journal of Economics And Administrative Sciences

In this paper the research represents an attempt of expansion in using the parametric and non-parametric estimators to estimate the median effective dose ( ED50 ) in the quintal bioassay and comparing between these methods . We have Chosen three estimators for Comparison. The first estimator is
( Spearman-Karber ) and the second estimator is ( Moving Average ) and The Third estimator is ( Extreme Effective Dose ) . We used a minimize Chi-square as a parametric method. We made a Comparison for these estimators by calculating the mean square error of (ED50) for each one of them and comparing it with the optimal the mean square error of ( ED50 ) and conclude results and finally this paper show that a parametric method ( minimize Chi-square ) is better than a non-parametric methods .

The 3-parameter Weibull distribution is used as a model for failure since this distribution is proper when the failure rate somewhat high in starting operation and these rates will be decreased with increasing time .
In practical side a comparison was made between (Shrinkage and Maximum likelihood) Estimators for parameter and reliability function using simulation , we conclude that the Shrinkage estimators for parameters are better than maximum likelihood estimators but the maximum likelihood estimator for reliability function is the better using statistical measures (MAPE)and (MSE) and for different sample sizes .
Note:- ns : small sample ; nm=median sample ; nl=large sample.

Interested current Research measuring damage currency Swap by converting The ministry of higher Education and scientific Research money The Iraqi dinar To U.S dollar by Trade Bank Of Iraq , And that The damage Generated resulting from Deferent Between the Exchange Rate adopted From Central Bank of Iraq and Market Exchange Rate adopted by The Trade Bank Of Iraq , and Which led to the greet damage ( losses ) in Bearing by the ministry, which led to the reduction of the financial allocations for licensed curriculum outside of Iraq , and this in turn leads to reduction in the number of students Sender ( scholarships ) outside Iraq.
Where the estimated loss (damage) that suffer by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research for the year 2006 to 2011 amounted to
($ 4,593,314) and the estimated loss for the year 2012 amount ($ 8,793,871) and because of the high exchange rate calculated by the Trade Bank of Iraq compared to the exchange rate announced by the Central Bank of Iraq, and thus the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research has incurred losses estimated at (13,387,185 $) (thirteen million and three hundred and eighty-seven thousand and one hundred and eighty-five dollars) for the period from the year 2006 until the year 2012, equivalent to (15,794,549,743 dinars) (fifteen billion and seven hundred and Ninety-four million and five hundred and forty-nine thousand and seven hundred and forty-three dinars) and this will lead to a reduction of allocations of the Ministry of account certified curriculum, which reflected negatively on the performance of the ministry, and thus lead to a reduction in the number of students abroad, due to the high exchange rate calculated by the Trade Bank of Iraq compared to the exchange rate announced by the Central Bank of Iraq and a very large margin

The current research aims to identify the most important green productivity tools GPT and the possibility of applied in industrial companies in general and the companies operating in the province of Nineveh, in particular, as well as the study of some personality characteristics and functional, which is believed to be an impact on the application of these tools in industrial companies. Accordingly, the research community of managers in the company of medicines and medical supplies ready-made clothes _ operating in the province of Nineveh, who are (80) while the manager was subjected to research procedures (49) Director representing (61.25%) of the research community. For the purpose of achieving the objective of the study researcher approach the case study in an attempt to investigate the possibility of application of GPT and the compatibility of the data that was obtained from the use of form resolution with the reality of industrial companies of Iraq and the study found a number of conclusions was the most prominent: the lack of possibility to apply some of the GPT in the industrial companies of Iraq due to lack of infrastructure required by the application of GPT its image full and hence the study recommends the need to provide material and moral support of industrial companies of the Iraqi for the implementation of GPT, which will impact on the preservation of the environment on the one hand and improve the productivity levels of the other.

