AL-Mostansiriyah journal for arabic and international studies

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This research aims at clarifying the reality of vocational education in both the Republic of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (2003-2015 (A Comparative Historical Study)
The first axis included the first beginnings of the emergence of vocational education and its types (agricultural and commercial industrial) since the late Ottoman era and the British occupation of Iraq in 1918 , The Royal Covenant (1921-1958), the Covenants of the Republic (1958-1963) (1963-1968) (1968- 3003) and its development through the successive governments\\' interest in vocational education through expanding the number of schools or increasing the number of regular students, Increasing the number of teaching staff, especially in the field D Republic, despite undergoing the ruling political system philosophy at every stage of the covenants of the Republic, especially the last Covenant (1968- 2003) .
The second axis included the development and expansion of the number of vocational schools open to the post-2003 stage, which included the preparation of vocational schools in its three branches (agricultural, industrial and commercial) and the number of students and teaching staff for the years (2003- 2015( .
The third axis included vocational education in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan from its inception in 1928 to 2015, and the preparation of schools and regular students in light of the available resources.

The topic of the role of intellectuals in shaping national identity in Iraq during the period between the declaration of the modern Iraqi state on August 23, 1921, and the declaration of political independence and Iraq's entry into the League of Nations on October 3, 1932, revolves around the construction of a modern state before the establishment of national identity. This period included the absence or weakness of political, cultural, and social awareness of the concept of national identity, in light of the sub-affiliation that dominated the concerns of Iraqi components. Because Iraq is a country with a diverse ethnic, religious, and sectarian makeup, identity-building projects have occupied the state to the present day. This is when intellectuals emerged as an influential force in the course of events, crystallizing in both intellectual and political spheres, in the context of their intellectual and political opinions and proposals, and the view of affiliation within the framework of... Contemporary modernity without neglecting Iraq's positive heritage.

Diplomacy is the basic tool for managing relations between countries , it constitutes a major axis in achieving global stability and cooperation, through avoiding conflicts ,wars, building trust, and negotiating .Therefore, diplomacy is necessary in the contemporary global system , it also contributes to strengthening national identity, protecting it from falsification , deception, confronting negative messages against it, preserving cultural heritage and legacy , as it is an important functional behavior within the context of conventional diplomatic work . The issue of national identity is a problematic issue for many societies, as it decisively determines the nature of the relationship with the internal and external worlds of countries , as it is the basic expression of the historical specificity or cultural uniqueness of a particular group or people, including its customs, values, trends, and behavioral patterns . Most countries in the world have invested in the concept of diplomacy in building their internal and external image as a factor that helps public policies , then it quickly became a basis for countries to launch into the external environment , to strengthen their presence and sometimes dominance . Based on this broad role of diplomacy in rebuilding identity in international forums, we found it necessary to formulate this scientific research and shed light on it .

The right to identity refers to a fundamental human right that guarantees recognition and respect for individuals as unique persons, including their personal characteristics, social relationships, and cultural affiliations. This right has gained significant importance in contemporary discussions about human rights, particularly given its intersection with legal recognition, cultural identity, and social justice.
The evolution of identity concepts, particularly since the mid-twentieth century, has highlighted the need for secure frameworks that recognize and protect diverse manifestations of identity, particularly in light of historical injustice and discrimination.
Personal identity is the social profile of an individual. This profile includes personal characteristics, which describe the individual's life history from birth to death, as well as their medical history, biological sex, and genetic and family ties. The right to identity is enshrined in numerous international human rights instruments, including Article 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states that "everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law."
The historical context of identity rights reveals an ongoing struggle of violations and threats to them, leading to the marginalization of individuals based on race, gender, or other markers of personal identity risks. This requires constant vigilance and adaptation to ensure the legal protection and recognition of the identity of all individuals in a rapidly changing world.

Women's associations that emerged in Egypt varied. Some focused on Egyptian women, others focused on women coming from the Levant, or associations for the purposes of a particular sect. Some had purely social objectives, while others were political. The Egyptian Feminist Union was established in 1923 through the efforts of Huda Sha'arawi, one of the most prominent feminist activists in Egypt. This resulted from a dispute with Saad Zaghloul Pasha and the Wafd Central Committee for Women. The union also called for the participation of Egyptian women in its conference, which was also held in Rome in 1923.
The union clarified its political demands, rejecting and intersecting with colonialist tendencies. It demanded the right to education at all levels for women, and called for the abolition of the foreign privileges system at the Berlin Conference in 1929 and the Istanbul Conference in 1935. At the same time, it supported the Palestinian cause by all means, sending protest telegrams to the British embassy in Cairo and holding conferences that denounced Britain's unjust policy toward it. It even withdrew from the Copenhagen Conference in 1935. 1939, when he found it biased in favor of Jews and against Arab rights. Despite all these activities, the union did not hesitate to fulfill its social role, establishing clinics and schools to care for women, sponsoring talented women, such as the pilot Lutfia al-Nadi, and establishing a cultural club equipped with all the necessities of a modern woman

