Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

Arabic poetry is rich in themes and trends, and it is known for its richness in language and its richness in structures within the subject matter. This richness in themes has led to their diversity and multiplicity throughout history, so that this poetry is open to local themes and themes imported from neighboring civilizations. Among these themes is the theme of congratulation and blessing, which entered Arabic poetry since ancient times, especially Andalusian poetry, where congratulation was one of the most important themes of its poems, in all the different eras of this time.
The research makes a comparison of the theme of congratulations and blessings of two Andalusian poets. This poetry is considered one of the most prevalent forms of Andalusian poetry in general. In this era, it is rare to find a poet who is devoid of congratulatory or blessing poems, whether the congratulations are directed to a minister or to one of the other poets. This study delves into a comparison between the poetry of Ibn al-Jayyab al-Gharnati and Ibn Zamrak. This topic is handled from technical, thematic, and also linguistic perspectives (the linguistic structure of the congratulatory and blessing poem).

This research addresses the concept of semantic agreement in the Arabic language in light of the book Al-Nahw Al-Wafi by Abbas Hassan. Semantic agreement is a complex linguistic phenomenon in which grammar intersects with semantics. Sentences rely on implicit meanings and linguistic contexts to correctly understand grammatical rules.
The study aims to clarify the concept of semantic agreement in Arabic and to explore its applications in Al-Nahw Al-Wafi, analyzing the various examples presented by Abbas Hassan to explain this concept.
The research adopts both descriptive and analytical approaches by reviewing and analyzing the texts and examples provided in Al-Nahw Al-Wafi to illustrate how semantic agreement is applied.
The study reached several findings, the most important of which is that semantic agreement includes various grammatical phenomena such as fronting and postponement, ellipsis, and syntactic estimation. The book Al-Nahw Al-Wafi contains examples that demonstrate how Abbas Hassan employed this concept to interpret sentences that might seem to violate traditional grammatical rules, yet are sound in meaning. Abbas Hassan focuses more on context and meaning than on strict adherence to grammatical form, which allows for greater flexibility in interpreting texts.

The traveler Yaqut al – Hamawi was the only one to include a large group of classical Arabic poetry in his book Mu'jam Al-Buldan (the lexicon of the countries), through which he was able to count a very large number of names of countries, locations, cities, villages, homes, mountains, valleys, places, and waters. This research addresses the grammatical and semantic study of a number of these poetic verses, and applied them to a group of grammatical sections, taking the styles of mention and deletion as a model. The researcher has found, through his presentation of these two styles, that the places where the subject is mentioned and omitted by the poet carry various connotations. When he wants to magnify the subject, or draw the attention to the stupidity of the listener, he mentions it, and when he wants to abbreviate or focus attention on it, he deletes it. The same applies to the predicate. When he wants to magnify it or belittle it, he mentions it, and when he wants to abbreviate, he deletes it. The researcher has found also, the significance of deleting the verb in the poets opinion is if he intended to specify, emphasize, or exaggerate it.

The importance of the present research lies in the study of the reasons of naming and to find the demonstration of the relationship between the noun and its designator. It also demonstrates the wisdom of the Arabs in naming their objects. The naming of these objects was neither arbitrary nor random, but rather a well-reasoned and well-founded naming practice adopted by the Arabs. They had their own naming schools and perspectives, established by scholars, for naming their children before Islam. They believed that the name was indicative of its designator. The research concluded:
1. Ibn al-Sikkit, in his book Islah al-Mantiq, mentioned the reason for the name "ar-Ramd," which is derived from "destruction."
2. The reason for naming "sha'b," which he said is derived from "separation." He said: "A man may be 'ash'ab if he dies or departs in an irreversible separation. A thing may be 'sha'ab' if he separates, separates, and repairs it. A thing may be 'sha'aba' if he disperses it. From this, the word "fate" is derived, because it disperses." Al-Asma'i said: "Sha'ub is the name for death, and it is a definite noun that does not have the definite article."
3. A sect is a group of Arab and Persian tribes that branch out. The plural is shu'ub, and it is also called a shu'b with a fat-ha. It is the great neighborhood from which the tribes branch out. From it, the shu'ab of Banu Fulan dispersed when they were gathered and then dispersed.
4. Ibn al-Sikkit mentioned in his book Islah al-Mantiq the reason for naming the falaj as such, and that it is derived from the division of something. Ibn al-Sikkit said: (Falaj is the source of falaja yaflija, meaning to divide. It is also said: he divided between them, meaning he divided.) Falaj occurs in the teeth, the gap between the incisors and canines.

