Academic Science Journal

The un-doped and tin (Sn) doped ZnO films were deposited by spray pyrolysis technique
onto glass substrates. 0.1 M solution of zinc acetate in a mixture of ethanol and deionised
water. Dopant source was tin chloride SnCl2.2H2O. The atomic percentage of dopant in
solution was 2% and 4%. The effect of tin doping on the electronic transitions of ZnO films
was studied. The average transmittance values for the films were (76, 84, 88) % for ZnO,
ZnO:Sn 2% and ZnO:Sn 4% respectively. The optical band gaps of the films were calculated.
The band gap of un-doped sample was 3.36 eV, this value decreased slightly with increasing
doping concentration and became 3.17 eV for ZnO:Sn 2% and 3.1eV for ZnO:Sn 4%.

This study conducted to evaluate the effect of some oxadiazole derivatives 1-(4-ethoxy
benzylidene amino)-4-(2-n- butyl thio-1,3,4-oxadiazole-5yl) benzene[I] and 1-(4-pentoxy benzylidene
amino)-4-(2-n- butyl thio-1,3,4-oxadiazole-5yl) benzene[II], on the activities of alanine transaminase
(ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in serum and tissue's homogenate of hepatocellular cancer
patients (HCC).
The results revealed that compound I and compound II showed activation effect on ALT
enzyme in serum of HCC patients, while they were competitive inhibitors on ALT enzyme in the
tissue's homogenate of the same patients with Vmax values (105.26)U/L and (102.04)U/L
respectively, and Km values (38.76 and 100)mmol/L and (38.46 and 105.26)mmol/L for compounds I
and II for uninhibited and inhibited enzyme respectively.
The effect of compound I on SAST enzyme was found to be noncompetitive inhibitor with
Vmax values (142.86 and 105.26)U/L for uninhibited and inhibited enzyme and Km value
(33.33)mmol/L, while it showed activitory effect on the same enzyme in tissue's homogenate of HCC
patients.
Compound II was found to be competitive inhibitor on SAST enzyme with Vmax value
(121.95)U/L and Km values (66.67 and 125)mmol/L for uninhibited and inhibited enzyme, and it was
noncompetitive inhibitor on AST in tissue's homogenate of HCC patients with Vmax values (138.9
and 105.26)U/L for uninhibited and inhibited enzyme and Km value (33.9)mmol/L.
In conclusion oxadiazole derivatives I and II showed inhibitory and activatory effects on ALP
and AST enzymes in serum and tissue's homogenate of HCC patients.
Key words; transaminases enzymes , hepatocellular cancer, liver cancer oxadiazole derivatives ,
alanine transaminase (ALT) ,aspartate transaminase (AST)

The complexation between folic acid and typical polyaromatic hydrocarbons
(Acenaphthylene and Acenaphthene) was studied by using FTIR and UV spectra with pH
changing. The experiments confirmed that combination was through π-π donor–acceptor
interaction and inducing the protonation process in folic acid upon strengthening electron
accepting ability of the acid so the changing of their charge distribution and the surroundings
became necessarily. In another words, this inferred that not only biotransformation process of
folic acid, but also the toxicity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons could be more understood.

Theoretical calculations are achieved to study the effect of different Argon pressures on
various parameters for UNU/ICTP PFF, a plasma focus using Lee code. Without
changing the geometry and electrical parameters of this machine which build originally to
work with deuterium we compute theoretically the X – ray emission energy using argon as
working gas in the machine. However, some of parameters variations in this machine are
studied with changing working gas pressure

This work presents an overview of the physics of supernovae and of their interaction with a
circumstellar medium. In particular the reverse shock created by the interaction is
investigated. In most types of the supernovae this shock is radiative, and due to the high
temperature most of the radiation comes out as X-rays.
We analyze the details of the numerical calculation of the adiabatic simulation to study the
evolution of the earliest phases of a supernova explosion when the stellar atmosphere ejected
by the explosion interacts with the environment of the star. This process is often called
“circumstellar interaction”.
The interaction depends on the properties of the wind, i.e. the wind velocity and mass loss
rate of the progenitor as well as the composition of the wind.
We assumed that both the supernova ejecta and the environment are spherically symmetric,
which allows us to solve the problem in one dimension, with as spatial variable the radius r.

In this work, polycrystalline tin oxide thin films were prepared and studied in order to
fabricate heterojunctions by growing them on n-type silicon substrates. The electrical
measurements on the prepared samples were performed at different substrate and annealing
temperatures. The results of these measurements showed good uniformity of these films
throughout the current-voltage characteristics in both forward and reverse bias conditions at
different annealing temperatures. They showed that the I-V characteristics were highly
improved by thermal annealing. The reflectivity and internal quantum efficiency of the
SnO2/Si were measured as functions of the incident light wavelength. As well, the shortcircuit
current density and open-circuit voltage were measured as functions of the incident
light intensity. These measurements showed good optoelectronic characteristics of the
fabricated structures stimulating to optimize their employment in solar cell applications. In
addition, the low-cost production of such structures makes them very good candidates for
solar energy conversion systems as cheap alternative energy techniques.