This research aims at recognizing the concept of Innovation in offering the banking services as well as the concept and dimensions of competitive advantage . And to identify and analyze the relationship ( correlation and impact ) between the concept of Innovation in offering the banking services and the dimensions of the competitive advantage under discussion . The research includes all Iraqi private banks in Baghdad city only of the (20) banks . The researcher adopted , in this study , a random sample of the distribution of the questionnaire to members of the research sample are managers , customers and employees in these banks , and were distributed ( 115 ) form questionnaire , ( 97 ) form ware restored which are suitable for analysis . The research found a group of important results correlated and impact statistically significant between Innovation in providing banking services and dimensions of competitive advantage in the researched banks . The research has included a series of recommendations including : managers and workers should be concerned in the researched banks about the relationship (correlation and impact ) between the concept of Innovation in offering the banking services and the dimensions of competitive advantage , and departments should be concerned in the researched banks with dimensions of competitive advantage and work to achieve them efficiently in order to achieve superiority over its competitors in the market competition .

The traffic jams taking place in the cities of the Republic of Iraq in general and the province of Diwaniyah especially, causes return to the large numbers of the modern vehicles that have been imported in the last ten years and the lack of omission for old vehicles in the province, resulting in the accumulation of a large number of vehicles that exceed the capacity of the city's streets, all these reasons combined led to traffic congestion clear at the time of the beginning of work in the morning, So researchers chose local area network of the main roads of the province of Diwaniyah, which is considered the most important in terms of traffic congestion, it was identified fuzzy numbers for vehicles flowing at the time of the beginning of work in the morning for paths of this network as the trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. The objective of this study is to find the fuzzy optimal solution of fuzzy max flow problems for number of vehicles which flowing at the beginning of work per day by using mathematical and quantitative methods as a method of fuzzy max flow problems to clarify the fuzzy numbers for vehicles flowing at the beginning of work in the morning for all paths of this network also a method of fuzzy linear programming was used for building the fuzzy linear programming model of fuzzy max flow problems, finally Ranking function and arithmetic operations were used for defuzzification the building model.

The study addresses the problem of stagnation and declining economic growth rates in Arab countries since the eighties till today after the progress made by these countries in the sixties of the last century. The study reviews the economic growth picture in Arab countries since the sixties to 2007. It also presents the views of some Applied Studies in regard to the relationship between economic growth and its factors (represented mainly by physical and human capitals) in Arab countries in reference to the reasons which responsible for that relationship.
The study addresses the impact of economic reform programs undertaken by some of Arab countries on the economic growth rates, then conducts a statistical analysis on the growth factors effect in increasing the economic output per worker in both Arab and South East Asia countries, for the period 1960-2005.
The study ends with a set of conclusions and recommendations on how to overcome the crisis experienced by the economic growth in Arab countries in general.

Objective of this research focused on testing the impact of internal corporate governance instruments in the management of working capital and the reflection of each of them on the Firm performance. For this purpose, four main hypotheses was formulated, the first, pointed out its results to a significant effect for each of corporate major shareholders ownership and Board of Directors size on the net working capital and their association with a positive relation. The second, explained a significant effect of net working capital on the economic value added, and their link inverse relationship, while the third, explored a significant effect for each of the corporate major shareholders ownership and Board of Directors size on the economic value added. The fourth, revealed a significant effect of the internal instruments for corporate governance on the economic value added in light of the different net working capital.

The Paper highlights on one of the main activities in marketing management. That is the internal marketing in the commercial banks and its relationship with the quality services offered to satisfy customers needs and wishes in order to reach he ultimate objectives of those banks. Two state and five private banks in Basrah city (Iraq) were taken in a field study. The survey covered the opinions of (184) state bank employees and (158) clients . The analysis of the survey shows that there is a strong relationship between the internal marketing ( in the banks covered by the survey) and the quality of banking objective services and the private banks show greater interest and concern to the internal marketing than state banks. The paper also presents a number of important conclusions such as ; it is necessary to pay more attention to meet the satisfactions of state bank employees, offer training opportunities , assist them to overcome problems might they face and provide a good working environment . It is also recommended that internal marketing and its measures should be produced in the form of a code of practice.

