Journal of Misan Researches

The current research aims to identify the extent to which the biology curriculum for the fifth grade of science incorporates the Sustainable Development Goals from the perspective of its teachers. The research sample consisted of biology teachers in the middle and secondary stages of the Nineveh Education Directorate for the academic year (2024-2025). The total sample size was (160) biology teachers. The researchers prepared the research tool, the analysis questionnaire. The analysis questionnaire consisted of (5) goals and (144) paragraphs: the goal of good education (59) paragraphs, the goal of good health and well-being (49) paragraphs, the goal of life on land (14) paragraphs, the goal of life underwater (18) paragraphs, and the goal of climate action (4) paragraphs. The validity and reliability of the analysis questionnaire and the strength of its paragraphs were verified. The researchers applied the research tool, the analysis questionnaire, to biology teachers from December 29, 2024 to (March 13, 2025). The researchers then collected and statistically analyzed the data using Cronbach's alpha (a-Cronbach's), the discrimination, intensity, and relative weight equations, as well as the Z-test for two independent samples. The results showed the following:
1. The biology curriculum achieved low levels of inclusion of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), achieving (5) of the (17) SDGs at varying levels. Climate action ranked first, followed by quality education, good health and well-being, life underwater, and life on land in last place.
2. There were no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the biology curriculum sample according to the variables of gender, years of service, and degree

The aim of this research was to identify (designing an educational model based on the P5BL strategy and its effect on the achievement of sixth-grade scientific students in mathematics and developing their evaluative thinking). The sample consisted of (64) female students from the sixth-grade scientific stream, divided into (31) students in the experimental group who studied mathematics according to the P5BL strategy, and (33) students in the control group who studied the same subject using the conventional method. The two groups were statistically equivalent in terms of (age, intelligence test, and prior knowledge test). Two tests were developed: a mathematics achievement test consisting of (50) objective items, and an evaluative thinking test consisting of (30) objective items, both in multiple-choice format. The psychometric properties of both tests were verified

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The research purpose is to reveal the relationship between moral intelligence and personal attractiveness among educational counselors in Baghdad. To reach this goal, we used the descriptive correlational approach, and two scales were constructed. First scale measured the level of moral intelligence among a sample of educational counselors in Basra Governorate, while the second scale measured the level of personal attractiveness within the same sample. The research population consisted of (522) counselors distributed across schools (primary, intermediate, secondary, and preparatory) in the General Directorate of Education in Basra, and the research sample consisted of (200) counselors. Each scale consisted of (20) items, and the moral intelligence scale comprised four domains: (conscientiousness, self-control, empathy, justice). The personal attractiveness scale also comprised four domains: (honesty and transparency, concern for others, positive vitality, humility and meekness). The research came to the following results
i. The research sample generally possessed a high level of moral intelligence.
ii. Males possessed a higher level of moral intelligence compared to females.
iii. The research sample generally possessed a high level of personal attractiveness.
iv. Based on statistics there were no significant differences according to gender (male-female) on the personal attractiveness scale.
v. There was a strong correlation between moral intelligence and personal attractiveness

Background and Objective: In developing countries, many female-headed households experience multiple economic and social challenges, in addition to various psychological disorders. The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of group cognitive therapy in reducing levels of depression and enhancing self-efficacy among women who are heads of households.
Methodology: The study adopted a quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-testing, including a control group and random assignment of participants. A sample of (30) women who are heads of households and beneficiaries of social welfare in Karbala Governorate – Al-Hindiya District (2025) was selected using random sampling. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Data were collected using the Beck Depression Inventory and the Sherer Self-Efficacy Scale. The group cognitive therapy program was administered to the experimental group over ten weekly sessions, while the control group was placed on a waiting list.
Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) through SPSS version 23.
Results: The results of the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that group cognitive therapy produced a statistically significant reduction in depression levels and an increase in self-efficacy among the experimental group compared with the control group.
Conclusion: Group cognitive therapy had an effective impact in reducing depression and enhancing self-efficacy among female heads of households receiving social welfare in Karbala Governorate – Al-Hindiya District

Studying the decision-making process related to the conquest of the Maghreb requires examining a number of factors that formed the objective and logical basis for taking this strategic decision in Islamic history. The decision to conquer was not a random step or the product of a mere expansionist tendency, but rather it came as a result of the interaction of a set of data that contributed to forming a clear vision among the decision-makers in the Islamic state, represented by the political and military leadership at that time