This study examines the Iraqi national identity in light of the political transformations after 2003, focusing on regional and international influences and their impact on the rise of sub-national identities and the weakening of national loyalty. The research demonstrates that national identity is not fixed but a continuous process shaped by the interaction of state institutions, society, and sub-national identities, and influenced by external interventions. The study also suggests pathways to strengthen national identity through political system reform, reinforcing unifying state institutions, and developing an educational and cultural project that emphasizes shared values.

After the disregard of the religious factor in explaining the nature of international interactions within the frameworks of international theories—a result of the dominance of secular tendencies in modern industrial societies—international thought shifted from explaining events through traditional variables (economy, military power) to demonstrating the influence of non-material factors (religion, identity, ideas, beliefs), without diminishing the importance of traditional factors.
By focusing on concepts like identity, religion, and beliefs as central concepts that define interests and provide explanations for certain conflicts and wars—including Emerged (Abrahamic beliefs) which are based on creating a single commonality among the three Abrahamic religions (Islam, Christianity, Judaism) to form one religion—this approach aims to destroy the constants of the Islamic religion and employ it for political purposes.

The issue of national identity in Iraq represents one of the fundamental axes for understanding the nature of the social and political crises within Iraqi society. Since its formation, the Iraqi political system has been unable to formulate a comprehensive national identity capable of accommodating religious, ethnic, sectarian, and even regional diversity. Historical challenges, external interventions, and the accumulation of structural crises have deepened divisions and reinforced sub-loyalties at the expense of national affiliation.
This crisis - the identity crisis - has been reflected in the structure of the Iraqi political system through the weakness of legitimacy, the disintegration of its official institutions, the disruption of the political decision-making process, and the fragility of the social contract between the state and society. Accordingly, the research addresses the causes of this crisis and the factors that contributed to its exacerbation. It also sheds light on its direct impact on the course of the Iraqi political system after 2003, particularly with regard to the absence of political, social, and economic stability. Overcoming this crisis requires a comprehensive and integrated reformulation of the national identity based on equal citizenship, the consolidation of the principle of the rule of law, and the promotion of a culture of political participation, thus restoring the political system's ability to cohesion and continuity. This crisis - the identity crisis - has been reflected in the structure of the Iraqi political system through the weakness of legitimacy, the disintegration of its official institutions, the disruption of the political decision-making process, and the fragility of the social contract between the state and society. Accordingly, the research addresses the causes of this crisis and the factors that contributed to its exacerbation. It also sheds light on its direct impact on the course of the Iraqi political system after 2003, particularly with regard to the absence of political, social, and economic stability. Overcoming this crisis requires a comprehensive and integrated reformulation of the national identity based on equal citizenship, the consolidation of the principle of the rule of law, and the promotion of a culture of political participation, thus restoring the political system's ability to cohesion and continuity.

The issue of national identity is one of the most important approaches for decision-makers, to resolving the political, military, economic and social problems, that peoples may experience in general, and those that emerge from the furnace of conflicts and wars in particular‚ building national identity on the foundations of citizenship and directing loyalty to the homeland instead of other loyalties is one of the foundations for building strong states . National identity is part of a legacy linked to the founding of states and the evolution of societies, modern states seek to consolidate their national identity, build strong institutions based on respect for the law, citizenship, justice, and equality. Iraq is a clear example of national identity disturbances and the profound consequences it have had, it was reflected in the behavior of the Iraqi individual, as identities and affiliations intersect between religion, state, tribe, and the environment of modern political work in Iraq, which led to the creation of a problem for the decision-maker, which was not limited only to the local internal dimension, rather, it has expanded to the regional and international environment, and has shaken the individual's confidence in the state . Here comes our research to focus on the importance of knowing the mechanism of perceptions operating within the Iraqi decision-maker, with regard to building national identity strategies and activating it to serve the nation's higher interests .