This current research aims to make theoretical frame for the thoughts and principle knowledge for high performance work system ،also trying to know the role that high performance work system practices which is (Effective staffing، comprehensive training، providing work career، and employee participation) play to enhance the organization effectiveness ، although knowing the principles of high performance work system which is: (Shared Information، Knowledge Development Performance and Reward linkage Egalitarianism)and its effect on the organizations. As well as defining the special concept of High performance work system ، because its represent a very important part in the organizations culture in the present time and because these organization work in a very changeable environment ، as result for that the change leaders take on their own to redirect their organizations and shift their a tension from revenue monitoring towards customers monitoring ، and productivity increasing towards continues enhancing process ،and from achieving short term financial goals towards employee satisfaction .
This research also aims to clarify the relationship between HPWS and other HR variable and also discussed the component of HPWS which is bundle of desirable processers and applications which can be more activity when it works together.

The aim of this research is to know how business organizations achieve competitive advantage ,and make it sustainable through constructing a green strategy ( friend to environment) which is reflected on sustaining their competitive advantages .The problem of this study is presented through trying to answer many thoughtful questions, the most important of them are:
1-Can business organizations today make green strategies supporting their competitive advantage?
2-Is there a framework or mechanism could be depended on by business organizations to manage strategic risks of losing their competitive advantage?
The research has depended on analytical perceptual descriptive method in analyzing the essential dimensions of the relation between having sustainable competitive advantages sources and constructing a green strategy.
The research has come out into developing some mechanisms can be used as good strategic theories ,which lead to sustainable competitive advantage, and test the validity of the theoretical assumption of this research; for the purpose of constructing an active model for green strategy capable of field application, and is reflected on organization behavior.
The most important recommendations of this research are to make the organization pay attention to environment demands under framework of constructing green strategy through getting benefit of business opportunities based on environment and creating sustainable competitive advantages.

The research aims to determine the role of the efficiency of Human Resources Information System in the effectiveness of Employees Performance Appraisal System in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research / Center for the ministry, it was touching the researchers need the ministry to devise methods that employ outputs Human Resources Information System in the organization surveyed for the development of methods and levels of process evaluate the performance of its employees, in order to identify the extent of the role played by human resources information system in the process of assessing the performance of employees, we raised the question of the President as follows:
(To what extent the efficiency of human resources information system? What is the impact on the level of effective staff performance appraisal system?) .
May be the research community of academics and administrators owners of managerial positions within the level of middle management personnel in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research /
Center for the ministry, as it has been selected sample of intentional included all heads of sections in the departments of the Ministry numbered (42), head, and the response rate (100 %). And used the questionnaire as an essential tool in the collection of data and information, and data analysis program was used (SPSS), showed results that the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research employs systems, human resources information in making decisions on personnel matters, and pay attention to the quality of HR information system, but that the ministry does not employ Human Resources Information System in the process of evaluating the performance of employees, but by a few, and which fails to inform the workers on the results of evaluation of their performance, indicating a defect in the evaluation system used in the ministry, as well as having the effect of the Human Resources Information System in the level of effectiveness of the system of evaluating the performance of employees hit by the impact (83%), as well as to the existence of relations of association between the performance appraisal system and all employees of the (accuracy of the information, and the quality of human resources information system, and the use of human resources information system) ratio (55%). And left the Find a set of recommendations based on the conclusions reached by including the need to give the ministry more attention systems of information and rely on the outputs in the process of evaluating the performance of employees, to gain practical accuracy and objectivity in the evaluation results, in addition to the development of performance criteria used in assessing the performance so as to be able to Measuring the performance of employees and does not lead to the intervention of personal factors. and the need for a feedback system follows the performance appraisal process, which can be employed to identify the results of their assessment and to identify weaknesses and avoid them as well as identify the strengths and strengthened.