Soil salinity is one of the most prominent problems negatively affecting agricultural productivity and land fertility in the southern regions of Iraq, particularly in Maysan Governorate. This study aims to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of soil salinity in the levees of the Tigris River by examining 20 geographically distributed samples (Map 1), collected during the end of the dry season (2024) and the end of the rainy season (2025).The study involved the analysis of several chemical soil properties, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), concentrations of major cations (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), total dissolved salts (TDS), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), in addition to identifying the dominant salt types. The soils were also classified according to both the American and Russian classification systems to determine salinity levels.The results revealed a clear spatial and seasonal variation in soil salinity. Salinity levels were highest during the dry season due to increased temperatures, higher evaporation rates, and the low efficiency of irrigation and drainage systems. In contrast, salinity levels decreased relatively during the rainy season due to the natural leaching of salts. The study concluded that a significant portion of the soils, based on both classification systems, fall within the moderate to highly saline categories

The research dealts with studying the environmental distribution of population in Maysan Governorate by studying the distribution of the urban population, the distribution of the rural population, Environmental distribution means the distribution of members of the population according to the environment, as the world’s population today is mainly distributed between urban and rural areas The numbers of nomadic tribes, desert nomads, mountain nomads, and gypsies, have greatly diminished
The distribution of the population into urban and rural areas is of great importance in studies, especially demographic geographical studies. This distribution follows variation in economic as well as social and The distribution of the population into urban and rural areas is of great importance in studies, especially demographic geographical studies. This distribution follows variation in economic as well as social and demographic aspects. Researchers differed, just as countries differed, In setting the basis or standard on which It is classified The population is divided into urban and rural populations, where the urban population (cities) differs from the rural population in terms of their distribution, density, and lifestyle, and with regard to the economic structure, as well as the social structure, and the stages of population increase or growth, to study the rural population and also the urban population as a whole Separately in terms of distribution and growth, it helped to know the population distribution to a high degree. The term does not have a specific meaning or clear definition that everyone accepts. The difference between them is based on a number The population In the region or territory, where if the number exceeds a certain estimate, the name will be transferred from rural to urban as a result. Distinguishing between the city and the village has become much more difficult than It was before, especially in advanced population societies, due to the presence of varying degrees of urban life In the middle |City and village This phenomenon is called urban-rural communication, and that is one of the most important results that occurs Reaching it through studying and analyzing the population distribution map is to reveal the pattern or patterns of population distribution, which is a reflection of the spatial distribution patterns of population centers in any region, through the distributional patterns according to the way the phenomenon is in order to reveal the relationship between them and the causes and factors that It leads to its distribution and spread according to how It is On her

The study aims to identify grammar skills and their relationship to linguistic thinking among students of the Department of Arabic Language. The research sample consisted of 225 male and female students from the Arabic Language Departments in the Colleges of Education at the University of Basra. The sample was randomly selected from the Colleges of Education: the College of Education for Women, the College of Education for Human Sciences, and the College of Education/Al-Qurna. The researcher employed the descriptive–correlational method. She developed a grammar-skills test composed of 30 multiple-choice items, as well as a linguistic-thinking scale consisting of 40 items. The validity and reliability of both instruments were verified. The findings indicated the presence of a statistically significant difference in favor of fourth-year students. Several recommendations and suggestions were provided in light of the results

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China’s participation in the Second World War alongside the Allied powers contributed significantly to enhancing its international standing. It took part in the founding of the United Nations and later obtained a permanent seat on the Security Council with veto power, reflecting its strategic and demographic importance. However, the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalists and the Communists, along with U.S. support for Chiang Kai-shek’s government, complicated China’s internal political landscape.
With the proclamation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Sino–American relations entered a phase of tension and hostility due to ideological differences and U.S. concerns over the expansion of communist influence in Asia, making this relationship one of the most prominent conflicts in the international system during the post–Second World War era

This study aimed to investigate the effect of an instructional design on developing proficient thinking skills in the subject of theatrical directing among students of the Department of Art Education. To achieve this objective, the researchers adopted a quasi-experimental approach, employing a pre-test/post-test design with two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Three null hypotheses were formulated.
The study population consisted of third-year students in the Department of Art Education for the academic year (2025–2026). The research sample included (60) students distributed across two classrooms, selected purposively. The researcher ensured the equivalence of the experimental and control groups with respect to the variables of intelligence and age.
A proficient thinking test was developed, consisting of (40) items, each representing a situation in which respondents were asked to express their opinions according to a five-point Likert scale (Always applicable, Sometimes applicable, Rarely applicable, Not applicable, Never applicable). The instrument’s validity was established, and its reliability was verified. The tool was administered to the study sample after the completion of teaching for both groups.
The responses of the participants were scored and statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed the superiority of the experimental group, which studied theatrical directing using the instructional design, over the control group.
In light of these findings, the researchers concluded that instructional design has a significant effect on developing proficient thinking skills among students of the Department of Art Education. The study also presented several recommendations, including the necessity of redesigning art education lessons and re-engineering the university learning environment in alignment with students’ characteristics and available resources, through the use of instructional design models

