kufa journal Physical Education Sciences

The researcher dealt with the importance of motor fitness for young people and the specificity of what this age stage means from the importance of the gymnastic game. Through these exercises, some components of motor fitness can be improved and the individual differences can be highlighted or the distinguished ones can be identified and benefited from this in the number of players.
These exercises also contribute to the development of some components of motor fitness for students in a manner commensurate with the age stage, as this stage needs exercises specialized in the game of gymnastics. The importance of research lies in preparing exercises in gymnastics that improve the required components in the game.
The research problem is that some specialized trainers do not give special attention to this age group, especially in proportion to its importance and this group, as this age stage is characterized by motor construction and creativity that can be benefited from in the future.
As for the research method and its field procedures
The researcher used the experimental method, by designing the two equivalent groups (control - and experimental)
The researcher identified the research community and they are the players of the Specialized Center for Gymastics in Samawa (Sawah Center / Juniors). After completing the tests, the results were presented, analyzed and discussed, and then the researcher made conclusions and recommendations in the light of the results of the tests

This research aims to highlight the role of Visual Feedback in developing referee performance and reducing errors among first-degree volleyball referees in Babylon Governorate. The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability for investigating the effect of the independent variable (video-based visual feedback) on the dependent variable (referee performance(
The research population consisted of all first-degree volleyball referees in Babylon Governorate (8 referees), and a purposive sample representing 50% (4 referees) was selected. Tools utilized included: a form for evaluating referee performance to record errors (such as errors in estimating violations, personal faults, and point decisions), and video recording equipment.
The researcher implemented a training program over 6 weeks, with 3 sessions per week, which involved showing video recordings of the referees' own matches, analyzing their errors, and comparing them to correct procedural models.
Statistical results showed significant differences between the pre- and post-measurement averages for all variables, in favor of the post-measurement. The highest improvement rate was in the Technical Faults variable (50%), followed by Personal Faults (48%), Estimation of Violations (45%), and Point Decisions (40%(
The research concluded that visual feedback is an effective and direct tool for developing referee performance, as it contributed to increasing the accuracy and speed of decision-making and reducing the error rate. The researcher recommended adopting this method as an essential part of referee preparation programs and equipping referee committees with the necessary technological means

Based on the researcher’s extensive experience as a physical education teacher and coach for different age groups, it was found that one of the most effective methods for teaching students is through the use of movement stories and role-playing exercises. These activities, which involve physical and role-playing exercises, serve as key tools for movement and play, offering a multi-dimensional approach. Students can perform these exercises individually or in collaboration with their peers. They are called "movement role-playing stories" because they are very simple in terms of rules and conditions, requiring only basic equipment and tools. These activities are performed in small spaces and designated areas, and they are designed to be fun and enjoyable, promoting joy and happiness. Through these activities, students develop physical, mental, and motor fitness, as well as enhancing certain motor skills.
Therefore, the aim of the research is to design movement role-playing exercises to improve balance and agility for second-grade students. The researcher used an experimental approach with a pre-test and post-test design, which was suitable for the nature and problem of the research. The study aims to develop movement role-playing exercises for improving balance and agility for second-grade students and to assess the impact of these exercises on the development of balance and agility.
The research sample consisted of 30 second-grade students, who were randomly divided into two groups. The first group, the experimental group, consisted of 15 students, while the second group, the control group, also consisted of 15 students. Since the sample was from the same grade level and age group, it is considered homogeneous

The study aimed to identify the effect of using the constructivist learning approach on developing affective scientific sense and learning dribbling and passing skills (overhead and over-the-shoulder) in handball among female students of the College of Education for Women, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The experimental method was adopted. The sample consisted of (100) students divided into two equivalent groups: an experimental group taught according to the constructivist learning approach and a control group taught using the traditional method. An educational program was designed for the targeted skills and applied for one and a half months, with two instructional units per week, each lasting (90) minutes. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the post-tests of both skill performance and affective scientific sense compared with the pre-tests and the control group. The study concluded that constructivist learning is effective in improving handball skills and enhancing affective scientific sense among female students.

Objective: This study aims to propose a conceptual framework for developing physical education curricula by integrating digital analysis and AI skills in teaching racket sports. Methodology: The study employed a multi-method approach, including descriptive-analytical, developmental, and quasi-experimental methods. Various data collection tools were applied, including questionnaires, expert interviews, observation cards, and computerized practical tests on a sample of 100 individuals. Results: The results showed a significant improvement in curriculum quality after implementing the proposed framework, with the overall mean increasing from 2.18 to 4.00, an improvement rate of 83.5%. A strong positive correlation (0.89) was found between the application of the framework and curriculum improvement. Conclusions: The study confirms the existence of a digital gap in current curricula and the effectiveness of the proposed framework in bridging this gap, while highlighting the need for further investment in infrastructure and digital training.