The research aims to determine the role of the efficiency of Human Resources Information System in the effectiveness of Employees Performance Appraisal System in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research / Center for the ministry, it was touching the researchers need the ministry to devise methods that employ outputs Human Resources Information System in the organization surveyed for the development of methods and levels of process evaluate the performance of its employees, in order to identify the extent of the role played by human resources information system in the process of assessing the performance of employees, we raised the question of the President as follows:
(To what extent the efficiency of human resources information system? What is the impact on the level of effective staff performance appraisal system?) .
May be the research community of academics and administrators owners of managerial positions within the level of middle management personnel in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research /
Center for the ministry, as it has been selected sample of intentional included all heads of sections in the departments of the Ministry numbered (42), head, and the response rate (100 %). And used the questionnaire as an essential tool in the collection of data and information, and data analysis program was used (SPSS), showed results that the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research employs systems, human resources information in making decisions on personnel matters, and pay attention to the quality of HR information system, but that the ministry does not employ Human Resources Information System in the process of evaluating the performance of employees, but by a few, and which fails to inform the workers on the results of evaluation of their performance, indicating a defect in the evaluation system used in the ministry, as well as having the effect of the Human Resources Information System in the level of effectiveness of the system of evaluating the performance of employees hit by the impact (83%), as well as to the existence of relations of association between the performance appraisal system and all employees of the (accuracy of the information, and the quality of human resources information system, and the use of human resources information system) ratio (55%). And left the Find a set of recommendations based on the conclusions reached by including the need to give the ministry more attention systems of information and rely on the outputs in the process of evaluating the performance of employees, to gain practical accuracy and objectivity in the evaluation results, in addition to the development of performance criteria used in assessing the performance so as to be able to Measuring the performance of employees and does not lead to the intervention of personal factors. and the need for a feedback system follows the performance appraisal process, which can be employed to identify the results of their assessment and to identify weaknesses and avoid them as well as identify the strengths and strengthened.

Requires economic work finding built institutional paint strategies and policies are formulated general economic and clarity in its stated objectives and the involvement of all economic institutions, political and stakeholders to discuss all the issues of economic, financial, monetary and analyzed for the purpose of renewal energies and determine the duties and responsibilities, leaving full freedom to the private sector in the formation of institutions to carry out his duties economic, and that the institutional structures to create the right climate for the implementation of its economic policies, which would facilitate the task of the private sector, and this has been confirmed by the school institutional that institutional structures are appropriate framework that achieves a prerequisite for economic growth and development and is the school institutional structures function the natural evolution of society, authorized met with the views of politicians and economists, since you can not make economic reforms selective, ie does not fix economic institutions without reforming the political institutions of the state, so development must be comprehensive framework brings together all the institutional structures, where the word means (brown) a word structure Structure)) and signified linguistic word structures, that economic policies are a function expression for public policy of the state and trends determine the shape and economic system that a particular experience has shown beyond doubt, this vision, which can be seen clearly in the experience of Russia, which has followed a strategy (shock therapy), which was in accordance with the vision of the International Monetary Fund, which focused on the factors of production alone and do not cause changes similar institutional structures, while the experience of Bologna followed the alternative strategy (policy gradient) step by step in the transition to market mechanisms, are enabled to provide the institutional structures to be the solid ground that works to improve the effectiveness of the market economy

After more than ten years of successful march of the European single currency and EU countries faced a crisis in one of its debt, which recently joined the monetary union is not Greece . Perhaps mpre than th effects of this crisis, the fact that its consequences were not confined to Greece alone , but expand it to include all EU countries in general and the countries of the European Monetary Union in particular.
Sine the debt crisis that emerged Greek and talk a lot a bout their effects on the global economy and the potential harm done th the situation of the global economy recovers from the global financial crisis (mortgage crisis), or delayed and also the fears of other crises to other member states sufer from a deficit in the payment of government debts such as Portugal, lreland and spain.
I have shaken confidence (in euros) of the puppies , and the crisis cast a burden on the European central bank and the governments of member states in the region, monetary and difficult task tedious, since one of the first main tasks has is to remove the specter of violent shocks and crises of acute and mitigate its impact and its impact on the economies of the monetary union (EU).
That the Greek crisis was behind a defect in the monetary union (EU), representing the conditions of joining the monetary union, especially on the side of fiscal policy, and a number of factors internal to the Greek economy and the rush to join the monetary union, EU to take advantage of the benefits from monetary union and not to give costs to the importance that required and must reserve before the foot to enter the monetary union,. And external standards and because of the conditions that forced reece to implement them in addition to international factors.

