journal of Basic Sciences

The research aimed to identify the relationship between neurotic perfectionism and dogmatism among primary school teachers, and to identify the level of each of these variables among them. The research sample consisted of (200) male and female teachers, with (100) males and (100) females working in government daytime primary schools affiliated with the Wasit Education Directorate 2025-2026. In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher used two measurement tools: the first to measure neurotic perfectionism, as the researcher adopted the Big Three Perfectionism Scale of (Smith et al., 2016), the abbreviated form (BTPS-SF), consisting of (16) items. The second tool was the dogmatism scale prepared by the researcher, consisting of (34) items. The researcher used appropriate statistical methods through the SPSS program, the most important of which were the (t-test) for one sample, the (t-test) for two independent samples, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The researcher revealed several results, the most important of which was: the absence of a statistically significant relationship between neurotic perfectionism and dogmatism. The study found that teachers exhibited above-average levels of neurotic perfectionism and statistically significant levels of dogmatism, while exhibiting below-average levels. The results also showed no differences between males and females in neurotic perfectionism and dogmatism. Based on these findings, the researcher offered several recommendations and suggestions.

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The current research aimed to identify forgiveness towards others among university students. The research was limited to male undergraduate students at Wasit University, morning studies, for the academic year (2025-2026). To achieve the research objective, the researchers adopted the “Worthington et al., 2006” scale consisting of (18) items. The psychometric properties of the scale were extracted, including validity, reliability, and discrimination, as all its items were valid, reliable, and discriminatory. The researchers applied the scale in its final form, consisting of (18) items, to a sample of (400) students, who were chosen randomly. After processing the data statistically using the statistical package (SPSS), the results showed that university students do not have forgiveness for others. In light of the results obtained, the researchers put forward a number of recommendations and suggestions.

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The research was intended to investigate how the effectiveness of educational administration can be used to achieve total quality in educational institutions with the application of applied administrative program in a sample of Baghdad secondary schools. The research was an experiment that followed a Quasi-experimental design with pretest- posttest and control group study design. The sample was based on four schools (two groups), i.e. two experimental and two control schools. The effectiveness of educational administration was determined with the help of a multidimensional questionnaire whereas the achievement of the overall quality level was estimated with the help of the operational measures through identifying the time of administrative transaction processing, the number of procedure mistakes, stakeholder satisfaction, adherence to standardized procedures and quality of administrative decision making. The findings indicated that the average effectiveness of educational administration in the experimental schools significantly changed between (3.05) in the pretest and (3.70) in the posttest whereas the control group experienced some insignificant changes.

Cultural references—with their diverse origins and diverse sources—have remained a focus of interest for critics, both ancient and modern, due to their profound impact on guiding poetic creativity and shaping the recipient's awareness. They are not merely inherited cognitive extensions; rather, they are systems present in the structure of the text, active in shaping it, and essential in revealing its artistic and intellectual dimensions. This research sheds light on the role of cultural references in the poetry of Ibn al-Khayyat, the Abbasid poet whose texts intersect with the shades of history, religion, and literature, complementing each other to give his poetry an elitist, pre-modern character. In this exploration, we relied on modern and post-modern critical approaches that transcended the textual appearance to what is hidden and profound, tracing the referential structures upon which Ibn al-Khayyat's poetic discourse was built, when and how he employed them, and the impact they had on shaping his worldview. The study demonstrated that Ibn al-Khayyat's poems—despite their thematic and temporal variations—form a solid cognitive and cultural fabric, enabling researchers to critically examine them in light of an open, systematic approach that takes into account the diversity and integration of references.
The study's results demonstrate that Ibn al-Khayyat was not merely a poet of occasions, but rather a writer aware of the rich heritage of Arab and Islamic culture, which he employed methodically in his poetry. His poems thus reflect the culture of his time and provide a window into his creative anxiety and referential awareness. This makes his poetry worthy of rereading in light of modern critical approaches, allowing us to glimpse the structural depth of the text and its civilizational extensions.

Surat Al-Hujurat is one of the Medinan surahs that established an integrated ethical system to regulate the behavior of the individual and society. It emphasized the necessity of etiquette with Allah (SWT) and His Messenger (PBUH), and commitment to obedience and not putting oneself forward before the revelation in word or deed. It also stressed verifying news before publishing it to protect society from rumors and injustice, and called for reconciliation between believers with justice when conflict occurs, establishing the principle of faith-based brotherhood. It forbade mockery, defamation, ill suspicion, spying, and backbiting to preserve human dignity and social unity, and approved the principle of human equality, clarifying that superiority is through piety, not lineage or race. It also distinguished between the reality of Iman (faith) and Islam, emphasizing that true faith is what settles in the heart and its effect appears in action. Thus, the surah represents a comprehensive ethical constitution for building a society dominated by justice, respect, and piety.