The training and development process in football relies heavily on organized, effective, and efficient training methods based on assessing the real needs of the player and team in terms of physical, skill, and tactical aspects. Therefore, those involved in this process must pay attention to the positive aspects to enhance them and to the negative aspects to address them. Futsal is one of the sports that has made confident strides, and this progress in this game was neither improvised nor a coincidence. Through the researcher's field observation and follow-up of the training process, as she is interested in futsal, she noticed the lack of use of complex exercises by coaches with supportive means for physical capacity training, which contributes to the development of skill and tactical performance among young futsal players, which has positive repercussions in developing offensive skills. Therefore, the research problem lies in the following question:

The research aimed to: develop complex exercises to develop explosive power and some offensive skills in youth futsal, and to identify the effect of complex exercises on developing explosive power and some offensive skills in youth futsal.

The researchers used the experimental method, designing two groups with pre-tests and post-tests. The research population was defined as the young players of the Kufa Sports Club in futsal for the 2022-2023 season, totaling (16) players. The researchers excluded goalkeepers, who did not meet the research requirements, totaling (2) players. Thus, the total number of players in the research population became (14), who were fully selected by the researchers for the experiment. They were divided equally into two groups (experimental and control) using a simple random drawing method

This research aims to develop educational units based on participatory and cooperative learning to improve forehand and backhand stroke skills. It also seeks to determine the impact of these two learning strategies on pre-test results in improving students' forehand and backhand stroke skills, identify differences between post-test results, and assess the effectiveness of the strategies used by the research groups in improving students' forehand and backhand stroke skills. The research methodology employed an experimental approach. The study participants were second-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al Ain University during the 2024-2025 academic year. The total number of students was 85, distributed across three sections (A, B, and C). A random sample of 36 students was selected. Twelve students were assigned to the participatory learning strategy, twelve to the cooperative learning strategy, and twelve to the teacher's standard teaching method. The most significant finding is that the participatory and cooperative learning strategies used by the teacher had a positive impact on students' learning of some forehand and backhand stroke skills in tennis. The first experimental group, which studied according to the participatory learning strategy, improved the forehand and backhand tennis skills of the students, while the recommendations include the necessity for the physical education teacher to be familiar with more than one teaching strategy and to use the best strategy for the appropriate educational situation.

The aim of the research was to study the effect of weight-based training on some special physical abilities (arm speed-specific strength, leg speed-specific strength, trunk speed-specific strength, transition speed, speed endurance) and on some skill abilities (scoring, handling, dribbling) among football juniors under 18 years old. To achieve this goal, the experimental method was used with two groups (experimental and control) and pre- and post-measurements. The research sample amounted to (30) players from Al-Shorouk Football sawa in Almuthanaa Governorate, who were divided equally into two groups: the first was an experimental group (15 players) that underwent a weight-based training program that lasted (12) weeks, and the second was a control group (15 players) that continued their usual training program. The researcher used a set of appropriate physical and skill tests, in addition to auxiliary means and tools. The data were processed using (SPSS) software based on appropriate statistical methods such as the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. The results showed statistically significant differences at the level (α ≤ 0.05) between the pre- and post-measurements in favor of the post-measurement in all physical and skill abilities among the members of the experimental group, while no significant differences appeared in the control group. The results also showed that weight-guided training contributed effectively to improving the strength characterized by speed, transitional speed, and speed endurance, and its impact was positively reflected in the development of basic skill performance in football. In light of these results, the researcher recommends the necessity of integrating weight-guided training in a standardized and safe manner within the preparation programs for football juniors, in a manner consistent with the requirements of the age group and training conditions.

The research aimed to develop a simultaneous thinking scale and determine the correlation between simultaneous thinking and the performance of some basic football skills by students. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach with correlational relationships. The research population consisted of third-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Kut University for the academic year 2025-2026, totaling (155) students. The constructing sample consisted of (100) students, representing (65%), while the application sample consisted of (30) students, randomly selected to represent (19%) of the research population. The study procedures involved developing a simultaneous thinking scale and verifying its scientific basis using statistical methods. The study concluded that the simultaneous thinking scale is a valid measurement tool as it meets the scientific requirements. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the research variables, namely simultaneous thinking and the performance of some basic football skills by students, in a direct direction. The study recommended employing and activating simultaneous thinking among students due to its positive impact on the performance of basic football skills. It also recommended conducting similar studies on the concept of simultaneous thinking in other activities.

