Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

This study begins by investigating and exploring the manifestations of moral values that have formed a central foundation in the behavior of individuals and societies throughout history. With the changing times and the diversity of civilizations, the levels of these values' expression in daily life vary. A review of the collected works of the poet Saleh reveals a rich moral legacy, encompassing a wide range of virtues in his creative texts, a fact readily apparent to the reader. The poet dedicated a significant portion of his work to establishing a set of moral values, such as honesty, integrity, and justice, expressing them within the framework of wisdom, often incorporating religious allusions and references. This imbues his poetry with a unique depth and richness, alongside the profound humanistic themes he explores. This study aimed to highlight how the poet Saleh embodied the ethical dimension in his poetry, whether through direct expression or allusion. It also focused on identifying the distinctive features of his creative experience that lent a unique and distinctive character to his poems. To achieve this objective, we adopted an integrative approach due to its comprehensiveness and ability to analyze the poetic texts in the research sample. Among the most prominent sources that contributed to enriching the study were his collected poems, along with a range of other sources and scholarly research that addressed the ethical phenomenon in poetic texts.

Poets of the early Islamic period adopted the notion of paternal lineage as a principal motif in constructing some of their poetic texts, in a manner consistent with their primary poetic purposes. Their expressions of pride were thus imbued with images, visions, and ideas that reflected the values they embraced, in harmony with the nature of the Arab mentality, whether in its pre-Islamic polytheistic context or in its later Islamic faith.This study aims at tracing both collective and individual pride in the poetry of that period through the lens of paternal lineage, highlighting its association with the figure of the father as a symbolic reference on the one hand, and examining the renewed connotations of this symbol within the poetic context on the other. The research is guided by several key questions: How did poets perceive the community or family to which they belonged? What role did lineage and tribal affiliation play in their poetry? And did their view of lineage undergo any transformation as they defended the Islamic message in their poems and poetic fragments?To address these questions, the study employs the inductive method, one of the recognized approaches in scientific research, through which the researcher derives general principles that facilitate arriving at meanings close to the intended significance.

This study examines linguists' classifications of linguistic patterns regarding acceptability and optimality—or rather, between optimality and the "residue" of language. This concept is termed "the residue versus optimality." The residue refers to a temporary deviation that can be explained through sub-rules and descriptive variants derived from the original rule. Any rule must inevitably leave a residue, the size of which depends on the rule's degree of generality. While this residue may lack a specific performance condition, it does not breach fundamental grammatical rules. If it violates a sub-rule, it merely loses an optimality condition. Such a violation may lead to classifying the pattern within the residue. Linguists have long been aware of Optimality Theory when evaluating linguistic performance, and remarkably, they focused on applying this theory in practice. The theory has contributed to a deeper understanding of linguistic phenomena, as it explains all linguistic systems by incorporating the pragmatic-communicative aspect, alongside the semantic aspect that Chomsky initially omitted from his theory. This study begins by defining the theory linguistically and terminologically, highlighting its founders, origins, and development. It then presents examples from Quranic recitations, Prophetic Hadith, and poetry, analyzing the linguistic characteristics of these selected samples.

Andalusian poetry served as a vivid reflection of daily life in Andalusia. Poets were not averse to describing the details of the society in which they lived, including the professions and crafts they practiced. These professions formed an integral part of the economic, social, and cultural reality in Andalusia, prompting a number of poets to address them in their poems, whether through praise, pride, or description within the framework of social critique. The Arab poet in general, and the Andalusian poet in particular, was able to combine these roles. The poet was also the judge, the blacksmith, the farmer, the teacher, the carpenter. The research is divided into an introduction that defines the concept of professions linguistically and technically, and three sections. The first section sheds light on the social professions. The second is concerned with the economic professions. The third handles the political professions. The last part of the study is the conclusion which includes the most important results of the research.

This research, entitled “The Aesthetics of Pronominal Cohesion in Nizar Qabbani’s Poem Balqis,” examines the aesthetic elements manifested through the referential linkage of pronouns.
The study also focuses on investigating the various aspects that reflect the intersection of narrative dimensions through the mechanism of employing each type of narration that can be inferred within the context of the poem.
The significance of the research lies in shedding light on several perspectives from which the aesthetic impact of pronouns can be studied in relation to the nature of narration in the poem, in a way that reflects the integration between the narrative and the poetic dimensions.

