their use in the school environment.
This research demonstrates that adopting modern teaching methods in physical education is not merely a superficial development; rather, it is a necessity for enhancing educational efficiency and developing students› physical, mental, and social abilities.performance, skill development, teaching strategies, school students.

The present research aimed to identify the effect of the Balinscar and Brown strategy on the development of three-dimensional intelligence among fourth grade science students.
The research population consisted of (9370) fourth grade students distributed among (48) preparatory and secondary schools in the city of Mosul, and Ibn Al-Bitar School for Boys was selected as a sample of schools intentionally, and two groups of students numbering (67) students were selected and randomly selected, including the first group ( 35) students, who studied according to the proposed strategy (experimental group), while the second group included (32) students who studied according to the usual method (control group), and the researcher confirmed their equivalence in the number of variables (age in months, IQ level, and the previous year›s score).
To achieve the research objective, the researcher prepared a three-dimensional intelligence test and verified its validity by presenting it to a group of specialized arbitrators and obtained an agreement rate of (85%), and the researcher extracted the discriminating power of his paragraphs and found that it ranged between (0.30-0.70), and the experiment was carried out at the beginning of the first semester on (13/10/2024) and the experiment ended on (31/12/2024), Data were analyzed using t-test for two independent samples and showed the following results:
- There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the experimental and control groups and in favor of the students of the experimental group in the three-dimensional thinking test.
Through the results of the research, the researcher came up with a number of conclusions, including:
1. The effectiveness of applying the Balnscar and Brown strategy in the achievement of fourth grade students and the development of three-dimensional intelligence compared to the usual method.
2. The possibility of applying the strategy in teaching the strategy of Ballaskar and Brown in biology with fourth grade students in Iraqi schools.

Consonants are sounds associated with a specific point of articulation, which obstructs the air coming from the larynx when performing the sound that is to be tested. This section represents most of the sounds of Arabic, except for the vowels that have been discussed previously. Arabic scholars call them (letters), and they differ in their number and their distinctive characteristics from one language to another. Changing the letters in a word leads to a difference in its phonetic meaning.
Sounds are stronger than others in meaning, a fact recognized by our early scholars. Ibn Jinni (d. 392 AH) mentioned that they said: “qadama” for dry things, and “khadama” for moist things, due to the strength of the letter qaf and the weakness of the letter kha. Thus, they used the stronger sound for the stronger action and the weaker sound for the weaker action.

Critical thinking is a deep, complex thinking process that aims to analyze and evaluate information objectively and logically. It includes skills such as analysis, evaluation, inference, and logical reasoning. It promotes deep understanding, enhances decision-making ability, and helps solve problems creatively. It requires open-mindedness, clarity, precision, and logical thinking.

The current research aims to identify analytical thinking among psychological counseling students and to identify statistically significant differences in analytical thinking according to the gender variable (males, females). It also aims to identify statistically significant differences in analytical thinking according to the second and fourth stages. To achieve the research objectives, the (عباس،2020)scale was adopted to measure the analytical thinking variable. The research was applied to a sample of (153) male and female students. The research found that counseling students possess a high degree of analytical thinking, and according to the gender variable, the results were in favor of females. However, according to the stage variable, no differences in analytical thinking were found between students in the second and fourth stages.

This research explores thematic interpretation of the Quran, a modern approach that studies verses related to specific themes, such as justice or mercy, to extract overarching objectives. Unlike traditional exegesis, it emphasizes thematic unity and connects texts to contemporary issues. The study examines the methodologies of Muhammad Abdullah Draz and Amin al-Khouli, pioneers of this approach. Draz combined Islamic tradition with academic methods, as seen in The Moral Constitution of the Quran, while al-Khouli focused on the literary and psychological dimensions in Methods of Renewal. The research discusses the significance of thematic interpretation in understanding the Quran’s objectives, promoting reflection, and countering misconceptions, while addressing challenges like contextual deviation. It aims to highlight Draz and al-Khouli’s contributions to a purposive understanding of the Quran, making it a living guide for individual and societal reform.

This research aims to explore the impact of the narrative style in the Holy Qur’an on enhancing critical thinking skills among secondary school students. The study analyzes selected Qur’anic stories such as those of Prophet Musa (Moses), Prophet Yusuf (Joseph), and the People of the Cave (Ashab al-Kahf). A pedagogical interpretive method combined with rhetorical analysis was adopted to examine how Qur’anic narrative structures stimulate reflective, analytical, comparative, and inferential thinking in learners. The findings reveal that when Qur’anic stories are employed in a conscious and interactive manner, they serve as an effective educational tool for developing critical thinking skills, including the ability to understand context, evaluate moral decisions, and analyze characters and events from intellectual and ethical perspectives. The research concludes with several recommendations, the most important of which is the need to train teachers in using Qur’anic stories pedagogically, integrating them into the curriculum through analytical—not rote—methods, and developing evaluation tools that reflect students’ cognitive and intellectual growth.

The research aimed to clarify the legal rulings regarding the elderly and explain the reality of the elderly, as it dealt with the reality of the elderly and the foundations upon which the care of the elderly was built and the rulings on fasting for the elderly.
The research discusses a legal issue affecting the elderly group, who represent a very large social segment, and recommends the necessity of caring for this group socially and financially, and providing continuous health care for the elderly by expanding the establishment of institutions to care for the elderly, establishing homes for the elderly, and providing care to them at all levels.
As well as the interest and focus on providing more specific legal research in the various fields of Islamic jurisprudence, and recommended the necessity of holding conferences, seminars, and scientific and educational lectures that address the legal aspects of the elderly.

In order to identify patterns of spatial and temporal variation characteristics of changes in green spaces, and the apparent environmental impacts, in addition to arriving at an analysis of theRains in Diyala Governorate, using data from multiple sources, including: local climate data for the Khanaqin and Al-Khalis stations, while the second source represents visual analysis data. LandSat satellite to study green spaces, and the temporal dimension of all sources of this data extends within a series spanning four decades (1980-2019)
The study relied on drought evidence for the purpose of selecting dry years and wet years during the study period to identify the effect of Rains, such as the Reconnaissance Drought Index RDI and the Demarton Drought Index Dem., with the use of the analytical method in analyzing statistical data and spatially analyzing the results of satellite visualizations