This study explores the legal protection of the right to legitimate identity expression and the regulation of hate speech in Iraqi legislation, in comparison with relevant international and regional instruments. It argues that protecting identity expression is not opposed to combating hate speech but is essential to it, as safe expression reduces the appeal of exclusionary and violent discourse. The research highlights the absence of a unified definition of hate speech, leading to inconsistent legal responses across states and potential infringements on freedom of expression. It concludes by recommending the adoption of a specific Iraqi law safeguarding freedom of opinion and expression, aligned with international conventions and responsive to Iraq’s political and technological transformations, alongside the establishment of a pluralistic national identity charter.

The Islamic identity is one of the most important pillars upon which the character and cultural existence of the nation is built. It represents a comprehensive system of beliefs, values, legislation, and behaviors that distinguish Islamic society from others. However, this identity is facing profound challenges in the current era due to globalization, which has extended beyond the economic and political fields to culture, values, and ideas, aiming to impose a single cultural model that threatens the religious and cultural particularities of nations. This research attempts to provide a philosophical legal reading of the issue of identity in the context of globalization, by analyzing the concept of Islamic identity in light of the Quranic texts and the Prophetic Sunnah, as well as shedding light on the vision of Islamic philosophy in building the civilizational self of the nation. The research also discusses the most prominent aspects of intellectual and value-based globalization, such as consumerism, the decline of spiritual values, cultural melting, and their impact on the religious and social structure of Islamic societies. The research focuses on demonstrating the ability of Islamic identity to interact with global transformations without compromising the fundamental Islamic principles. This is achieved by utilizing sacred texts that emphasize moderation and balance, and by drawing inspiration from Islamic philosophy, which advocates for a synthesis between reason and text, as well as between authenticity and modernity. The research also proposes a set of religious and intellectual mechanisms to protect the identity, such as activating the role of jurisprudence in addressing new challenges, enhancing religious education, and building a media and cultural discourse that fortifies society against dissolution. The research concludes that Islamic identity is not an obstacle to global openness, but rather a source of strength that can steer globalization towards a just civilizational partnership that preserves pluralism and establishes genuine dialogue between cultures.
Keywords: Islamic identity, globalization, authenticity and modernity, Islamic jurisprudence, Islamic philosophy, civilizational challenges, cultural awareness, religious values.

National identity is considered one of the fundamental components of a nation's development, progress, and achievement of lofty goals that ensure the well-being and happiness of its people. It is an expression of the sum of the commendable characteristics and qualities that enable the nation's people to unite, embracing their most beautiful cultures, traditions, and values, in addition to the diverse languages of these individuals. This fosters a sense of solidarity and belonging among them, in order to achieve common goals in establishing a state that combines the qualities of national unity, tolerance, and teamwork, while simultaneously protecting the nation's security against contemporary challenges. The United Nations plays a prominent role in this field, particularly in the aftermath of wars and conflicts, both international and internal. Since its founding, the United Nations has strived to maintain international peace and security, protect human rights, and address issues of migration and inter-ethnic migration during crises. This is done to find safe solutions for returning these people to their homelands, provide them with the necessary living conditions, and integrate them into modern political and social conditions, all for the sake of national identity.

This study examines the relationship between administrative error and its impact on employee decision-making, within the framework of a comparative study of various Arab systems.
In administrative life, the administration may issue wrong decisions that affect the employee’s rights, whether due to an error in the facts, the law, or the application of procedures. This shows whether the administration has the ability to correct its errors in the decisions, especially if it results in an acquired right for the employee that may not be infringed upon.
This study also concluded that the basic principle of administrative decisions is that they are revocable or revoked. However, this principle is an exception in the case of individual decisions that create rights for third parties, making administrative error insufficient to always justify infringement of an employee's position.

Political life, at all its various levels, constitutes an important indicator for measuring the general pulse of the state and determining its political, social, economic, and cultural character.
On the other hand, intellectual and cultural literature, especially newspapers, is an important source of scientific research and of the key pillars in dealing with the events that have emerged from the political arena, given the sequential information they contain. In addition, shedding light on such literature enables the researcher to use it as a meaningful tool for evaluating public political culture during important periods in the states history.
From these starting points ,I chose to study “ al-Bayan Newspaper” because of the events and incidents that emerged from the Iraqi political arena during the first republican era(1958-1963),the repercussions that this period indicated, which had an influential impact on the internal situation, and the important results that resulted from that situation, which were reflected in Iraq reality
On this basis ,the study was titled “Al-Manar Newspapers position on the political Developments in Iraq during 1963,” which represented one of the active intellectual tools during the first republican era in 1958

Social transformations represents a radical change in society, comparable to social change, which is viewed as gradual or cumulative changes over time. Social change has been a subject of great interest to sociologists. The sociological interpretation of change is linked to the changing structure and the factors causing this change, and to revealing the conditions and factors that lead to a society's transition from one state to another. Young people are particularly affected by this change, as they are more capable and receptive to new values and beliefs. This is due to their crucial role in reshaping society and fostering innovation and creativity in all fields, provided their abilities are properly guided and utilized. Undoubtedly, fulfilling the diverse basic needs of young people largely guarantees their positive participation in various community activities, which in turn contribute to shaping their national identity.