Textual openness constitutes a poetic experiment within a new literary and critical genre that has begun to steadily carve its path in the fields of postmodern literary creativity. This style of writing is characterized by linguistic features, including a rebellion against established forms and an intensification of deviations to create new symbolic metaphors that enrich the text with the depth of interconnected lived experiences. This create a new to engage with the text by reinterpreting it and discovering its mechanisms, thus offering a renewed reading. This critical study aims to shed light on the boundaries of the term, demonstrate the critical effort involved in its study, and clarify its characteristics and types. The researcher has chosen examine the poetry collection "The Joy of Myths" by the poet Basim Furat as an applied example to illustrate the critical experience and its techniques. Our role as critics of these texts lies understanding this experience and highlighting its creative features.

There is no doubt that housing real estate is one of the main sectors in global economies, and the Kurdistan Region is no exception, especially in recent years. Because there is a difference and variation in prices, there must inevitably be a difference in rent as well. The aim of this study is to clarify this difference between the neighborhoods of Rawanduz City and highlight its causes. To achieve this goal, the descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis approaches were used. The research concluded that a high positive correlation (R2) was found in the Khabat neighborhood (R2 =0.59), and the lowest low correlation was found in the Shuhada neighborhood (R2 =0.29). The Kolan neighborhood leads this group in terms of the average price of a residential plot of land, reaching $16,000. We also conclude that the prices of very good quality housing are led by the Banziyuk neighborhood (12.3%) compared to the prices of its housing units. As for good quality housing units, the Nowruz neighborhood has significantly increased its rental value compared to its price value. Relative importance 10.7% of medium-quality housing units was occupied by the Banziok neighborhood with a relative importance 11%, the Nowruz neighborhood with a relative importance 10.2%, and the Kanigor neighborhood with a relative importance 9.5% in favor of rent. Among poor-quality housing units, Banziok occupies the top position with a relative importance 12.7%, while rent rose to 12.8%, and the Nowruz neighborhood also rose from 6% to 12%.

This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of domestic violence in Salah al-Din Governorate from a geopolitical perspective by monitoring and evaluating its spatiotemporal changes between 2018 and 2023, with a focus on identifying the social, economic, and political factors influencing its prevalence. The study found that domestic violence is not randomly distributed across the governorate but is more concentrated in densely populated urban areas such as Tikrit, Al-Shirqat, and Samarra, while rural areas record lower rates. The analysis relied on annual domestic violence case data, which showed notable fluctuations, with cases decreasing by 10.5% in 2019 compared to 2018, then rising in 2020 to 522 cases, an increase of 17.8% over the previous year, reflecting the impact of economic, social, and political conditions on the phenomenon. The study concluded that the most influential factors include unemployment, poverty, social transformations, internal conflicts, and weak community and institutional oversight, and that women and girls are the most affected groups. The study recommends developing community awareness programs, strengthening governmental and institutional interventions, integrating violence data into geographic information systems, implementing economic policies to reduce poverty and unemployment, and activating community monitoring alongside periodic studies to assess the effectiveness of applied programs and policies.

The study aims to analyze the spatial variation in wheat and barley production in Dibis District using GIS techniques and spatial statistical analysis, in order to identify distribution patterns and the factors responsible for differences in productivity among agricultural sub-districts. The research is based on production and cultivated area data for 2024, along with spatial datasets including a Digital Elevation Model and soil maps, processed using ArcGIS 10.8. Spatial analysis tools such as Global Moran’s I, Local Moran’s I, and Hot Spot Analysis were applied. The results indicate that wheat production exhibits a clustered spatial pattern, particularly near the Lesser Zab River due to favorable alluvial soils and higher moisture availability, while productivity declines in the southern and western areas because of salinity and steeper slopes. Barley production, however, shows a more random and less organized pattern. The study concludes that natural factors, especially soil type and slope, play the dominant role in explaining spatial production variability, highlighting the importance of spatial analysis for agricultural planning and improving production efficiency.

This study presents a hydromorphometric analysis of the Third Phase of the Kirkuk Irrigation Project, which extends from Contract 22 along the main canal and covers areas within Daquq and Kifri districts. The project includes three main contracts and a network of 20 canals—primary and secondary—designed to enhance water distribution for agriculture.Using GIS techniques, the study analyzed canal characteristics such as length, slope, drainage density, bifurcation, and catchment area. The main canal showed a relatively consistent slope, supporting smooth water flow, while the secondary canals exhibited varying efficiency depending on terrain and construction design. In addition to the canal network, the research analyzed the project's drainage system and seasonal valley. Several drains were found to be partially blocked by sediment, limiting their capacity to remove excess water and contributing to salinity in low-lying areas. Seasonal valley, which cross parts of the project area, were found to cause occasional flooding and instability in water flow.The study concludes with recommendations to rehabilitate key canal and drain sections, enhance protective infrastructure along valley, and adopt digital monitoring systems to improve water management and ensure sustainability.