This study concludes that the poetry of the Ridda (Apostasy) poets represents a highly significant literary–historical document in revealing the nature of the conflict that arose within the Arab-Islamic society following the death of the Prophet (peace be upon him), particularly the conflict related to the concepts of obedience and disobedience. The analysis demonstrates that poetry was not a neutral artistic product; rather, it functioned as an effective instrument for expressing the intellectual and political positions of the apostate tribes and as a means of justifying rebellion against the religious and political authority of the emerging Islamic state. The study shows that the concept of obedience in Ridda poetry deviated from its legitimate religious meaning, becoming associated instead with personal leadership, tribal affiliation, and local authority rather than with the religious or political institution. Disobedience, in turn, emerged as a complex combining religious rejection, political rebellion, and economic refusal, supported by a mobilizing poetic discourse that sought to legitimize this defiance. Furthermore, the research reveals that Ridda poetry contributed to reproducing the pre-Islamic tribal structure by privileging tribal loyalty over doctrinal affiliation and by employing poetic language to undermine the concepts of consultation (shura), unity, and lawful obedience. Thus, examining obedience and disobedience in this poetry provides a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by the Islamic state in its formative period and highlights the significant role poetry played in shaping collective opinion at that time.

The study of character is one of the delicate issues aimed at illuminating the worlds of novel and story. This is achieved through studying the intellectual and cognitive level as a window overlooking the structures adjacent to the human and social side, as well as the artistic and aesthetic side. Drawing the character gives it its intellectual and aesthetic value. Therefore, novelists excelled in drawing their fictional characters brilliantly and skillfully, and the distinguished Egyptian novelist Youssef Idris is distinguished by his focus and insight into building his distinctive characters, which he was inspired by the reality of Egyptian society. These characters belong to different social classes, and each character expresses the real suffering of the marginalized classes.

The study area is located within the Baiji District in Salah al-Din Governorate, between the latitudes (34°38′00″–34°40′00″) north and the longitudes (43°07′00″–43°18′00″). The study area is one of the regions suffering from a shortage of fresh surface water, in addition to the waste of available water resources and the lack of proper utilization. Therefore, natural factors that have a direct impact on the quantity of water that can be invested and used to achieve sustainable development were studied. Geological formations play an important role in forming a suitable foundation for the proposed water dam. Climate was also examined, especially temperature and rainfall, which influence geomorphological and hydrological processes. In addition, the study analyzed the bifurcation ratio, drainage density, elongation ratio, and circularity ratio, making the research area a well-studied region with accurate results for water harvesting processes and for establishing the proposed dam .Furthermore, the reservoir lake of the dam would contribute to the formation of an integrated ecosystem and help combat desertification, which Iraq faces in general. The results indicate the possibility of constructing a dam for water storage, and the study recommends the use of modern methods in order to achieve water security.

ncitement represents a central rhetorical structure in pre-Islamic poetry, based on arousing collective emotion and directing it toward martial action within a tribal context governed by the values of asabiyyah (tribal solidarity) and honor. This discourse relies on linguistic and rhetorical mechanisms such as imperative and vocative forms, the intensification of verbs of motion, and the deployment of a lexicon of power (sword, spear, blood), in addition to violent sensory imagery that embodies scenes of combat and encourages the audience to identify with the stance of confrontation.
Incitement extends beyond its emotional dimension to a social function represented in mobilizing the group, strengthening belonging, and consolidating the values of courage and vengeance. It also operates through the activation of collective memory by recalling either heroic deeds or shame, and it relies on a dual strategy of encouragement and intimidation by glorifying bravery and denigrating cowardice, thereby enhancing its persuasive effectiveness within the tribal system

Climatic elements have a significant impact on living organisms. These elements, which include (solar radiation, temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, rain, and evaporation), change from place to place and from time to time; they are not constant and change all the time.
Variance analysis is based on monitoring changes that occur above or below average temperatures or precipitation rates over time. The analysis of climatic variation cannot be done through a single factor, but rather there are a group of other interrelated factors that control this variation. Because the stations studied include several factors, including the station's coordinate location, the height above sea level, the nature and quality of the soil, its color, and the vegetation cover, this will lead to variation in the effect of climatic elements on the stations studied.
Variance analysis aims to reduce uncertainty and understand the sources of variance to improve future climate models, as well as to separate climate changes resulting from human activities from natural climate variability.