A discussion about the repercussions of the exchange rate on the behavior of stock markets became one of the basic principles of financial economics. The Istanbul Stock Exchange , considered one of the fastest financial markets growing in the region, driven by solid economic activity, for a diversified economy which classified as one of the the fastest growing economies in the world. However, the aforementioned market witnessed sharp fluctuations in the past few months, coinciding with the continuous fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Turkish lira, posing a serious challenge to the economic and investment environment in a country where the volume of trade, tourism and investment serves as a locomotive for economic growth. This research adopted statistical methods in modern measuring economic relations, using the methodology Johansen integration and Granger causality, to study the nature and direction of the dynamic relationship between the exchange market and the stock market in Turkish economy for the period( 2000 - 2012), in order to take actions and measures necessary to reduce the deterioration and volatility Continuous in Turkey Stock Exchange performance of securities on the one hand, and the relative stability in the exchange rate movement of the Turkish lira on the other. The results of the assessment revealed the presence of a statistically significant relationship between the exchange rate of the Turkish lira and the stock price index during the study period. As Granger test pointed out that the causal relationship is heading from exchange rates to stock prices.

Despite Iraq's possession of the energies material, human and agricultural resources and great economic but that contribution of the agricultural sector in the total gross fixed capital formation and gross domestic product in the Iraqi economy remained low and declining continuously since the nineties of the last century, as well as the inability of agricultural production to meet the country's needs of food . The food gap increased strategic food crops until it reached 1049 thousand tons in 2010. On this basis, there is a need to study and analysis the behavior of the function of gross fixed capital formation and its relationship with Gdp in the agricultural sector. Hence the importance of this study is to analysis the reality and trends gross fixed capital formation and domestic product in the agricultural sector for the period (1980-2010) and its rates of growth in an attempt to determine the causal relationship (Granger) between these two variables, where the results indicate a lack of stability of data series variables (Cap) and (Gdp) at the level of their stability after taking its first differences and the existence of a common integration relationship deltoid and explain the relationship between long-term variables where the causal relationship appeared (Granger) destined of Gdp to gross fixed capital formation Cap. The result show that the compounding rates of growth for both Cap and Gdp were negative throughout the studied period (1980 -2010) , and , also declining the relative important of these variable in the Iraqi economy especially during the period 2003 -2010 which represent the deterioration in the infrastructure of Iraq in agriculture sector

Purpose :This study seeks to provide the point of view stands on the marketing performance of the banks in the context of Dynamic Equilibrium of marketing. It aims to develop a prototype of measuring marketing performance under the umbrella of marketing dynamic prototype, embodied of the strategic alliance and competition, and the laws and legislation, and to explore any of the dimensions more effective in achieving performance. This study aims to discusses the importance of the Dynamic Equilibrium of marketing and it role in achieving the marketing performance under Dynamic Equilibrium of marketing and its impact on the Iraqi banking sector.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The experimental method has been used, the questionnaire used to collect the data in order to develop a trustworthy prototype measurement and correct for the changes of the Dynamic Equilibrium of marketing and customer relationship management With the dimensions of marketing performance, the hypotheses were tested through the use of some statistical treatments.
Findings: The study of the sample found that marketing performance is effected directly in the dynamics of the industry, and the intensity of competition, and the uncertain environment that includes (degree of predictability in the business environment), a model measuring variables Dynamic Equilibrium of Marketing has been developing (alliances strategy, competition, legislation/ laws) with marketing performance variables (focus on the customer, focus on the competitors), moreover, the results support the hypothesis influence and correlation between the surveyed variables.
Practical Implications: This study provides useful measurement of marketing balance, it helps the managers to use to assess the current situation in the capabilities of the banks performance. Managers may improve their marketing performance programs more effectively and efficiently through their strategic orientation towards competition and alliance.
Originality/ Value : This study undertakes help service providers in banking sector to deal with the challenge imbedded in increase the marketing performance and achieve the dynamic marketing balance, and how to influence the marketing balance dimensions in achieve the marketing performance.

In this research، a comparison has been made between the robust estimators of (M) for the Cubic Smoothing Splines technique، to avoid the problem of abnormality in data or contamination of error، and the traditional estimation method of Cubic Smoothing Splines technique by using two criteria of differentiation which are (MADE، WASE) for different sample sizes and disparity levels to estimate the chronologically different coefficients functions for the balanced longitudinal data which are characterized by observations obtained through (n) from the independent subjects، each one of them is measured repeatedly by group of specific time points (m)،since the frequent measurements within the subjects are almost connected and independent among the different subjects.