The research aims to study the effect of temperature and rain on grape production, as climate is one of the most influential factors in determining the types of crops grown in any region, and to know the effect of climate on the cultivation and production of the crop, as well as to know the reasons that lead to a decline in production and a deterioration in its quality. In order to develop appropriate solutions to overcome all obstacles and increase crop production and availability.
As for the soil, its types varied, including valley bottom soil, which is considered one of the most fertile soil types in the study area, and gravel and gypsum soil, which consists of a mixture of clay, sand, and granular materials, and ancient river plain soil, which was formed by river sediments. It has become clear that the grape crop is one of the most widespread summer fruits, and it is one of the fruits that can be grown in most coarse sandy to calcareous clay lands. It is considered a perennial climbing plant that differs according to the method of its cultivation. It includes the importance of grapes, as it has economic importance in the country’s economy and health importance in terms of vitamins, as it is classified into several types, including currants, sweets, and olive grapes, and its most important diseases are sunburn disease and leaf curl disease. Grapes, powdery mildew, downy mildew, mealybugs, and grape mold. The research also included thermal requirements in terms of the effect of temperature on the vital processes carried out by grape trees. Through the equation, the total temperature of the crop was extracted, reaching 3850.5°C. For the months (March - April - May - June - July - August - September), this is the temperature that the crop needs to grow.

The research aims to study the patterns of socialization in Fadhel Al Kaabi’s theatrical texts, as the theatrical text is the first seed of the theatrical discourse directed to the child, it deals with values and knowledge that enrich the child and return benefit and advantage to society. The researcher touched upon the problem of the research and formulated it with the following question: What are the patterns of socialization in Fadhel Al Kaabi’s theatrical texts? The study contained four sections. The first section deals with the research problem, its importance, the need for it, and its objective. The current study was limited to the period between 2005 and 2025. The second section includes the theoretical framework of the research, which includes two topics: the first was the patterns of socialization, and the second was the theatrical text. The third section included the research procedures, which included the community, sample, and research tool. The researcher chose the research sample intentionally in a way that is consistent with the subject of the study, the number of which is 5 samples from Fadhel Al Kaabi’s texts. The researcher followed the descriptive approach (content analysis method). She designed a form to analyze the content of these patterns. The researcher reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are Normal patterns are clearly evident in most of Fadhel Al Kaabi's texts. The reason for this is due to the writer's goal, which is to promote positive values and normal behavioral patterns through his texts.

School stress is one of the psychological concepts associated with the educational environment. It arises in students as a result of the interaction of various situations and conditions within the school, which become sources of pressure. These include the intensity of homework, the difficulty of the curriculum, limited time at school, intense competition among students, overcrowded classrooms, noise, high expectations from both family and school, lack of consideration for individual differences, difficulty adapting to the school environment, weak teacher-student relationships, and family pressure—especially for students who combine work and study. All these factors interact to create a stressful environment that may cause students to lose their sense of psychological security, leading to decreased motivation to learn and a decline in academic performance.
School stress is not merely a temporary psychological response but it is considered a significant factor affecting students' cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects. Understanding school stress is essential, making it necessary to address it in order to improve school life and enhance academic achievement.
The current research aims to:
1. Identify the level of school stress among high school students.
2. Identify the level of school stress according to gender (male - female).

The current study aims to find out the effectiveness of a proposed educational program based on the strategy of motivating questions in the achievement of the second intermediate grade students in the subject of grammar and the development of their generative thinking. To achieve this, the researcher chose Jamal Abdel Nasser High School for Boys. The research sample consisted of 62 students from the second intermediate grade, with 31 students for the experimental group and 31 students for the control group. The researcher formulated 180 behavioral goals within the six levels of the classification of Bloom in the cognitive field. The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of 42 items, then prepared a generative thinking test consisting of 42 items. The psychometric properties of the two tests were confirmed, and after processing the data statistically using the statistical bag, the study reached the following results: the students of the experimental group who studied according to the educational program outperformed the students. The program based on stimulating questions motivated students, increased their interaction, and led to very good results by using clear and simple methods to provide and verify information for better understanding.