The research aims to identify extended thinking among primary school teachers. The researchers adopted the descriptive approach. The research population consisted of (5305) male and female primary school teachers. The statistical sample consisted of (400) male and female primary school teachers in the education departments affiliated with the Dhi Qar Education Directorate (Al-Rifai - Al-Nasr - Qalat Sukkar). To achieve the research objectives, an extended thinking scale was developed for primary school teachers. The validity and reliability of the scale were verified, and its psychometric properties were determined. The researchers applied the research scale to primary school teachers and then collected and statistically analyzed the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.
The researchers reached the following conclusions:
1. Primary school teachers possess extended thinking skills.

2. There are statistically significant differences in extended thinking skills among primary school teachers based on gender (male-female), with females demonstrating higher levels

This research deaIs with digitaI communication for primary schooI teachers .
The GoaIs of the researchers :
1-Identifying interactive digitaI communication among primary schooi teachers . 2-Understandings the significance of differences in interactiveI digitaI communication .
In order to achieve the objectives of the current research ,the researchr constructed a scaIed (Interactive digital communication ). Lt includes 17 paragraphs The psychometric properties of the scale were found , representing by finding more than one type of validity’s and reliability in a way that made the scale ready for final application in its final form . The researchers relied on the on the description approaches and applied the interactive digital communication scale to a sample of teachers in primary schools in Basra Government . They were randomly selected and the total number is 315 teachers . The researcher relies on the statistical package (spss)

The Alid revolts constitute one of the most prominent manifestations of political opposition in Islamic history, as they represented a direct reaction to the Umayyad state, which was accused of usurping the right of the Prophet’s Household (Ahl al-Bayt) to the caliphate and excluding them from positions of influence. The years between 121–127 AH witnessed the peak of this revolutionary movement — whether in the Hijaz, Iraq, or Khurasan — as the Alids and their supporters rose in rebellion seeking justice and the removal of oppression. These uprisings became among the critical factors that weakened the prestige of Umayyad rule and paved the way for its eventual downfall.
Among the historical sources that documented these events with an analytical narrative spirit is Murūj al-Dhahab wa-Maʿādin al-Jawhar by al-Masʿūdī. It is one of the earliest historical accounts to transmit the details of these revolts while linking their doctrinal and political motives with their practical outcomes. Al-Masʿūdī’s narrative is distinguished by its comprehensive presentation of the names of leaders, the trajectories of the battles, and the reactions of the authorities, alongside his comparison between the various Alid factions and the divergence in their methodological aims.
This study aims to analyze the portrayal of the Alid revolts against the Umayyads in al-Masʿūdī’s account during the period 121–127 AH, by tracing his method in narration and critique, examining the accuracy of his reports in comparison with contemporary sources, and uncovering the impact of these uprisings on shaping the historical trajectory that led to the end of the Umayyad state. The research is grounded in critical textual analysis and employs historical comparison in order to arrive at a documented and scholarly reading of al-Masʿūdī’s narrative of that period

Political exile during the Abbasid era was one of the most prominent means used by the Abbasid authorities to silence dissent and maintain internal security. Exile was not merely a criminal punishment, but rather a political measure used against dissenting opponents or military and political leaders whose influence was feared.
Exile was a relatively gentle tool compared to murder or imprisonment, as it involved removing the individual from the center of decision-making to remote areas, either within the state or on its outskirts. Exile was often accompanied by strict surveillance. The Abbasid Caliphs, as well as the Buyid princes who ruled from 334 AH/447 AH/945/1055 AD, and the Seljuks from 447-590 AH/1055-1193 AD, resorted to exile, especially in cases of conflicts within the Abbasid house itself between princes, in order to discipline those who rebelled against them and distance them from them. This was due to the Buyids bringing the Turkish element closer instead of the Daylami, which aroused the anger of the leaders and soldiers, as well as the conflicts over rule and greed for power, until the punishment of exile was adopted because of its effect on the soul by distancing these people from their families and country, isolating them from their supporters, humiliating them, and ensuring their side from returning to disobedience again