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The religious and ethical heritage of ancient Mesopotamian civilizations reveals a conceptual framework based on causality, linking actions to their consequences in a manner that approaches the essence of the Indian concept of karma, though differing in its mechanisms and cultural context. While karma developed as a later philosophical law, Mesopotamian texts portray the gods as guardians of cosmic and social order, intervening to punish those who violate it. Acts such as desecrating divine statues were considered grave religious and moral offenses that inevitably demanded retribution, sometimes extending to the offender’s family or city. The exile of the statue of Marduk, with its associated events and writings, stands as a vivid example of this principle, reflecting the Mesopotamian belief that transgressions against divine order inevitably bring consequences. This notion parallels the idea of “moral consequence” in karma, albeit within a different philosophical and religious framework. The present study seeks to analyze this phenomenon in its historical and social context in ancient Iraq and to compare its intellectual dimensions with the Indian concept of karma, thereby highlighting points ofconvergence and divergence between the two system. .

This study addresses a crucial topic in the political and intellectual history of Andalusia: the Umayyad caliphs' accusations of heresy and atheism against scholars. This study examines the sometimes tense relationship between political authority and the scholarly and intellectual class. The study first examines the historical background of the Umayyad state in Andalusia, explaining the nature of its emergence, the development of its ruling system, and its transformation from an emirate to a caliphate. It then discusses the relationship between the caliphs and scholars, including periods of rapprochement and conflict. The second section focuses on the concept of heresy and atheism in Islamic thought and the foundations upon which these accusations were based from a jurisprudential and political perspective. It also analyzes the underlying reasons behind them, which were often related to the struggle for power or the threat to the caliphs' influence from independent scholars and thinkers. The third section sheds light on the most prominent accused scholars, such as Ibn Hazm and Ibn Masarra, explaining the contexts that led to their accusations and the resulting consequences, such as the suppression of thought, the exile or execution of some scholars, and the impact this had on intellectual life and the scholariy movement in Andalusia. The study concludes that these accusations were often a political tool to silence dissent, rather than a purely religious issue.

The experience of the Iraqi poet Hassan Salem Al-Dabbagh is considered one of the most prominent contemporary poetic experiences characterized by elements of the bizarre and warning; his poetry is distinguished by transcending the ordinary, reflecting deep human conflicts related to existence and identity. Notably, Al-Dabbagh was born into an environment rich in culture and arts, which enriched his poetic experience and made it diverse and innovative. He often highlights in his texts the interplay between reality and imagination, using natural symbols and metaphorical expressions to create rich poetic images that reflect feelings of anxiety, care, and concern towards the addressees.
Al-Dabbagh addresses multiple themes in his poetry, including identity, existence, and anxiety, employing the style of bizarre warning as a means to express his fears of human contradictions, through his use of poetic language that is imbued with mystery and astonishment.
In this work, we will study the various aspects of the bizarre and warning in the poetry of Hassan Salem Al-Dabbagh. The approach adopted in this study is based on the descriptive-analytical method. In terms of its structure, it is organized into an introduction and two main sections:
- A study of the fantastical and warning dimensions, including an exploration of the linguistic and terminological concepts of the fantastical and warning.
- The nature of the warning structure and unfamiliar imagery in Al-Dabbagh’s poetry. This section includes an analysis of selected texts that demonstrate fantastical warning, as well as a study of the symbols and connotations employed in the texts.

The current study aimed to identify the differences between (experience and continuous learning) on adaptive perfection in kindergarten teachers. And discover the impact of effective communication with colleagues and parents on the adaptive perfection of kindergarten teachers. And discover the impact of educational plans on the adaptive perfection of kindergarten teachers. The study sample was randomly composed of (60) parameters. The study came to the following conclusions: 1. Differences between (Experience and continuous learning) On the adaptive perfection of kindergarten teachers came a high degree, came the overall average of the first axis (2.37) The standard deviation (0.75) and the general direction of paragraphs (high), 2 - the impact of effective communication with colleagues and parents on the adaptive perfection of kindergarten teachers came to a high degree, the general average of the second axis (2.43) The standard deviation (0.77) and the general trend of paragraphs (high), 3. The impact of educational plans on the adaptive perfection of kindergarten teachers came to a high degree. (2.45) standard deviation (0.76) and general direction of paragraphs (high), the study found many

This research focuses on the supporters who joined Imam Hussein (PBUH) from Medina, passing through Mecca, and then to Iraq, and their effect on the Tragedy of Karbala. They were a small number, both from the Hashemite household and among the general body of Muslims. They chose martyrdom along Imam Hussein (PBUH) over worldly life. These supporters came from various regions—some from the Hijaz, others from Iraq, including Kufa, Basra, and other areas—and they represented the elite of the Muslim community at that time. The study is divided into an introduction and two sections. The first section discusses the supporters who joined Imam Hussein (PBUH) from Medina to Iraq, including both Hashemites and non-Hashemites. The second section addresses the supporters who joined Imam Hussein (PBUH) in Mecca from among the people of Kufa and Basra, as well as those who joined him on his journey from Mecca to Iraq. It concludes with the names of supporters who joined Imam Hussein (PBUH) in Mecca whose points of departure could not be determined due to the lack of specific dates and biographical details. The conclusion summarizes the most important findings of the study.