The research aims to study the phenomenon of bankruptcy in tourism companies and analyze the factors leading to their exposure to financial crises, with a focus on the financial rescue mechanisms used to avoid collapse and restore stability. In recent years, the tourism sector has witnessed many challenges, most notably global economic crises, political changes, and the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to the stumbling of a number of tourism companies and their loss of the ability to fulfill their financial obligations.
The research examines the internal causes of bankruptcy, such as mismanagement, poor financial planning, and lack of diversification of income sources, along with external causes related to the economic and tourism environment. It also addresses financial rescue strategies, including government support, administrative and financial restructuring, strategic alliances, and mergers with other companies.
The study focused on the matter that the successful financial rescue requires strong administrative will, and precise strategic planning, in addition to well-thought-out government interventions to ensure the continuity of the sector. The study recommends the development of financial contingency plans and the investment in technology and innovation as tools to enhance financial sustainability in the sector.

In the midst of the profound transformations shaping today’s world, human consciousness is no longer confined to a narrow local framework; rather, it finds itself in a constant transition toward a wider, global horizon. Technology and modern means of communication have turned the world into an interconnected village where cultures intersect, values intertwine, and human experiences overlap. Within this context, an urgent question arises: how can a person preserve their authentic identity while actively engaging in this vast global scene? Identity, in its human dimension, is not merely an accumulation of traditions or inherited customs; it is a collective memory that provides individuals with roots and offers a framework for understanding the world and their place within it. Yet, this identity now faces profound challenges, as the forces of globalization—whether consciously or unconsciously—seek to construct a global cultural model that may threaten to marginalize local particularities. Under such pressures, a legitimate fear emerges: the fear of dissolution and loss of self, a fear rooted in the instinctive desire to endure and remain connected to one’s origins. Conversely, withdrawing into local identity and refusing to engage with the other may turn identity into a rigid wall, preventing growth and transformation. Human history demonstrates that living identities are those that evolve through interaction and dialogue, absorbing what enriches them without losing their essence. Indeed, cultures have never been isolated entities; they are the product of long trajectories of exchange and mutual influence. From this perspective, global awareness becomes an opportunity rather than a threat. It allows individuals to see themselves reflected in others and to discover universal human values that transcend borders. Principles such as justice, freedom, dignity, and peaceful coexistence are universal values that can serve as bridges connecting diverse identities without erasing their uniqueness. On the contrary, the acknowledgment of cultural diversity gives global awareness its human depth, transforming difference into a source of enrichment rather than a cause for conflict. The greatest challenge, therefore, lies in finding a creative balance that enables individuals to remain faithful to their roots while also open to the world. Such a balance cannot be achieved through slogans, but rather through a critical awareness that examines the self and redefines identity in ways that align with the transformations of the age. Identity is not a burden or a constraint, but an ongoing project of rediscovering and affirming the self through active participation in shaping a shared human future. In this sense, preserving identity does not mean blind adherence to the past, but rather the ability to transform that past into a source of strength and inspiration, helping us confront the present and envision the future. When identity shifts from being a wall to becoming a bridge, it turns into a source of power rather than weakness, and our participation in global consciousness becomes an enrichment both for ourselves and for others.

This research aims to demonstrate the impact of Strategic Knowledge Management (SKM) on enhancing employee awareness of Organizational Identity (OI) in Iraqi governmental universities. The study adopted four dimensions for Strategic Knowledge Management (meaning making, knowledge exploration, knowledge sharing, and knowledge application) and three dimensions for Organizational Identity (central characteristics, distinctive characteristics, and continuity). The research employed the (descriptive-analytical) methodology, and data were collected through a specially designed questionnaire. The research sample consisted of (90) faculty members and administrators in governmental universities in Baghdad.
The results showed that the level of practice of Strategic Knowledge Management and the awareness of Organizational Identity were moderate, with the dimensions of knowledge application and continuity ranking highest in relative importance. Furthermore, statistical analysis confirmed a strong impact of Strategic Knowledge Management on Organizational Identity, which underscores the role of knowledge management in solidifying organizational values and identity. The research recommends the necessity of adopting an integrated framework for knowledge management that contributes to promoting Organizational Identity and establishing a sense of belonging, distinctiveness, and sustainability in the surveyed universities.