In this research، a comparison has been made between the robust estimators of (M) for the Cubic Smoothing Splines technique، to avoid the problem of abnormality in data or contamination of error، and the traditional estimation method of Cubic Smoothing Splines technique by using two criteria of differentiation which are (MADE، WASE) for different sample sizes and disparity levels to estimate the chronologically different coefficients functions for the balanced longitudinal data which are characterized by observations obtained through (n) from the independent subjects، each one of them is measured repeatedly by group of specific time points (m)،since the frequent measurements within the subjects are almost connected and independent among the different subjects.

In this research، a comparison has been made between the robust estimators of (M) for the Cubic Smoothing Splines technique، to avoid the problem of abnormality in data or contamination of error، and the traditional estimation method of Cubic Smoothing Splines technique by using two criteria of differentiation which are (MADE، WASE) for different sample sizes and disparity levels to estimate the chronologically different coefficients functions for the balanced longitudinal data which are characterized by observations obtained through (n) from the independent subjects، each one of them is measured repeatedly by group of specific time points (m)،since the frequent measurements within the subjects are almost connected and independent among the different subjects.

That analytical procedures are of analytical tools important because it gives assurance to the auditor-free financial statements of the economic units replace the audit of cases offraud and errors and distortions, and thereby to increase the effectiveness of the audit process and confirm the possibility oftrust and reliance on the financial statements that Adfgaha auditor.
Inspite of identify evidence of proof necessary to enhance the auditor's opinion the results reached in the audit process but it often does not include the evidence on the discovery of material misstatement of the financial statements that lead to earning management.
In this research aims to identify and define the appropriate analytical procedures that require the auditor to use to detectpotential errors in the paragraphs of the core financial statements of the economic units replace the audit and to identify the most important factors that influence this.

The net profit reported in the annual financial statements of the companies listed in the financial markets, is considered one of the Sources of information relied upon by users of accounting information in making their investment decisions. At the same time be relied upon in calculating the bonus (Incentives) granted to management, therefore the management of companies to manipulate those numbers in order to increase those bonuses associated to earnings, This practices are called earnings management practices. the manipulation in the figures of earnings by management will mislead the users of financial statements who depend on reported earnings in their decisions. Because it did not honestly reflect the operational results of the companies, therefore are resorting to Benford’s Law is use to identify the companies that might be manage their earnings management , Where is this law is conceded one of the monitoring tools that have been used to detect the risk of earnings management , we Use Benford’s law to detect the companies that practiced earnings management in a sample of listed companies in the Iraqi stock exchange , The sample consisted of (61) companies from the (87) companies Listed on the market for the year 2010 , We concluded that there are a number of companies that practiced earnings management

The resources-based introduction in the study of business organizations is increasingly dealing in the study of the human capacities and the best ways to develop them and changing the resources of the organization to be essential and competent to face the business challenges. Today’s organizations need crucial practices to face those challenges and the influences of those practices which take into consideration the importance of developing the entrepreneurship inside the organization. Those practices are called “High Performance Work Systems” which is denoted by “HPWS” and defined as the practices of human resources management which help in acquiring functional outcomes whether on individual level or organization level and then to achieve the objectives; thus, this research aims to identify the role of high performance work systems in achieving the entrepreneurship of the faculty members in the College of administration and economics of the University of Baghdad, so to achieve this objective, the researcher through theoretical administrative thought and relevant research and studies arrive at build hypotheses explain the relationship among the variables studied, where the research depended on studying high-performance work systems as independent variables divided into four important dimensions (Selective Staffing, comprehensive training, Performance Appraisal, Employees Participation) in addition to four dimensions represent the dependent variables for entrepreneurship (proactive actions, innovation, risk-taking, competition intensity) , on the other hand the sample has consisted of 36 lecturer in the College of administration and Economics and Research sample is distributed after verification of external sincerity and its stability according to Cronbachs alpha was of 0.87,the data were analyzed using spss and the results showed agreement of all members of research sample on the importance of high performance work systems to measure entrepreneurship, in the light of the results of research we concluded necessity of interest research sample in high performance work systems because They lead to improving entrepreneurship through its knowledge about the form of work , as a result achieve a competitive advantage for the organization.

