kufa journal Physical Education Sciences

The importance of the research becomes clear, especially when linking tests, measurements, and flexibility training related to performing the over-the-chest to-back throw using a Swiss ball. The importance of adopting accurate measurement tools to monitor the effect of training on improving the physical and skill performance of athletes becomes clear. Tests provide quantitative indicators of exercise effectiveness and allow for comparison of results against standardized criteria, contributing to the scientific development of training processes and ensuring the achievement of peak athletic performance. The research problem was: the need to develop a test that measures specific flexibility levels. Especially in performing the over-the-chest throw to the back over-the-chest hold for wrestlers, which is considered one of the important holds through which victory can be achieved. Accordingly, the Swiss ball, which is considered a tool similar to the opponent\'s, was used to perform the hold without injury. This gives the wrestler confidence in applying the actual technique, which is a requirement in building the test and measurement. The research established the required standards, thus contributing to a true picture of physical requirements, especially flexibility. The research objectives were: 1- To design and standardize a test to measure flexibility in performing the over-the-chest throw using a Swiss ball for wrestlers aged 17-19. 2- To find levels and standards for evaluating flexibility in performing the over-the-chest throw The study involved wrestling wrestlers aged 17-19 using a Swiss ball over the chest. A descriptive survey method was employed, and the research population consisted of the specialized wrestling school and the Al-Minaa Sports Club. After designing the test, the most important conclusions were reached: 1- The test designed by the researcher is capable of revealing the level of flexibility required for performing the over-chest throw to the back using a Swiss ball. The Swiss ball was used by wrestlers aged 17-19. The research sample was divided into four levels, in ascending order: acceptable, average, good, and very good. The following recommendation was made: 1- Adopt the current test as a means of assessing the level of flexibility in performing the over-the-chest to-back throw using the Swiss ball for wrestlers aged 17-19.

This study aims to investigate the effect of a counseling program based on positive thinking in developing decision-making ability among volleyball players. The researcher used the experimental method with two groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of 15 players from the Hit Volleyball Club (2023–2024 season), who were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (8 players) and control(7players).
A counseling program was designed consisting of 22 sessions, based on positive thinking strategies such as optimism, willpower, emotional balance, self-talk, and error-free thinking.
The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group in favor of the post-test, as well as significant differences between the two groups in the post-test in favor of the experimental group. It can be concluded that the counseling program based on positive thinking effectively contributed to developing the decision-making ability of volleyball players.

The importance of the research lies in the use of the numbered heads strategy, which is one of the cooperative learning strategies, to identify its effect on social integration and some basic skills in volleyball for the students of the second intermediate grade for the academic year (2024 - 2025), who number (80) students representing (4) classes, and the researcher used The experimental approach was used in the style of two equal groups for its suitability in applying its field procedures. The research sample included (40) students, which were chosen by lottery and were from sections (C and D), and those who were chosen by lottery became Section (D), the experimental group, and Section (C). The control group, and the necessary tools and equipment were used in the research and its implementation steps, which included preparing the numbered heads strategy, the exploratory experiment, and the main field experiment included in the pre-tests, applying the numbered heads strategy, then post-tests. The researcher concluded that the students needed the numbered heads strategy (for cooperative learning) to help them develop integration. Social and some basic skills in volleyball. The researcher recommends taking advantage of the modern numbered heads strategy in lectures because of its major role in social integration and some basic skills in volleyball.

The archery game is an individual game whose results depend on the digital level of achievement to determine the winner. There are many factors that affect achievement, including training and psychological ones. The research problem: Does psychological metaphysics affect achievement? The goal of the research is to find a special measure to measure (psychological metaphysics), find out the extent of its impact on the players’ achievement, and find standards (grades and levels) to measure it. The research sample was of players participating in the thirteenth Arab Archery Championship (male and female), which was held in Saudi Arabia, and they numbered (104) male and female players. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach and used the SPSS statistical package to analyze the results. The study reached the following results, -The possibility of constructing and codifying a scale to evaluate the psychological metaphysics of archery players, -The possibility of finding standards (grades and levels) for the designed scale.
Recommendations: Conduct other studies on the same research topic in other sports activities.