The importance of the current research is evident in assessing the performance of male and female physical education teachers by relying on the performance scale for evaluating the performance of male and female teachers, which is divided into several axes The research problem was represented in the random evaluation process based on an unscientific basis, which leads to wasting time and effort and returning to the zero point. On the contrary, objective evaluation leads to revealing the extent to which the goals have been achieved. From here lies the definition of the research problem through conducting a serious and objective study to evaluate the level of performance of male and female physical education teachers The research objectives included identifying the level of performance of male and female physical education teachers, as well as identifying the differences in the level of performance of male and female physical education teachers. The researcher used the descriptive approach with the survey method because it is appropriate to the nature of the research problem. The research community was represented by male and female teachers of schools affiliated with the Samawah District Center, affiliated with the Muthanna Governorate. The following conclusions were reached: The performance evaluation scale during the lesson for male and female physical education teachers is important for developing the educational process because it is considered a clear indication of the teacher’s performance during teaching. The researcher recommended that physical education supervisors should use the scale to evaluate the performance of physical education teachers.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of preventive exercises supported by artificial intelligence software in improving both static and dynamic balance and reducing ankle joint injuries among volleyball players. The research employed an experimental method using a single-group pre–post design, involving athletes who demonstrated deficits in motor balance or had a previous history of ankle injuries. A comprehensive rehabilitation program was implemented based on motion analysis and real-time feedback provided by intelligent software. The results showed substantial improvements in motor balance indicators and a notable reduction in the frequency of ankle injuries. The study concludes that integrating artificial intelligence into sports rehabilitation represents an effective approach that contributes to developing more precise and efficient therapeutic and preventive strategies.

This study aims to analyze sustainable strategies for sports development in Iraq, focusing on their impact on youth and sports infrastructure and their role in achieving comprehensive development. A descriptive–analytical approach was adopted through an analysis of the current state of the sports sector, supported by official data and a field questionnaire administered to 300 participants, including youth, athletes, and decision-makers. The findings indicate that sport is an effective tool for enhancing physical and psychological health, strengthening social cohesion, and reducing youth-related issues such as unemployment and deviant behavior. However, the study also reveals major challenges hindering sports development in Iraq, most notably inadequate infrastructure, limited funding, and the absence of long-term strategic planning. The study concludes by emphasizing the necessity of adopting sustainable strategies that include developing sports facilities, strengthening partnerships with the private sector and international organizations, integrating sport into the educational system, and supporting youth-led initiatives, thereby contributing to sustainable and comprehensive development in Iraq.

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of exercises using suspended weights on the development of stabilizing muscle function and its reflection on selected biomechanical variables and performance achievement in advanced discus throwers. The researcher adopted the experimental method using a two-group design with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of the top eight advanced discus throwers in the Iraqi Championship, while the sample was selected purposively in accordance with the nature of the study. The training program included specific exercises using suspended weights, implemented over a period of eight weeks at a frequency of three training units per week, with the aim of increasing the demands of dynamic stability and trunk control during technical performance. The research tools comprised a set of tests related to performance achievement and dynamic balance (static and dynamic), in addition to the analysis of selected biomechanical variables and digital performance. The results were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The findings revealed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-test across all studied variables, indicating the effectiveness of suspended weight training in improving the function of stabilizing muscles, enhancing movement stability, and improving the biomechanical efficiency of performance, which positively reflected on the level of achievement in discus throwing. Accordingly, the researcher recommended incorporating this type of training into the training programs of discus throwers.

This study aimed to study the effect of a training program on vitamin D levels and some fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, E, and K), as well as the effect of the training program on tennis players' performance. It also aimed to study the relationship between vitamin D levels and some fat-soluble vitamins and tennis players' performance.
The researcher used a single-group experimental approach (pre- and post-test) to achieve the study objectives. The training program was implemented on the experimental group for 8 weeks, with 3 training sessions per week. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-tests in all studied variables after implementation. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed training program in the presence of significant differences in vitamin D levels and fat-soluble vitamins. This indicates that exercise can contribute to improving vitamin levels in the body and enhancing athletic performance, physical abilities, and skills. The researcher recommends implementing similar training programs to improve tennis players' performance and overall health, and to pay attention to proper nutrition to ensure players receive the necessary vitamins and minerals to enhance athletic performance.