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The present study aims to identify the effectiveness of a proposed instructional model based on the Theory of Understanding Performances in improving achievement in the Reading for Beginners course among students of Colleges of Basic Education. The study adopted both the descriptive and experimental approaches. The study sample consisted of (56) students, divided into an experimental group of (28) students and a control group of (28) students from second-year students at the College of Basic Education. The research instrument was an achievement test comprising (60) multiple-choice items. The results revealed a statistically significant superiority of the experimental group taught according to the Theory of Understanding Performances over the control group in academic achievement. This improvement is attributed to the theory’s role in diversifying instructional strategies, activating learners’ roles, accommodating students’ cognitive styles and thinking patterns, and adopting a well-organized instructional design that ensures coherence among objectives, activities, and assessment. The study recommends adopting the Theory of Understanding Performances in teaching the Reading for Beginners course and other educational subjects due to its positive impact on students’ academic achievement

This research examines prepositions in the book Wasa’il al-Shi‘a, as prepositions are considered among the most significant elements of Arabic grammatical structure due to their essential role in connecting parts of speech and conveying precise meanings between verbs and nouns. The study aims to investigate the grammatical and semantic functions of prepositions used in the text and to clarify their impact on meaning within the prophetic and Imami narrations.

The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on collecting and analyzing examples from the hadith texts, classifying the prepositions according to their usage and meanings, and identifying both their literal and figurative functions within different contexts. It also discusses the phenomenon of alternation between prepositions and its effect on semantic variation and interpretive nuance.

The study concludes that prepositions in Wasa’il al-Shi‘a constitute an important semantic structure in hadith discourse. Most usages conform to the meanings established by classical Arab grammarians, while some usages reveal semantic expansion influenced by contextual factors. The research also demonstrates the frequent occurrence of certain prepositions such as min (from), fi (in), ‘ala (on), ba’ (with/by), and lam (for), due to their ability to express multiple meanings including initiation, causation, superiority, circumstance, and justification. Furthermore, the study confirms that analyzing prepositions in hadith literature contributes significantly to grammatical and semantic studies and highlights the importance of prophetic traditions as an authentic linguistic source.

Sectarianism has been experienced by people differently. Cartoonists reflect people’s socio-cultural contexts to depict this term in their cartoons. The present paper examines the themes that represent the term ‘Sectarianism’ and to explore whether the concept of ‘Sectarianism’ is conceptualized as a source or target domain. It also examines the explicit and implicit meaning of sectarianism. As a theoretical framework, the study adopts Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Relevance Theory by Sperber and Wilson (1986). Thirty-five political cartoons were collected from different sources on social media. The results reveal that several themes (YELLOW MEDIA, SCARY CREATURE, FIRE, BATTERY CHARGING, OBJECT, DISGUISED MURDERER, STRIFE, DIVISION, DEVICE, DISCRIMINATION, DIRECTION, CONTAINER, HUMAN, WEAPON, and HOOKAH PUFF) were employed to depict the concept of ‘Sectarianism.’ They also reveal that the concept of ‘Sectarianism’ is conceptualized metaphorically more often as a target domain. The results also show that the speaker’s message is encoded and the viewer understood it implicitly not explicitly to get optimal relevance

This research addresses a number of morphological issues on which Al-
Alusi differed from Al-Zajjaj. The research includes an introduction outlining the importance, objectives, and methodology of the study. The preliminary section provides a brief overview of both scholars, Al-Alusi and Al-Zajjaj. This preliminary section also discusses the main focus of the research: morphology. It defines the concept of morphology both linguistically and technically. The research comprises three sections. The first section deals with augmentation and derivation, discussing three words: (al-`urjun, ba`ula, qist, and aqsat). The second section focuses on morphological derivation, examining two words: (qamtarir and kalalah). The third section, titled "Attributive Adjectives and the Active Participle," discusses two words: (`abqari and hasib). All of these sections address the points of disagreement between Al-Alusi and Al-Zajjaj, where Al-Alusi held independent views. This independent perspective formed the basis of the research. The conclusion summarizes the most significant findings of the study, which are numerous. Too many to list here, and due to space constraints, we cannot mention them all. For example, disagreement and lack of acceptance do not mean non-recognition, but rather the opposite: benefiting from aspects of the issues raised. Ultimately, knowledge is the diversity of opinions presented on a particular aspect, even if there is disagreement. Another example is that Al-Alusi relied on a number of dialects in many of the issues he discussed in the verses of the Holy Qur'an, supporting his opinion in his objection to Al-Zajjaj with these multiple dialects.
Finally, the list of sources and references came, which included the most important sources that we consulted and benefited from in this aforementioned research