The psychological aspect is one of the essential pillars of athletic achievement, as it constitutes an effective element in enhancing performance and achieving positive results in various sports. Recent developments in the fields of training and sports learning have demonstrated that success is no longer limited to physical and skill capabilities alone, but is also contingent upon the integration of psychological, cognitive, and functional factors.
Global sports have witnessed remarkable development over the past few decades, represented by the use of modern scientific methods and the investment of academic research and studies in designing advanced training and educational programs. This scientific approach has contributed to narrowing the gap between athletes\' levels by improving the elements of physical, skill, tactical, and psychological performance alike. It has become necessary to adopt scientific research methods as a basis for understanding the nature of the problems facing athletic performance and to work to find solutions based on theoretical and applied foundations derived from the sciences of physical education, psychology, physiology, and other related disciplines. Each sport requires a specific motor performance that distinguishes it from other sports. Coaches and specialists must consider psychological, cognitive, and motor characteristics when designing training and educational programs. Futsal is a sport that relies heavily on quick response, motor precision, and the ability to make decisions in complex and changing playing situations, requiring the use of advanced cognitive and motor abilities.
In this context, muscular-kinesthetic intelligence (BKI) is a fundamental concept in understanding athletic performance, as it represents an individual\'s ability to skillfully and efficiently use their body to express their thoughts and achieve their motor goals with minimal effort. This type of intelligence includes the ability to control the body and its parts, and to produce precise and integrated movements. It also encompasses a range of motor skills such as balance, flexibility, strength, and speed, along with sensory-motor perception of the body\'s position, movement, and direction in space.
BMI is a common factor between physical, skill, and psychological aspects, which reinforces the importance of developing it within training programs directed at players. The integration of these aspects leads to improved overall performance, especially in sports that require high coordination between mental and motor abilities, such as futsal.

Psychological trauma has become one of the most prominent characteristics of the modern era, which is witnessing rapid development in all fields of life. It represents an essential part of human experience due to the numerous challenges individuals face today. The spread of psychological trauma has increased across various environments, including school students. Among school students, psychological trauma refers to a mental state that occurs when an individual is exposed to sudden or painful experiences that affect their psychological and emotional condition.

The study aimed to identify the impact of sports activity on reducing psychological trauma among high school students. The researchers employed the experimental method with both an experimental and a control group. The research sample consisted of 50 students. The study concluded that sports activities play a positive role in decreasing and alleviating psychological trauma among students, which positively influences their behavior, emotional responses, personality, and physical and mental development. The researchers recommended encouraging students to participate in sports activities and increasing the number of physical education classes, given their positive impact on students’ psychological, physical, and mental well-being.

Games, in their various forms and activities, represent one of the most effective means of stimulating thought, as they provide individuals with opportunities to acquire new knowledge, skills, and experiences that foster creativity and enhance the development of creative thinking abilities.
The present study aims to examine the effectiveness of a proposed game-based recreational program in developing innovative thinking skills among female students. The research sample was randomly selected and consisted of 35 female students from the College of Education for Women, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, who were divided into experimental and control groups.
The experimental procedure was conducted during the 2025–2026 academic year. The findings revealed that the proposed recreational program had a significant positive impact on the development of innovative thinking among the participants, as evidenced by the superior performance of the experimental group compared to the control group.
In light of these results, the researcher recommends adopting and implementing the proposed game-based recreational program within university settings, owing to its demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing students’ innovative and creative thinking skills.

Comprehensive athletic preparation—including physical, technical, tactical, cognitive, and psychological components—is essential for achieving high levels of sports performance. In football, muscular strength, particularly power and speed, is a key determinant of performance quality. Lower limb muscular strength plays a critical role in enhancing transitional speed and improving movement efficiency, thereby contributing to more economical motor performance.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of lower limb muscular strength exercises on the transitional speed of football players. A single-group experimental design was employed, involving 15 football players from the Zanko Football Academy selected purposively based on their suitability for the study requirements. Field performance tests were administered before and after the training intervention. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
The results revealed a statistically significant relationship between lower limb muscular strength training and improvements in transitional speed among football players. These findings indicate that strength-focused exercises positively influence speed-related performance variables.
The study concludes that incorporating lower limb strength training into football training programs is essential, as it effectively enhances transitional speed and improves sport-specific physical performance.