Women’s participation in sport is considered one of the fundamental indicators of the progress and advancement of sports institutions and their attention to a vital component of social and human development. It reflects societal advancement through the adoption of an influential element that contributes to the success, development, and elevation of social life within the spectrum of humanity and civilization.
This study focuses on examining the history of women’s volleyball in Iraq and identifying the most prominent women’s sports clubs and their results during the period from 2010 to 2025. The researcher documented and recorded the local championships of women’s clubs organized by the Iraqi Central Volleyball Federation, along with the most significant results achieved by these teams.
The importance of the study lies in identifying the women’s clubs participating in the Iraqi Women’s Volleyball League, the most notable results achieved by these clubs, and the locations where competitions were held. Through the clubs’ participation in the Iraqi Women’s Volleyball League, several clubs emerged prominently on the Iraqi sports scene. This raises the question of whether these participations have been adequately documented, what major rankings these clubs achieved, and the reasons behind their development, as well as the factors contributing to fluctuations in the results and participation of some clubs.
The main conclusion of the study is that there are many achievements and participations of women’s clubs that have not been properly documented.

Therefore, the study aimed to identify the reality of organizational prowess in Premier League basketball clubs from the point of view of the clubs’ administrative bodies. The study was to build a scale consisting of a group of (38) statements aimed at measuring what it was designed to measure, as it was applied to a sample. It was represented by members of the administrative bodies of the clubs participating in the Iraqi Basketball Premier League for the 2023-2024 season. Accordingly, the research sample was determined by the members of the administrative bodies participating in the Premier Basketball League for the 2023-2024 season, which is 11 clubs, and they are the clubs (Police, Electricity, Popular Mobilization Forces, North Gas, Baghdad Oil, Air Defense, North Oil, Zakho, Al-Hilla, Tigris University. , Al-Karkh) in, as the total sample number reached (111) individuals, which represented the community of origin The sample was randomly divided into the survey sample, which amounted to (20) individuals, with a percentage of (17.24%), and the construction and preparation sample, which amounted to (100) individuals, with a percentage of (82.75%). The application sample was the sum of the two samples (the survey sample, the construction sample), with a percentage of (100%). The researchers concluded that it is necessary for the administrative bodies in sports clubs to have a strategic idea about how to work on organizational prowess. They recommended conducting a periodic examination, preferably every four seasons, of the levels of the bodies. Management in the clubs participating in the Iraqi Premier Basketball League in the variables proven in the study due to their importance in raising their administrative level.

This research aims to investigate the impact of Meta-Leadership on improving motor performance through the GROW model among Al-Muthanna University’s basketball team players, seeking to uncover the role of advanced leadership in enhancing motor education outcomes. The research problem is defined by the following question: What is the impact of Meta-Leadership in improving motor performance via the GROW model among Al-Muthanna University basketball players?
The research objectives include determining the level of Meta-Leadership among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Muthanna University and identifying the extent to which the GROW model is applied in motor learning situations. Given the nature of the problem, the researcher utilized the experimental method. The research population consisted of (183) male and female students from Al-Muthanna University’s basketball team for the academic year (2025–2026), distributed across seven academic sections, The study concluded that Meta-Leadership significantly contributes to enhancing the efficiency of motor learning among students. Furthermore, the GROW model serves as an ideal framework for applying modern leadership concepts in educational settings. The researcher recommends integrating the concept of Meta-Leadership into physical education teacher preparation programs and adopting the GROW model as a standard methodology. This involves training coaches and instructors at Al-Muthanna University on structuring training sessions according to the GROW sequence (Goal, Reality, Options, Will) to ensure players are engaged both mentally and physically in the learning process

The importance of this research lies in the fact that psychological hardiness is one of the key psychological factors that plays a vital role in achieving success and excellence in sports, in terms of mental, physical, skill, and tactical preparation. Hence, the significance of this study emerges in identifying psychological hardiness and its relationship with the accuracy of fixed-position shooting in futsal. The problem of the research lies in the psychological pressures represented by thinking about matches, winning and losing, and the consequences of these factors, which determine the level of psychological hardiness and its relationship with the accuracy of fixed-position shooting in futsal among fourth-year female students. Therefore, the research problem centers around the following question:
• What is the reality of psychological hardiness and its relationship with the accuracy of fixed-position shooting in futsal?
The objectives of the research were to identify psychological hardiness and the accuracy of fixed-position shooting in futsal among fourth-year female students, and to determine the relationship between psychological hardiness and shooting accuracy in futsal among these students. The research procedures were summarized by using the descriptive method. The research population consisted of fourth-year female students in the Theoretical Sciences Department, totaling 25 students, from whom a sample of 15 players was selected randomly. The results were then presented, analyzed, and discussed, and the researcher reached the following main conclusions:
• Most fourth-year female futsal players possess a high level of psychological hardiness.
• There is a correlation between psychological hardiness and shooting accuracy in futsal. Based on the results obtained, the researcher recommends the following:
• Teachers should use the psychological hardiness scale to identify students’ tendencies and determine the level of their psychological variables, in order to take these factors into consideration when providing guidance and instructions to students.