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The present study aimed to identify the relationship between family experiences and attitudes toward avoiding violent practices, exclusion, and discrimination in dealing with children in Kut. The researcher adopted a descriptive exploratory analytical approach, as it is considered appropriate for examining social and psychological phenomena within their natural context.
The study sample consisted of (56) fathers and mothers selected through an available sampling method from families with school-age children. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher developed a questionnaire composed of (44) items distributed across three domains: family experiences, violent practices and negative treatment patterns, and methods of prevention and intervention. Face validity was verified through expert review, while reliability was established using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.
The findings indicated that a considerable proportion of participants expressed negative attitudes toward the use of violence in child-rearing and showed a preference for guidance, dialogue, and nonviolent disciplinary practices. At the same time, some responses suggested the persistence of traditional punitive methods among certain participants, reflecting a possible gap between declared attitudes and actual behavioral practices under family and social stressors.
The results also revealed a positive association between higher parental educational and cultural levels and the adoption of more adaptive parenting styles characterized by emotional regulation, constructive communication, and reduced reliance on harsh discipline. Furthermore, the study highlighted the role of positive family experiences as a protective factor that may reduce aggressive tendencies within the household and promote a psychologically safe environment for children.
The study recommends conducting further research using larger and more diverse samples, employing multiple methods of data collection, and designing counseling and psych educational programs to strengthen positive parenting practices and reduce domestic violence against children.

This research addresses Arabic grammar as a science that goes beyond controlling word endings to uncovering the intended meaning in light of context, starting from the perspective of early grammarians who considered differences in grammatical forms as semantic rather than formal. Imam Abu Ali al-Farsi is highlighted as a clear example of this approach through his book *Al-Idhāḥ*, where his care in linking grammar to context and meaning is evident, reflecting the maturity of the Basri grammatical study in its later stage. The research problem revolves around clarifying the nature of the relationship between grammatical choice and contextual meaning according to al-Farsi, and revealing the extent to which context influences the preference of one grammatical form over another. The research aims to clarify the concept of grammatical choice and analyze the effect of linguistic context in building meaning, while providing a practical perspective on his methodology that can be beneficial in teaching and research. The research adopted the descriptive-analytical method in studying the texts of *Al-Idhāḥ*. The results showed that grammar according to al-Farsi is a semantic tool that reveals grammatical relationships and serves the general meaning, and that the multiplicity of grammatical forms is used to demonstrate subtle differences in meaning within a cohesive network of grammatical relationships. The research recommends the necessity of teaching grammar through practical application.

The relationship between rural and urban areas in Western Europe was complex, intertwined, and characterized by integration, particularly in the city-states of the Italian peninsula and France. The study of social and economic conditions in rural areas, especially the laws governing relationships between individuals in rural society, became crucial. This study focuses on the role of laws in regulating rural affairs and the impact of this regulation on European society in general. A prime example of this study is found in the Tuscany region of Italy.
This system shaped the famous landscape of Tuscany and central Italy, with its isolated stone houses perched atop hills surrounded by cypress and olive trees—a scene immortalized in the paintings of Renaissance artists. The mezzadria served as a transitional system between old feudalism and modern capitalism, transforming agriculture from a mere means of subsistence into a structured investment that contributed to financing the cultural renaissance in the cities. The mizadria system, or as it is known in France, the mitag, was one of those important laws that, until the beginning of the twentieth century, was the main regulator of the relationship between the large landowners and the workers on it, and the most important reason for the emergence of the political entities called the Italian city-states, which Europe was not accustomed to seeing until the beginning of the middle of the thirteenth century and beyond, and the main source of financing the economy of the European Renaissance, which was reflected positively on raising the artistic, political and scientific level of the outputs of the Renaissance era. In other words, if the Tuscan countryside had not been organized according to those laws, what is called the culture of the European Renaissance era would not have appeared..