Alliin and allicin products were measured and determined by RP-LC with UV
detection at 210 nm. Compounds were extracted from above various kinds of garlic with
methanol / ethyl acetate and chromatographed on ODS with gradient elution .The aqueous
Iraqi garlic extract has the highest concentration of alliin and allicin (17.9, 23.94) ppm
respectively. The lowest concentration of allicin was found in French garlic extract 0.56 ppm
and 4.3 ppm of alliin in Chinese garlic extract.
Allicin and alliin concentrations decreased with time 0.9-0.04%alliin, 1.2-0.00025%
allicin after 9 days. Allicin concentration decreases to non- detectable amounts after 12
days.

Salicylaldehyde was react with 4-amino-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline-5-on to
produce the Schiff base ligand 2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-4-salicylidene-3-pyrazoline-5-on (L).
The prepared ligand was identified by Microelemental Analysis, and FT.IR, UV-Vis
spectroscopic techniques. A new complexes of Fe(III),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Ce(III) and Pb(II)
with mixed ligands of dithizone (DTZ) and Schiff base were prepared in aqueous ethanol with
a 2:2:1 M:L:DTZ. The prepared complexes were characterized using flame atomic
absorption, (C.H.N) Analysis, FT.IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods as well as magnetic
susceptibility and conductivity measurements. In addition biological activity of the ligands
and complexes against two selected type of bacteria were also examined. Some of the
complexes exhibit good bacterial activities. From the obtained data the octahedral structure
was suggested for all prepared complexes.

This research includes a study of the main parameters effecting on the charged particle ion
beam passing through the triplet quadrupole lenses ,which used as focusing element. And the
research included a study of the effect of changing the first free region ,the lenses distance and
quadrupole lens length on the properties of the charge particle beam in horizontal and vertical
plane.

In this study, we report the quantitative phase analysis which is performed by Rietveld
X-ray diffraction using “fullprof”( fullprof.2k,Version 5.00 - Jan2011-ILL JRC) program to
four different samples of TiO2 . Titanium dioxide is formed of two phases, Anatase and
Rutile with different weight percentage. Four samples under study , first is a nanopowder ,
second is thin a film ,third is the micropowder while the fourth is formed of 50:50 Anatase
and Rutile TiO2 which is considered as standard.
Retiveld refinement on X-ray data for the samples is performed . The obtained results
have a good optimization between the observed x-ray diffraction pattern and that calculated
by Retiveld. This optimization is determined according to Rp, Rwp and GOF . The accuracy
check was done by examining the fourth sample by X-ray. Then, quantitative phases were
calculated by comparing method which needs pure phases mixture. The final result shows that
Retiveld refinement is more accurate than comparing method.

تضمن البحث في الجانب النظري مبحثين , في المبحث الأول تم عرض منهجية البحث من خلال عرض أهمية البحث التي أكدت على اعتباره إضافة جديدة للمختصين والباحثين في هذا المجال . أما مشكلة البحث فتتلخص في مدى كفاءة هذا الأسلوب مقارنة بطريقة المربعات الصغرى ذات المرحلتين المدمجة للآثار الثابتة للفترات والمجاميع , وكذلك هدف البحث وفرضياته وطبيعة المتغيرات المستخدمة فيه وتداخلها.
في المبحث الثاني قام الباحثون بعرض مفهوم منظومة المعادلات الآنية لأسلوب الدمج بين البيانات المقطعية والسلاسل الزمنية وذلك باستخدام الآثار الثابتة للفترات والمجاميع مرة وبدون استخدامها مرة ثانية. كذلك تم عرض شروط تشخيص النموذج المستخدم في التحليل والمتضمن شرطي الرتبة والترتيب إضافة إلى توضيح استخدام أسلوب المربعات الصغرى ذات المرحلتين المدمجة في التقدير للبيانات المستخدمة في البحث وكذلك عرض لاختبار الآثار الثابتة لكل من المجاميع والفترات .
أما المبحث الثالث, تم عرض نتائج التقدير لمنظومة المعادلات الآنية المستخدمة في البحث وللفترة (1990-2005) مصنفة حسب طريقة التقدير ونوع الدالة لكل من القطاع (العام ,المختلط , التعاوني , الخاص ) كل على حدة.
أخيرا عرض الباحثون الاستنتاجات والتوصيات التي توصل لها البحث.
الكلمات المفتاحية:- المتغيرات الخارجية-المتغيرات الداخلية-المعادلات الانية-الانتاج