The aim of this study is to identify the effect of using preventive and rehabilitative exercises in reducing lumbar vertebrae injuries among third-year female students in the sport of squash. The researchers employed the experimental method using a one-group design with pre- and post-tests, as it was suitable for addressing the research problem. The research population consisted of (88) third-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences – University of Baghdad. The sample included (25) students from Section (C). After excluding irregular attendees, students dismissed for absenteeism, and those with existing injuries, the final sample consisted of (18) students (20.4%).
The findings revealed a noticeable reduction in the incidence, severity, or recurrence of lumbar vertebrae injuries in the group that received the preventive and rehabilitative exercise program, indicating its effectiveness for third-year squash students. The study also identified specific types of exercises—such as core-strengthening and specialized flexibility exercises—that had the greatest impact on reducing injury risk.
Recommendations: The researchers emphasize the importance of raising students’ awareness regarding preventive and rehabilitative exercises and their role in maintaining health and minimizing injury risk.

Sports training alone is no longer sufficient to prepare athletes and develop their abilities, as evidenced by current achievements at both the global and local levels. Furthermore, mental health and anxiety now play a very significant role in achieving positive results. The research sample consisted of (16) weightlifters from the Al-Samawah Sports Club with disabilities, divided into (4) weightlifters for the pilot study and (12) weightlifters for the main study. The researcher used the descriptive method as it was suitable for the nature of the research. The aim of the research was to identify differences in anxiety levels (cognitive, physical, and self-confidence) among weightlifters with disabilities in weightlifting competitions.The research hypothesis was that there were differences in anxiety levels (cognitive, physical, and self-confidence) among athletes with disabilities competing in weightlifting. The most important conclusion was that levels of competition anxiety varied among athletes with disabilities depending on their training and training period. The most important recommendation was to focus on developing psychological programs that enable athletes to cope with competitive situations with minimal anxiety.

Sports training alone is no longer sufficient to prepare athletes and develop their abilities, as evidenced by current achievements at both the global and local levels. Furthermore, mental health and anxiety now play a very significant role in achieving positive results. The research sample consisted of (16) weightlifters from the Al-Samawah Sports Club with disabilities, divided into (4) weightlifters for the pilot study and (12) weightlifters for the main study. The researcher used the descriptive method as it was suitable for the nature of the research. The aim of the research was to identify differences in anxiety levels (cognitive, physical, and self-confidence) among weightlifters with disabilities in weightlifting competitions.The research hypothesis was that there were differences in anxiety levels (cognitive, physical, and self-confidence) among athletes with disabilities competing in weightlifting. The most important conclusion was that levels of competition anxiety varied among athletes with disabilities depending on their training and training period. The most important recommendation was to focus on developing psychological programs that enable athletes to cope with competitive situations with minimal anxiety.

The importance of the research lies in the fact that using rebound strength exercises on a grass surface helps the badminton player perform motor duties under different conditions, so that the player is able to confront the conditions he is exposed to during the match in a good way, in addition to developing the player’s explosive ability, agility, and accuracy of the backhand kill net shot.
The research aimed to prepare rebound strength exercises on a grassy floor and to identify the effect of rebound strength exercises on a grassy floor in developing explosive power, agility and accuracy of the backhand kill net shot among young badminton players. The sample included players of the Assyrian Youth Badminton Club. The researchers used the experimental method and a single-group design with a pre- and post-test that suited the nature of the research. The total research community was (8) players and a sample of (6) players was selected. The rebound strength exercises used were applied on Monday 2/9/2024 until 28/10/2024. The researchers used the statistical package (SPSS) to process the data statistically. The most important conclusions reached by the researchers are:
The research sample achieved good results in the differences in arithmetic means in favor of the post-test in the backhand kill net shot accuracy test, thus improving performance.
The research sample achieved good results in the differences in the arithmetic means in favor of the post-test in the explosive power test for the legs, the preferred arm and agility, which indicates that the research sample acquired the necessary strength to perform the lightning strike according to the requirements of good performance