This research addresses the geomorphological features in Al-Baghdadi district and their role in tourism development. Al-Baghdadi district is administratively affiliated with Heet City within Al-Anbar Governorate. It is located astronomically between longitudes 42°9'0 - 42°51'0 to the east, and latitudes 33°45'0 - 34°20'0 to the north. It occupies an area of 1589 km2, which gave the location of the study area an advantage among the districts and sub-districts in Al-Anbar Governorate in tourism development. The natural characteristics in Al-Baghdadi district have been analyzed, represented by the geological and topographic formations, the moderate climate, the availability of water resources represented by the Euphrates River, and the diversity of natural vegetation that can be invested in tourism. Geomorphological features represent one of the most important factors that contribute to choosing suitable locations for tourism activities. In this regard, Al-Baghdadi district entertains a variety of geomorphological features, including hills, plateaus, rock formations, rock edges, river terraces, caves, islands, bends, twists, and sand dunes, in addition to various types of land covers represented by the floodplain unit and the river unit. These geomorphological features help to attract tourists and establish a tourist resort in Al-Baghdadi district.

This study examines one of the legal systems in ancient Yemen that contributed to framing the relationship between the authority and society through the investment of agricultural lands according to the lease system. The inscriptions revealed the existence of contractual formulas that defined the rights and duties of the owners and tenants. The owner would provide his land for exploitation in exchange for a specific rent, or a part of the land’s production, and the tenant would pledge to preserve the land and ensure the continuity of its production. This agricultural relationship contributed to the investment of areas of unexploited land. The state and temples were among the largest owners of these lands, and to ensure their productivity, they resorted to leasing their lands to tribes and farmers, who in turn exploited them directly or leased them to others, which contributed to the continuity of agricultural production and supported the economy of the community.

The present study aims to identify the effect of the motivating questions strategy on acquiring concepts of the measurement and evaluation course and developing mindful behavior among students of the primary grades department. The study adopted the experimental method using a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests.The research sample consisted of 60 male and female third-year students from the Primary Grades Department. The students were randomly assigned into two equivalent groups: an experimental group taught using the motivating questions strategy, and a control group taught using the traditional method, with 30 students in each group. The equivalence of the two groups was verified in terms of chronological age and the pre-test scores on the mindful behavior scale. The researcher prepared two research instruments: a test for acquiring measurement and evaluation concepts consisting of 14 concepts, and a mindful behavior scale consisting of 40 items with three response alternatives. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-test of concept acquisition as well as in the mindful behavior scale, in favor of the experimental group.

This study investigated the psychological impact of daily interaction with AI models (e.g., ChatGPT) on university students’ self-concept. Using a descriptive correlational approach, the researcher surveyed a purposive sample of 100 third-year students at Tikrit University during the 2025–2026 academic year. Two validated scales measured AI interaction and self-concept across academic, social, and personal dimensions. Results showed moderate levels of both AI interaction and self-concept. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between AI interaction and self-concept, especially in the academic and personal dimensions, indicating that greater reliance on AI is linked to lower self‑esteem and diminished perceptions of academic and personal abilities. No significant correlation emerged with social self‑concept. The study recommends designing guidance programs to foster critical thinking and using AI as a supportive tool rather than a primary knowledge source.

This study aims to identify the level of psychological richness and self-motivation among university students, and to explore the relationship between psychological richness and self-motivation. The research sample consisted of 250 male and female students from Tikrit University. The researcher developed a psychological richness scale, and the self-motivation scale developed by Zara'a Allah (2023) was administered. The results showed an average level of psychological richness and a below-average level of self-motivation among university students. The research also found no statistically significant differences in psychological richness and self-motivation among university students based on gender or academic specialization. A positive correlation was found between psychological richness and self-motivation. Therefore, the researcher recommends strengthening psychological support, educational guidance, and academic counseling programs by developing university programs that aim to cultivate psychological richness among students, such as psychological support sessions, workshops on stress management skills, and the promotion of positive relationships, given the direct relationship between psychological richness and self-motivation.