The research aims to prepare two measures of job alienation and job affiliation for technical supervisors, knowledge of job alienation and organizational affiliation for technical supervisors, and knowledge of the relationship between job alienation and organizational affiliation for technical supervisors Education) The researcher used the descriptive approach in the style of correlation relations because it is commensurate with the objectives of the study to solve the research problem and identifies the research community and they are the technical supervisors in sports activity (Directorates of sports activity in Baghdad), through statistics obtained, and their number is (180) supervisors distributed among Governorate
The measures of job alienation and organizational affiliation were prepared through the use of scientific foundations, and the researcher concluded that the technical supervisor feels that they actually belong to him because of the administrative and technical tasks assigned to him, and that the work of the technical supervisor has a very great meaning for the department and the department to which he belongs. For technical supervisors with outstanding performance, and creating an atmosphere for positive competition between them because of its effective and influential role in consolidating the level of (organizational affiliation) they have

Psychological fortification appears as one of the fundamental concepts in sports psychology, emphasizing the referee\'s ability to understand events comprehensively and clearly. Managing it requires the requirements of achievement. Hence, the importance of seeking referees who possess the ability to defend themselves psychologically and are capable of confronting them, They handle sudden and complex challenges with confidence and poise, and they have the ability to maintain their objectivity and neutrality during matches, which is directly reflected in the accuracy of their decisions and their fairness in the course of matches. The research problem was that some referees, through observation, show clear difficulties in dealing with critical situations. Which requires speed and accuracy in decision-making, especially under the pressure of players, coaches, fans and emotions accompanying sensitive matches. The most prominent of these manifestations is hesitation or haste in making decisions. The aim of the research was to adapt a scientific psychological scale (psychological immunization) used as a tool to measure the psychological aspect of referees in the game of football And to identify the level of psychological immunization of football referees in Iraq, and after applying the scale, the conclusions were reached, which is to reach the adaptation of the psychological immunization scale for some football referees according to scientific adaptation procedures and its effectiveness was verified. As for the recommendations, the researcher recommends the possibility of applying immunization scales. Psychological, which was reached on referees of other sports after conditioning them according to scientific procedures

Given the significant interest in sports research and the focus on sports psychology, this research aims to address the impact of psychological stress on achievement motivation. A considerable number of stressors affect player performance, thus impacting achievement motivation, either positively or negatively. The research problem stems from the central question: Does psychological stress have a relationship with achievement motivation among futsal players in the northern region of Najaf? The research objective was to identify the relationship between psychological stress and achievement motivation among futsal players. The research sample consisted of several futsal teams in the northern region of Najaf. The researcher adopted a descriptive analytical approach. The research yielded several results, most notably that there is a relationship between the study variables, and this relationship is inverse; that is, the greater the psychological stress, the lower the achievement motivation, and vice versa. The research recommends working to reduce psychological stress among players to maximize achievement motivation through exercises, psychological guidance, counseling, and moral support

This research aims to identify the nature of the relationship between psychological and social adjustment and academic achievement among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, and to identify differences in psychological and social adjustment among these students according to the variables of gender (male, female), academic year (first, second, third, fourth), and academic achievement (excellent, very good, good). The researcher adopted a descriptive approach using survey methods, correlational relationships, and comparative studies. The study population consisted of (400) male and female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon. The research sample was randomly selected, comprising (80) male and female students. Two scales of psychological and social adjustment were administered, each consisting of (20) items with three possible answer choices. The research concluded with a number of findings, the most important of which is the existence of statistically significant differences in psychological adjustment among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon according to the variable of gender (male, female), favoring females. Among the recommendations made by the researcher is to continue promoting programs and activities that support mental health. Given the high level of psychological adjustment, it is important to maintain these results by supporting psychological counseling programs and developing students’ coping skills.

The present study aims to construct and standardize a psychological hardiness scale for the members of sub-sport federations of volleyball in Iraq, due to the essential role of this trait in facing occupational stress and achieving administrative effectiveness. The researcher adopted the descriptive survey method and normative studies on a sample of (54) members representing all sub-volleyball federations in Iraq. The construction process included defining dimensions, drafting items, validating and testing reliability, and standardizing the tool on the entire population.
The findings revealed that the scale demonstrated high validity and reliability, and that the five dimensions of psychological hardiness—stress control, commitment and responsibility, confidence, challenge, and emotional flexibility—were effective indicators of the construct. The results also showed differences in psychological hardiness levels based on administrative experience, educational attainment, and organizational position.
It was concluded that most federation members possess a moderate level of psychological hardiness. The study recommends adopting the scale officially within sports institutions and implementing training programs aimed at enhancing psychological resilience among sports administrators.