The issue of border disputes with the neighboring Arab countries during the period 1925 constituted one of the topics that cannot be overlooked, as it represented an important source in studying the history of Iraq and the building of the Iraqi state. The importance of this topic lies in studying and shedding light on it in order to identify the opinions and positions adopted by the Iraqi deputies and the Iraqi Parliament as a responsible institution for resolving problems and concluding agreements with other countries in a manner consistent with Iraq’s sovereignty and political interests in light of the changes and developments of that period.
Hence comes the importance of the subject, which confirms the soundness and scientific value of the historical methodology adopted by the Iraqi historical school in writing Iraqi history and studying such issues, especially since many historical events and their various facts remain incomplete or fragmented if those events and their developments are neglected. Furthermore, studying the past with awareness of the present adds much to understanding and realizing the factors related to Iraqi-Arab relations and the problems surrounding them, particularly those connected with border disputes, and how they were addressed in a national spirit away from bias by all parties. At the same time, this study reveals the extent of foreign powers’ interference in making political decisions related to sovereignty and national independence in Iraq or other countries in order to preserve their interests

This research aims to present an analytical reading of the Holy Quran's position within the reality of contemporary man, characterized by the crowding of references and the chaotic growth of knowledge. It does so by explaining the secret of the Quranic discourse's immortality and its continuous validity for all times, and revealing aspects of rhetorical miraculousness in the Verse of the Throne (Ayat al-Kursi) as a condensed model of doctrinal construction. The research addresses the problematic relationship between "the temporality of cognitive noise" and "the immortality of Quranic discourse," attempting to transcend this apparent contradiction by affirming that immortality means the Quran is a discourse above time, addressing the constant human nature (fitrah), while the "age of noise" is not a condition for its immortality but a context in which this immortality is tested. The research adopted an objective analytical method by referring to Imami exegeses and books of rhetoric. The results confirm that restoring the Quran's guidance function requires reviving contemplation (tadabbur) as an interpretive practice that bridges the gap between the text and reality, and that the rhetorical miraculousness in Ayat al-Kursi is manifested in precise linguistic and rhetorical elements that prove the impossibility of producing anything similar

Purpose: The present research aimed to investigate the effect of using the "Listening Teams" strategy on developing effective teaching skills and academic achievement in the "Methods of Teaching Physics" course among students of the Physics Department.
Methodology: To achieve this objective, the researcher selected a sample of third-year students from the Department of Physics at the College of Education, University of Misan, for the academic year (2025-2026). The sample consisted of (74) male and female students, distributed across two sections: Section (A) comprising (37) students, and Section (B) comprising (37) students. By random assignment, Section (A) represented the experimental group, while Section (B) served as the control group. The researcher ensured equivalence between the experimental and control groups across several variables, including chronological age, intelligence (IQ), and the pre-test.
To fulfill the research requirements, the researcher defined the scientific content, designed the instructional plans, and developed two research instruments:
• First Instrument (Achievement Test): A 30-item multiple-choice test with four alternatives, covering the six levels of Bloom's Taxonomy (Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation). The test was pilot-tested on a sample of (90) students excluded from the main research sample. Validity was established by presenting the test to a panel of referees specializing in education and teaching methods. The test demonstrated a high reliability coefficient of (0.82), and the difficulty and discrimination indices for its items were computed.
• Second Instrument (Effective Teaching Skills Scale): Designed to measure the research sample's effective teaching skills, this scale encompassed seven core skills (Planning, Execution, Classroom Management, Human Relations, Motivating Students, Questioning, and Evaluation). It consisted of (20) situational items reflecting the learner's knowledge and practice of these skills, scored using a 3-point Likert scale (High Practice = 3, Moderate Practice = 2, Low Practice = 1). Validity was verified by experts in education and physics teaching methods. Item discrimination was determined, and internal consistency reliability was established using Cronbach's Alpha, yielding a good reliability coefficient of (0.79).
Following the conclusion of the experiment, both the Effective Teaching Skills Scale and the Achievement Test were administered to both research groups. The data were scored, tabulated, and statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
Results and Conclusions: The findings revealed a statistically significant superiority of the experimental group over the control group. In light of these results, the researcher reached several conclusions, notably that teaching via the "Listening Teams" strategy granted students an active role in the educational process. Through careful reading, attentive listening, repeated interaction, and peer discussion, students developed a deep conceptual understanding of physics teaching methods on both theoretical and applied levels. Furthermore, it fostered a high level of self-induction based on precise observation, critical thinking, self-reliance, and the freedom to express opinions and document ideas within a vibrant learning environment. Consequently, the students' role shifted from passive reception to active partnership in the lesson, which positively impacted their academic achievement. This aligns with the overarching goals of physics education that advocate for making the learner the centerpiece of the educational process