The values we grew up with are undergoing a comprehensive change, as social media replaces the telephone, watch, library, cinema, radio, photo album, diary, and social clubs. It's even encroaching on roles traditionally held by schools, teachers, government offices, and markets. This era marks a gradual but revolutionary shift. In the history of education, significant changes occurred, such as in the 6th century BCE when the Sophists shifted conflict from swords to words, democratizing education. Later, Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasized childhood as a distinct phase needing new educational methods, sparking modern education. Progressively, progressive education focused on student exploration over rote memorization, akin to today's online education. This period is pivotal, reshaping societal norms and professions, with the internet potentially eclipsing traditional markets. Social media, like other tools, can be harmful or beneficial depending on its use—akin to a knife in the kitchen or matches: essential yet potentially dangerous tools. Today, the internet plays a similarly indispensable role, reshaping many societal functions.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of group therapy in improving self-esteem among individuals with hemiplegia and identify the psychosocial factors influencing this process.
A quasi-experimental design was adopted with a sample of 30 participants. Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale was administered before and after an 8-week intensive group therapy program. Data were analyzed using paired samples t-test to assess statistical differences.
The results showed a statistically significant improvement in self-esteem scores. A decrease in standard deviation indicated homogeneity in participants’ responses toward improvement.
The findings support the efficacy of group therapy in enhancing self-esteem, aligning with WHO recommendations for community-based interventions to support mental health in individuals with disabilities. However, the study recommends longitudinal research with larger samples and control groups to generalize the results .

The present study aims to investigate the effect of the Schwartz Model on developing reflective thinking among first intermediate grade students in biology. To achieve this goal, a reflective thinking test was constructed to measure students’ levels of reflective thinking, in addition to designing an instructional program based on the Schwartz Model that included a series of activities and applications aligned with the model’s stages ,The study adopted the quasi-experimental design, as it best suited the nature of the research. The sample consisted of two equivalent groups: an experimental group of (33) students who were taught according to the Schwartz Model–based program, and a control group of (37) students who were taught using the conventional teaching method in biology, The results revealed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups in the post-test of reflective thinking, favoring the experimental group. This indicates the effectiveness of the Schwartz Model in developing reflective thinking among first intermediate grade students in biology,

The current research aims to identify:
1- Self-reconciliation among middle school students.
2- Statistically significant differences in the self-reconciliation scale among middle school students according to the gender variable (males - females).
3-Statistically significant differences in the self-reconciliation scale among middle school students according to the specialization variable (scientific - humanities).
The current research was limited to middle school students in Tikrit schools, numbering (5,194) male and female students, comprising (2,751) male students and (2,443) female students, for the academic year (2024-2025). The researcher selected a sample consisting of (400) male and female students from the fifth grade, literary and scientific streams, representing (8%). To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher prepared the following scales:
1- Self-reconciliation scale (30) items in final form.
The validity of the two scales was verified using (content validity, apparent validity, logical validity, and construct validity). The discriminatory power of the two scales was then calculated, with a reliability of 0.83 for self-reconciliation using Cronbach's alpha. 0.86 using the test-retest method, and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82. After applying the two scales in their final form to the final application sample, the data were statistically processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
After statistically processing the research data, the study results showed the following:
1-The students in the research sample were characterized by a high level of self-reconciliation.
2- There was a significant difference between males and females on the self-reconciliation scale in favor of females.
3-There was no significant difference in the self-reconciliation variable between students in the science stream and students in the arts stream.
In light of the findings, the researcher formulated a number of conclusions, recommendations, and proposals.

English foreign language teaching necessitates understanding how to help students develop their skills. These competencies include reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Speaking and writing are called the productive skills, whereas listening and reading are called the receptive skills. This study aims at investigating the strategies and procedures used to teach speaking skill in English language to EFL university students in the University of Tikrit College of Engineering/Shirqat.
The qualitative (descriptive) approach is used in this study to collect and analyze data about teaching speaking skills to Iraqi EFL university students. The quantitative approach is also used during the practice of the field study to measure the scales of the questionnaires, which helped the researcher translate statistics and figures of the items into understandable statements and interpretations.
The Textbook complete the aims to help learners gain a lot of abilities in speaking. Many strategies and approaches are employed to teach speaking skills, including games, role play, dialogues, and reading graphs.

This study aims to explore EFL teachers' perceptions of the role of artificial intelligence in reducing EFL students' language learning anxiety at Salahaddin University. The study is an exploratory endeavor; employing a qualitative research approach. A semi-structured interview has been administered for collecting data. Fifteen EFL teachers (7 females and 8 male) from three different colleges (College of Basic Education, College of Education and College of Education-Shaqlawa) at Salahadin University constituted the sample of the study. The data were analyzed through thematic analysis using MAXQDA software. The results revealed that ChatGPT, Grammarly, and QuillBot are the most popular apps. These can assist students in learning a new language with less stress by providing safe spaces and low-pressure practice opportunities. In contrast, serious issues with over-reliance on artificial intelligence emerged, such as possible negative effects on growth of critical thinking skills, the deterioration of creativity, and passive learning behaviors, the study further showed that teachers are generally positive about using artificial intelligence in the classroom, believing that artificial intelligence should be used as a supplement, not as replacement. Finally, institutional barriers such as the lack of adequate training, insufficient technological infrastructure, and the absence of clear policies were identified as major challenges that hinder the effective integration of artificial intelligence tools.