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is considered one of the modern and effective methods for developing athletes’ physical and technical performance. It is characterized by high training intensity and varied time intervals in a manner that corresponds to the specific demands of the sport. The importance of this study lies in providing a practical application of the HIIT method to improve functional indicators, speed endurance, and skill efficiency among elite boxers in the 69–75 kg weight category, through designing a training program based on motor and functional performance components related to bout requirements.

The study aimed to prepare a HIIT-based training program to develop selected functional capacities and speed endurance, as well as to enhance skill performance among boxers, and to identify the effect of the training program in comparison with traditional methods. The main hypothesis assumed the existence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the experimental group across all studied variables. The researcher adopted the experimental method using an equivalent two-group design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-measurements.

The research sample was selected from boxers of Al-Ittisalat, Al-Arabi, and Al-Hussein clubs in Baghdad Governorate for the elite category (69–75 kg) during the 2023–2024 sports season. The research population consisted of 20 elite boxers from Al-Ittisalat, Al-Arabi, Al-Hussein, and Al-Shorta clubs in Baghdad Governorate. Sixteen boxers were randomly selected to represent the main research sample and were equally divided into two groups (experimental and control), while four additional boxers were assigned to a pilot sample.

The proposed HIIT training program was applied during the special preparation period, with intensities ranging from 80% to 95% of maximal effort, taking into account the temporal progression of intervals and active rest periods. After implementing the program on the experimental group, post-tests were conducted, and the results were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The findings indicated that HIIT training effectively contributed to improving functional indicators (efficiency of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems), increasing speed endurance, and developing skill performance among elite boxers in the 69–75 kg weight category, compared with traditional training methods. This reflects the importance of this approach in the physical, functional, and technical preparation of boxers.

The researcher recommends adopting the High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) method within boxers’ training programs during the special preparation phase, while considering gradual progression in intensity and time intervals in accordance with bout requirements. The study also recommends conducting similar research on different weight categories and age groups to broaden the scope of benefit from the research findings.

The aim of this research was to develop a scale of moral values among football academy players. The researchers employed the descriptive method using the survey approach due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The research population consisted of players from football academies for the 2024–2025 sports season, distributed across 35 academies. The total sample included 152 players aged 15 – 16 years from all academies. The construction sample consisted of 110 players selected from the following academies: Al-Tahrir, Hammam Al-Alil, Al-Amwaj Al-Mosuli, Al-Arabi, Rabiaa, Al-Quds, Al-Mithaq, Bartella, Zummar, and Al-Karama.
The researchers used a questionnaire as the tool for data collection and followed all scientific procedures required for scale construction. The domains of the moral values scale were identified and presented to experts, and were represented by four dimensions: sportsmanship, respect, discipline, and cooperation. Five response alternatives were adopted: (Fully applies to me, applies to me to a great extent, applies to me to a moderate extent, applies to me slightly, never applies to me).
After verifying the validity of the items and conducting statistical analysis, the final form of the moral values scale consisted of 30 items with sound psychometric properties. The statistical methods used through the SPSS program included: mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient, independent samples t-test, and percentage.
The researchers concluded that following scientific procedures for scale development resulted in a moral values scale composed of 30 items, characterized by solid scientific foundations and suitable for use in evaluating the moral values of football academy players.

This study aimed to identify the effect of using instructional aids on learning the lay-up shooting skill in basketball among first-year female students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher adopted an experimental method using a control and an experimental group design. The sample consisted of (30) students, equally divided into two groups. The instructional aids involved basketball targets with varying heights, lower than the official regulation height. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to assess skill performance. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the post-test, indicating the effectiveness of instructional aids in improving the learning of the lay-up shot skill. The study recommended incorporating instructional aids into practical lessons due to their positive impact on facilitating learning and enhancing students’ motivation.