The resources-based introduction in the study of business organizations is increasingly dealing in the study of the human capacities and the best ways to develop them and changing the resources of the organization to be essential and competent to face the business challenges. Today’s organizations need crucial practices to face those challenges and the influences of those practices which take into consideration the importance of developing the entrepreneurship inside the organization. Those practices are called “High Performance Work Systems” which is denoted by “HPWS” and defined as the practices of human resources management which help in acquiring functional outcomes whether on individual level or organization level and then to achieve the objectives; thus, this research aims to identify the role of high performance work systems in achieving the entrepreneurship of the faculty members in the College of administration and economics of the University of Baghdad, so to achieve this objective, the researcher through theoretical administrative thought and relevant research and studies arrive at build hypotheses explain the relationship among the variables studied, where the research depended on studying high-performance work systems as independent variables divided into four important dimensions (Selective Staffing, comprehensive training, Performance Appraisal, Employees Participation) in addition to four dimensions represent the dependent variables for entrepreneurship (proactive actions, innovation, risk-taking, competition intensity) , on the other hand the sample has consisted of 36 lecturer in the College of administration and Economics and Research sample is distributed after verification of external sincerity and its stability according to Cronbachs alpha was of 0.87,the data were analyzed using spss and the results showed agreement of all members of research sample on the importance of high performance work systems to measure entrepreneurship, in the light of the results of research we concluded necessity of interest research sample in high performance work systems because They lead to improving entrepreneurship through its knowledge about the form of work , as a result achieve a competitive advantage for the organization.

The resources-based introduction in the study of business organizations is increasingly dealing in the study of the human capacities and the best ways to develop them and changing the resources of the organization to be essential and competent to face the business challenges. Today’s organizations need crucial practices to face those challenges and the influences of those practices which take into consideration the importance of developing the entrepreneurship inside the organization. Those practices are called “High Performance Work Systems” which is denoted by “HPWS” and defined as the practices of human resources management which help in acquiring functional outcomes whether on individual level or organization level and then to achieve the objectives; thus, this research aims to identify the role of high performance work systems in achieving the entrepreneurship of the faculty members in the College of administration and economics of the University of Baghdad, so to achieve this objective, the researcher through theoretical administrative thought and relevant research and studies arrive at build hypotheses explain the relationship among the variables studied, where the research depended on studying high-performance work systems as independent variables divided into four important dimensions (Selective Staffing, comprehensive training, Performance Appraisal, Employees Participation) in addition to four dimensions represent the dependent variables for entrepreneurship (proactive actions, innovation, risk-taking, competition intensity) , on the other hand the sample has consisted of 36 lecturer in the College of administration and Economics and Research sample is distributed after verification of external sincerity and its stability according to Cronbachs alpha was of 0.87,the data were analyzed using spss and the results showed agreement of all members of research sample on the importance of high performance work systems to measure entrepreneurship, in the light of the results of research we concluded necessity of interest research sample in high performance work systems because They lead to improving entrepreneurship through its knowledge about the form of work , as a result achieve a competitive advantage for the organization.

The resources-based introduction in the study of business organizations is increasingly dealing in the study of the human capacities and the best ways to develop them and changing the resources of the organization to be essential and competent to face the business challenges. Today’s organizations need crucial practices to face those challenges and the influences of those practices which take into consideration the importance of developing the entrepreneurship inside the organization. Those practices are called “High Performance Work Systems” which is denoted by “HPWS” and defined as the practices of human resources management which help in acquiring functional outcomes whether on individual level or organization level and then to achieve the objectives; thus, this research aims to identify the role of high performance work systems in achieving the entrepreneurship of the faculty members in the College of administration and economics of the University of Baghdad, so to achieve this objective, the researcher through theoretical administrative thought and relevant research and studies arrive at build hypotheses explain the relationship among the variables studied, where the research depended on studying high-performance work systems as independent variables divided into four important dimensions (Selective Staffing, comprehensive training, Performance Appraisal, Employees Participation) in addition to four dimensions represent the dependent variables for entrepreneurship (proactive actions, innovation, risk-taking, competition intensity) , on the other hand the sample has consisted of 36 lecturer in the College of administration and Economics and Research sample is distributed after verification of external sincerity and its stability according to Cronbachs alpha was of 0.87,the data were analyzed using spss and the results showed agreement of all members of research sample on the importance of high performance work systems to measure entrepreneurship, in the light of the results of research we concluded necessity of interest research sample in high performance work systems because They lead to improving entrepreneurship through its knowledge about the form of work , as a result achieve a competitive advantage for the organization.