This study investigated the impact of the Guided Inquiry strategy on developing historical text analysis skills among third-intermediate grade students in Ramadi, addressing a research problem centered on students' weak analytical skills and their reliance on rote memorization due to traditional methods. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, a purposive sample of 50 students from Al-Shumookh Secondary School was divided into an experimental group (Guided Inquiry) and a control group (traditional methods). The study covered the first two chapters of the 2024-2025 history curriculum. Data from a historical text analysis test were analyzed using SPSS. Findings revealed statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level favoring the experimental group in the post-test. Results confirmed the effectiveness of Guided Inquiry in overcoming traditional teaching challenges and enhancing students' abilities to contextualize events and derive analytical conclusions. The study recommends training teachers to implement inquiry-based strategies to foster higher-order thinking.

The current study aims to evaluate whether the Arabic curriculum of the fifth grade of secondary school achieves the sustainable development dimensions or not from the teachers point of view and perspective. The researcher employs a descriptive methodology and involves a sample of teachers from.
The researcher chooses (30) teachers from different gender (male and female) via using a stratified sampling method (convenience sampling) to answer the questionnaire's items. The questionnaire comprises (50) items cover the (6) general dimensions (the educational, political, technological, economic and environmental) , Finally, the validity of the instrument was verified. The validity of this instrument was verified to ensure it accurately measures the intended variables to reach (0.83). The questionnaire was distributed on the selected teachers from 2/10/2023 to 12/10/2023 and then the responses were collected and analyzed via (SPSS) to determine the effectiveness of the results revealed :
1- Statistical differences in the responses at level (0.05) between the two dimensions (educational and socially) and the theoretical average in favor of the achievers, and conversions (environmental, political and technological).
2- There are no statistical differences at the level (0.05) between the average of the economic and overall dimensions as well as the hypothetical mean.
3- There are statistical differences in the responses and viewpoints of the teachers towards the sustainable development dimensions and environmental dimension favoring the female teachers only.

This practice represents an interactive co-evaluation activity among students, involving such elements as motivation, cooperation and collaborative work. It promotes meaningful learning experiences in a competitive environment. The goal of this activity is to examine topics which are explored during the semester through games that are created by students, as well as to promote holistic development and diversity through the investigation of a wide range of global cultures. Further, the activity seeks to enhance the internationalization of the pedagogic model that guides our collective educational philosophy. An empirical method of research is adopted in the current study which is based on observing students during an activity. Since the activity enhances students’ creativity for a better contextualization of the country to be presented. It replaces the traditional way of testing (the written tests) and gives the students the opportunity to see the level of the acquired learning in an interactive and fun context

This study investigates the effect of group work on developing students’ speaking skills in English as foreign language (EFL) classrooms. It highlights how group activities provide learners with opportunities to practice speaking in a supportive and interactive environment. This study includes students of the second intermediate school for girls in Tikrit intermediate schools in Salah al-Din Governorate during the academic year 2025-2026, whose total number reached 78 students. The selected sample includes 60 female students from the second intermediate School for Girls. 60 students were divided into groups A and B. Group A consists of 25 students, while Group B consists of 35 students. Group A was randomly selected as the control group. The achievement test is a tool used to measure student ability to use group work activities. This study shows that group work increases students’ participation, enhances their confidence, and improves their fluency and communication abilities. Furthermore, the findings indicate that students who engage in group work are more motivated and less anxious when speaking English compared to those who learn individually. Group work also helps learners exchange ideas, correct each other, and develop critical thinking skills and classroom interaction. Therefore, the study concludes that group work is an effective strategy for improving speaking skills and should be widely used in language.

This study aims at examining teachers’ knowledge and implementation of sensory integration strategies for autism spectrum disorder in terms of their own perspectives. In order to reach this goal, the researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical research method and prepared and applied questionnaire derived purposely on a sample of 30 teachers qualified for autism spectrum disorder.
As per the findings corresponding to the first research question, teachers’ knowledge regarding sensory integration strategies was found to be moderate with mean score of 3.54. Likewise, the findings for the second research question showed that teachers' level of implementation of sensory integration strategies was moderate with a mean score of 3.49.
Therefore, considering these results of the study, it can be suggested that teachers who have students with autism spectrum disorder should receive sufficient training and knowledge regarding necessary sensory integration strategies involved and practical activation methods in educational settings.