The physical education teacher is a pivotal element and an important foundation in building the educational system comprehensively by creating a supportive and inspiring educational environment and achieving the educational goal.Self-well-being enhances teachers’ motivation and gives them inspiration to engage effectively in various and diverse sports activities.This is reflected positively in creating a positive and inspiring classroom environment capable of Absorbing the different and distinctive energies of students is one of the main and complex challenges facing physical education teachers. The research aims to identify the correlation between subjective well-being and classroom management among physical education teachers, and to develop a predictive equation for classroom management in terms of subjective well-being for physical education teachers. The researchers followed the descriptive approach using survey methods and correlational and predictive relationships. The research population was determined by physical education teachers in secondary schools in the center of Babil Governorate, who numbered (194) teachers for the academic year (2024-2025), and the researchers chose (20) teachers for the survey sample and (77) teachers for the main application sample. The subjective well-being scale was applied with (56) items and the classroom management scale with (45) items. The research came out with a set of conclusions, including: the existence of a direct relationship between subjective well-being and classroom management among physical education teachers, and the possibility of predicting classroom management through the subjective well-being of physical education teachers. The researchers recommend a set of recommendations, including: supporting the self-well-being of physical education teachers because of its positive impact on the learning atmosphere in the classroom, and enhancing the level of classroom management among physical education teachers because of its impact on their performance and professional competence

The importance of the research lies in the fact that identifying the physical and motor qualities appropriate for learning to perform the forward step-up skill on the parallel bars will make it easier for trainers and teachers to pay attention to and focus on these qualities rather than others. The research problem lay in the need to study the physical and motor attributes most closely associated with the forward lunge skill on the parallel bars for students, and to reveal and predict their impact on student performance levels. This would contribute to selecting training methods and enhancing learning efficiency in this skill. The study aimed to measure and test physical attributes and determine the relationship between these coordination abilities and the skill performance of the forward lunge on the parallel bars. The researcher used a descriptive approach with a sample of (55) third-year students, randomly selected. Physical and motor attributes were identified by presenting a questionnaire to experts to select the attributes most relevant to the skill under investigation. Additionally, the performance was recorded and presented to evaluators. After conducting statistical analysis, a predictive equation for the forward lunge skill on the parallel bars was developed. The researcher recommends that training curricula include exercises to develop and improve speed-strength in the arms, speed-strength in the abdominal muscles, agility, coordination, and shoulder flexibility.

This study aims to investigate the effect of a recreational program on cognitive achievement and the learning of two defensive skills—parry and defensive retreat—in foil fencing among female students. The study also seeks to identify the differences between the experimental and control groups in both cognitive achievement and the learning of the targeted skills.
The research sample consisted of (40) first-year female students from Al-Mustaqbal University, divided equally into two groups: experimental and control (16 students each). Pre-tests were administered to assess cognitive achievement and the selected fencing skills. The experimental group was subjected to the recreational program as the independent variable, while the control group followed the traditional instructional method.
After the completion of the training period, post-tests were conducted, and data were analyzed statistically using appropriate methods. The results revealed that the recreational program had a positive and significant effect on developing cognitive achievement and enhancing the learning of parry and defensive retreat skills among the participants
The study recommends incorporating recreational programs as supportive instructional strategies in physical education lessons, due to their effectiveness in improving both cognitive and motor skills in fencing

Management has become an essential part of all types of organizations worldwide. For this reason, our era is referred to as the age of management due to its vital role in achieving societal goals. Sports clubs represent key entities that significantly contribute to the development of individuals in terms of physical, physiological, psychological, and social aspects. Through various activities they offer, clubs help achieve comprehensive growth for individuals, thereby fulfilling their objectives. Among these activities, football stands out as one of the most distinguished activities due to the multiple technical skills it requires and the freedom it grants to players, bringing a lot of happiness and enjoyment. The importance of this research lies in developing an administrative performance scale that helps identify the cognitive level of coaches and administrators, providing necessary results to officials to improve and evaluate performance more efficiently. The researcher adopted the descriptive method due to its suitability for the nature of the problem and identified the research community from the Iraqi league clubs, totaling 2950 individuals. The researcher selected a sample of 386 individuals, divided into 21 for the exploratory study, 192 for the construction phase, and 173 for the main study. The statements were formulated into 78 items distributed over four fields and were presented to experts. After applying scientific principles, the number of items became 61. The final version of the scale was then applied to the main sample. The researcher concluded that the scale is valid for measurement and found a deficiency in continuous performance evaluation. The researcher recommended the continuous provision of professional training and development programs that meet the needs of members, and the development of a regular and comprehensive performance evaluation system that includes clear and specific criteria