This study aims to investigate the relationship between green management and organizational development among secondary school principals in Wasit Governorate from the perspective of teaching staff members. The researcher adopted the descriptive correlational method to achieve the objectives of the study. For data collection, two scales were developed: one for green management and another for organizational development, each consisting of (20) items in their final form. The study sample included (200) teaching staff members, representing (7.4%) of the total population in secondary schools in Wasit Governorate. To analyze the data, a set of statistical methods was employed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), The results indicated that the levels of both green management and organizational development in secondary schools were relatively high. Statistical analyses also revealed a strong positive correlation between green management and organizational development (r = 0.72, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the findings showed no statistically significant differences according to demographic variables (gender and years of experience).In light of these results, the study recommended developing training programs for school principals, enhancing material resources, integrating green management concepts into school policies, and promoting a culture of sustainability among school administration and teaching staff.

This study examines the phenomenon of narrative focalization in contemporary Arabic poetry, utilizing the poetry of Hassan Salem Al-Dabbagh as a case study. Its aim is to reveal how various modes of focalization are employed to construct poetic meaning and shape artistic vision. The study is grounded in a central problematic: How does narrative focalization function in Al-Dabbagh’s poetry as an aesthetic mechanism that facilitates the poem’s transition from direct lyrical expression to a complex narrative space wherein visions and voices intertwine? Adopting a structuralist narrative methodology, the study draws upon the operational concepts of Gérard Genette, Mieke Bal, and Tomashevsky, applying them to selected examples from two of Al-Dabbagh’s poetry collections: *And the South, When It Breathes* (Wa al-Janub idhā tanaffas) and *One Like Me: The Moon Is Not Content with Its Star* (Mithlī lā yaktifī al-qamar bi-najmatih). The study concludes that Hassan Salem Al-Dabbagh’s poetry employs zero, internal, and external focalization in an interwoven manner. However, internal focalization predominates across most of the texts, thereby deepening the presence and introspection of the poetic self; conversely, external focalization is utilized to generate a critical distance, while zero focalization endows the poem with a philosophical and cosmic scope—rendering focalization a central structural element in the formation of poetic meaning.

The fragmentation of time reflects the disintegration of identity and cannot be regarded as a purely narrative technique; rather, it represents a dialectical relationship embodied in the very structure of identity. The more time disintegrates and its chronological order collapses, the wider the fractures within identity become, and vice versa. This study addresses this narrative phenomenon and seeks to examine the concept and trace its cultural and sociological turns in the novel My Friend the Translator, which abounds in this type of thematic and artistic transformation. The problematic of fractured identity and fragmented time is among the most profound issues in contemporary fictional discourse. Identity has moved beyond its earlier conception as a fixed and autonomous entity to become a problematic concept and a dynamic structure in which psychological, social, and political dimensions intersect. This problematic has therefore served as a motivation to explore the dialectical relationship linking disruptions in temporal structure with fractures of identity in the fragmented self. The study examines a central concept based on fractured identity alongside fragmented time, as these two elements constitute a key to understanding many literary works that seek to represent the ambiguities of human reality and reveal the complex relations connecting fractured identity and fragmented time in human experience, as embodied in fictional texts, and to express them in a more precise and comprehensive manner. The novel My Friend the Translator by Khudair Faleh Al-Zaydi may serve as an appropriate model for uncovering this interactive relationship and for answering the question posed by the study: How do temporal transformations contribute to revealing fractured identity? The study attempts to answer this question and to contribute to opening up these profound worlds within the fictional text, enabling the reader to grasp the implicit meanings embedded behind linguistic patterns and structural formulations in novels in general, and in My Friend the Translator in particular.

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This research presents an analytical study of the unique influential relationship between the brilliant Buyid vizier, "Abu al-Fadl ibn al-Amid," and his apprentice, Prince "Adad al-Dawla al-Buyidi." It sheds light on how political and administrative expertise was transferred from mentor to apprentice, contributing to the establishment of one of the most powerful Islamic kingdoms in the fourth century AH. The significance of this study stems from its observation of the conscious "political emulation" process adopted by Adad al-Dawla regarding his mentor's style, and his development of governance and administrative tools to suit the requirements of his era.
The research employs a comparative analytical methodology, relying primarily on the book Tajarib al-Umam (The Experiences of Nations) by the historian Miskawayh, who was a contemporary of both figures and close to the political decision-making circles. The study is divided into three main sections: the first examines the biography of Ibn al-Amid and his administrative approach during the emirate of Rukn al-Dawla; the second reviews the rise of Adad al-Dawla and the formation of his great kingdom in Persia and Iraq; while the third focuses on the administrative and political cornerstones that Adad al-Dawla drew from Ibn al-Amid, clarifying the qualitative additions introduced by the Prince to enhance that experience.
The research concludes that the success of Adad al-Dawla's experience was not a coincidence, but rather the result of a precise absorption of Ibn al-Amid's lessons in firmness, administrative organization, and political acumen. The study demonstrates that the harmony between the vizier's genius and the prince's ambition produced an advanced political model capable of breaking the state of stagnation and presenting an innovative version in the history of the Buyid state, making it a golden age characterized by stability and cultural prosperity.
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