أصبح الاهتمام بالجودة ظاهرة عالمية، وأخذت المنظمات والحكومات في العالم توليها اهتماما خاصا، بل ويمكن القول إن الجودة باتت الوظيفة الأولى للكثير من المنظمات، وغدت فلسفة إدارية وأسلوب حياة تمكنها من البقاء في ظل المتغيرات البيئية المتلاحقة، وسريعة التغيير، إضافة إلى تزايد إدراك المستهلكين لمستوى الجودة فيما يقدم لهم من سلع وخدما ت تصبح المؤسسات مضطرة لمراجعة طرائق تسييرها؛ قصد التكيف مع البيئة التنافسية وخدمة العملاء لتحقيق اهدافها في البقاء والنمو والربح ومن هذه المؤسسات شركات التوصيل السريع ومن هذا المنطلق حاورت الدراسة ادبيات حقل ادارة الاعمال في محورين هما مدى اهتمام شركات الخدمة البريدية ( التوصيل السريع ) لابعاد جودة الخدمة وكذلك العوامل المؤثرة على سرعة التوزيع اي التسليم في الوقت المحدد بعد تبلور الأطار الفلسفي المفاهيمي ومراجعة ما سبق من جهود بحثية ذات علاقة، صيغت فرضيتين لتختبر في شركة البريد السريع DHL في بغداد (عينة الدراسة)، بغية تشخيص اثر انشطة الشركة ممثلة بالعمليات والامداد الخارجي والخدمة المقدمة والموارد البشرية في ابعاد التنافس معبرا" عنها ببعد الجودة والتسليم كبعدين اساسين والكلفة والمرونة كابعاد ثانوية، بمؤشرات كمية وباستخدام اسلوب تحليل كل من الانحدار البسيط والارتباط والوسط وشدة الاجابة وتحليل التباين وقد قادت نتائج اختبار الفرضيات، ثم تحليلها وتفسيرها الى الخروج باستنتاج رئيس مفاده انتهاج الشركة لإستراتيجية تنافس قائمة على بعدي الجودة والتسليم السريع يعمل على كسب رضا الزبون اختتمت الدراسة بمجموعة توصيات اهمها تحسن مستوى أداء خدمة البريد السريع من وجهة نظر الزبائن، من حيث محاولة خفض أسعار الخدمات المقدمة ورفع جودتها والالتزام بمواعيد تسليم الطرود وتقديم خدمات جديدة مقارنة بالخدمات المقدمة من المنافسين ،و ضرورة وضع لوحات إرشادية في جميع مراكز الخدمة تتضمن خطوات الواجب إتباعها من قبل الزبائن لاستلام الخدمة و ( بأكثر من لغة ).. وقيام الشركة بدراسات مسحية بين فترة وأخرى بهدف التعرف على حجات ورغبات الزبائن.

The control charts are one of the scientific technical statistics tools that will be used to control of production and always contained from three lines central line and upper, lower lines to control quality of production and represents set of numbers so finally the operating productivity under control or nor than depending on the actual observations. Some times to calculating the control charts are not accurate and not confirming, therefore the Fuzzy Control Charts are using instead of Process Control Charts so this method is more sensitive, accurate and economically for assisting decision maker to control the operation system as early time. In this project will be used set data from plant of production of bottles drinking water so designed the fuzzy control charts and also discovering the defectives units as more quickly and accurately. Especially with variable sample size that will product as not constant.

The research aim is to determine the relation between governmental consumption expenditure (GCE) & GDP in Iraq for the period 1981-2006.
The research has determined the scale of optimization for (GCE) & try to know the extent productivity of this expenditure and using the long run &short run model to test .The results clarify the following
1-The marginal productivity for the (GCE) is positive so it is productive.
2-The (GCE) in Iraq is too high because the marginal productivity for the expenditure less than 1.
3- The (GCE) percentage to GNP is 32% is up to national optimal scale which is 23%.