This research aims to analyze the contribution of human resource strategies to improving the quality of academic performance and enhancing organizational identity in Iraqi universities. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology and relied on an electronic questionnaire distributed to a sample of )70( respondents, including faculty members, administrative staff, and technicians from several public universities. The results indicated a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between the dimensions of human resource strategies (policies and procedures, training and development, incentives and rewards) and both quality improvement and organizational identity. These strategies explained more than )90%( of the variation in institutional performance. It was also found that training and development represent the most influential factors in enhancing quality and organizational commitment. The research concluded that the effectiveness of human resource strategies constitutes a fundamental pillar for achieving institutional excellence and recommended the development of policies, the promotion of motivational fairness, and the reinforcement of a culture of sustainable quality and organizational identity.

This study examines the United States’ use of public diplomacy, strategic communications, and information operations as tools to influence public awareness and manage the political and security environment in Iraq from 2003 onward, in ways that served its interests. It also compares the role of local Iraqi actors and the challenges faced by influence and communication efforts.
The research is based on a theoretical framework addressing the concept of “soft power” and public diplomacy, and it draws upon case studies, research institute reports, and analyses of official and unofficial policies.
The study concludes that awareness management by the United States constituted one of the arenas of political conflict in Iraq, and that the blending of military, political, and communicative tools raised both ethical and future effectiveness concerns.

This research aims to examine the role of economic identity in guiding individuals' economic decisions, such as the decision to consume a commodity or invest in an asset. The research is based on the idea that economic decision-making requires a minimum level of motivation or impetus, similar in principle to what occurs in the photoelectric effect. Economic decisions are not limited to purchasing power alone, but are also influenced by other factors, such as context and an individual's economic identity. Individuals tend to act in line with their identity, making choices that reflect it. Hence, the research examines changes in economic identity, their causes, and their impact on individuals' behavior and economic decisions.

This research addresses the phenomenon of transnational organized crime as a contemporary challenge that threatens state stability and undermines the foundations of national identity. With the expansion and overlap of criminal networks involving various types of crimes, this phenomenon has gone beyond traditional frameworks of crime to become a danger affecting sovereignty and national belonging.
The study aims to clarify the legal basis of these crimes in light of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime of 2000 (the Palermo Convention) and to analyze the extent to which national legislation particularly Iraqi law responds to these international standards.
It focuses on two manifestations that represent the most prominent threats to national identity: incitement of sectarian strife, which undermines social peace, and terrorism, which targets citizenship and the unity of the state.
The research concludes that effective confrontation of these crimes requires developing legislation, enhancing cross-border judicial and security cooperation, and promoting a culture of citizenship and moderation as safeguards for protecting national identity.

distinguishes it from all other nations. This identity shapes its features, characteristics, and traits, forming the backbone that supports everything related to it. In its dimensions, identity means an individual’s awareness and sense of belonging to a community, nation, or group within the broader context of human affiliation.
National identity refers to the sense of belonging and loyalty to a specific land known as the homeland. It is manifested in a set of beliefs, ethics, and behaviors that support peace, defense, commitment to order, and respect for the laws of the homeland. National identity also reflects the organization of social relationships within a unified social structure, which supports ethical principles based on love, cooperation, respect for family, the environment, and cultural customs and traditions.
We aim to shed light on the constitutional and legal mechanisms established to build and strengthen national identity by developing scientific approaches that bridge established legal concepts with their capacity to absorb various social, political, economic, and cultural transformations experienced by the country. We also address the necessity of developing legal principles and legislative mechanisms capable of framing the impacts generated by these transformations and examining the legislative and jurisprudential changes that have been initiated to address them.
The issue of strengthening national identity is at the forefront of national work priorities as a fixed strategy that does not allow for delay or change, being one of the most important national issues. Based on it, the society grows, matures, and develops, and through it, the bonds among the citizens of the country—who are united by a common language and shared aspirations—are strengthened.
National identity is a key component in achieving political stability, as it enhances national unity and supports institutional stability. A shared identity boosts citizens’ trust in state institutions and their governments. Moreover, national identity plays a significant role in enhancing individuals’ participation in political and social life.