Kerbala International Journal of Management and Economics

The current research aims at an impact of Paternalistic leadership in psychological empowerment at a sample level of universities and civil. The research launched a president with several questions about the nature of the relationship between its field variables and was the most important (the level of Paternalistic leadership in psychological empowerment at the level of universities and civil colleges?) In order to reach results, an analytical descriptive approach and data collection were used through the questionnaire , The research community included six universities and civil colleges in the Holy Governorate of Karbala and the research sample (158) of staff, The research has adopted a set of statistical methods representing the testing of natural distribution, global analysis, descriptive statistics, simple correlation analysis and modeling of structural equation , Based on prefabricated programs such as (SPSS V. 23; AMOS V.23; Microsoft Excel 2010) . The study has reached a range of conclusions, most importantly, with the existence of a significant links and an impact among Paternalistic leadership and psychological empowerment The existence of an impact relationship of a significant indication of the sub-variable of independent Paternalistic leadership with psychological empowerment. The important recommendations made were the necessity of consolidating parental leadership behaviors in universities and colleges, the research sample, and encouraging researchers to focus their efforts on patriarchal-oriented topics, which are of great importance in promoting psychological empowerment.

The current research aims to identify the impact of electronic management of human resources in achieving the leadership of educational institutions within the research community represented in universities and private colleges in the holy province of Karbala. The research sample was represented by members of university and college councils The respondents, who numbered (94) members, are at the level of decision-making and responsibility. In order to achieve this, the independent variable of electronic management of human resources was measured in five sub-dimensions, namely (electronic planning for human resources, electronic selection and recruitment, electronic compensation, electronic learning and development, and electronic performance evaluation), while the dependent variable was measured by the leadership of educational institutions with five dimensions. These are (independence, creativity, proactiveness, competitive adventure, risk) based on the main research problem, which was represented by (what is the impact of electronic management of human resources practiced by universities and private colleges, the research sample in the leadership of educational institutions). In order to reach the results, the use of The descriptive analytical approach and data collection through a questionnaire has been adopted Research on a set of statistical methods represented by testing the normal distribution, confirmatory factor analysis, descriptive statistics, simple correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling, based on ready-made programs (SPSS V.23; AMOS V.23 ; Excel 16), and the research reached a number of conclusions, most notably the presence of a significant effect between the electronic management of human resources and the leadership of educational institutions.

This study aimed to examine the impact of servant leadership on proactive behavior and the modified role of quality of work life in the Directorate of Maintenance of Karbala irrigation and drainage projects. The problem of the study was manifested by a set of research motives that motivated the researcher to build the current study model and explore the nature of relationships, as the servant leadership style is a new philosophy and its principles and tools are still unfamiliar To a large number of organization managers and workers, as well as the inefficiency of the material aspects in the workplace to achieve the desired satisfaction, in addition the lack of understanding the importance of the quality of work life in promoting the success of institutions and the lack of scientific knowledge of the limits of proactive behavior as one of the priorities of work. Based on the problem, several questions have been formulated, the most important of which are (Does the quality of work life positively modify the relationship between servant leadership and proactive behavior) and in light of this, a hypothetical model was built from which hypotheses emerged that fit the interactive model tested within its three variables: servant leadership represented by (moral affection, participation, vision, humility, trust) and proactive behavior represented by (vocal behavior, taking responsibility, preventing problems, individual or self-innovation) and quality of work life represented by (job satisfaction, general well-being, work-life balance, work control, working conditions, Stress at work (and to verify the validity of these hypotheses, the data was collected using a questionnaire and a sample of (120) employees was selected for that, and the study relied on the descriptive approach to data analysis. This modification is in the positive direction, that is, an increase in the influencing ability of the servant leadership variable in the proactive behavior.

The research was applied in the Maysan Oil Company and on a random sample of employees working in the Maysan Oil Company consisting of (250) individuals, The questionnaire was used as a main tool for data collection, as it consisted of two axes, the first: leadership styles, and the second: workplace innovation. The data was analyzed by the advanced statistical software AMOS, SPSS. The research relied on a main hypothesis that: " There is a correlation and impact between leadership styles and workplace innovation "The leadership styles variable was measured by (Autocratic Leadership style, Democratic Leadership style, Free leadership style, authoritarian leadership style) As for the variable in workplace innovation, it was measured through (organizational innovation, innovation climate, individual innovation, team innovation).
The study reached a set of conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which were: It was found by testing the impact hypotheses that the democratic leadership style is the most positively impacting style on creativity in the workplace , Employees believe that their current position in the organization will be affected when expressing their suggestions or ideas, fear of being excluded, fear of damaging relationships within the organization, and in this way communication becomes unclear, employees do not share their knowledge and ideas about an organization and remain indifferent to its problems, In addition, the study reached several recommendations, the most important of which are: Paying attention to working individuals by giving them the opportunity to express their opinions, by setting effective communication systems between them and their subordinates, and setting up flexible organizational structures and giving them the confidence to put forward what they deem appropriate to encourage workplace innovation.
Keywords: leadership styles, workplace innovation, Autocratic Leadership style, Democratic Leadership style, Free leadership style, authoritarian leadership style.

The policy of rationalizing public spending works to increase the ability of the national economy to face and finance its internal and external obligations by working to increase the effectiveness of spending, as well as eliminating sources of extravagance and waste to a minimum. Therefore, rationalizing public spending is obtaining the highest productivity with the least amount of spending, not Spending pressure, The policy of rationalizing public spending works to increase the ability of the national economy to face and finance its internal and external obligations by working to increase the effectiveness of spending, as well as eliminating sources of extravagance and waste to a minimum. Therefore, rationalizing public spending is obtaining the highest productivity with the least amount of spending, not Spending pressure, and all of this is in favor of the general budget, which suffers from instability and rapid volatility with the change in the prices of exported commodities as well as with sudden crises, and then the policy of rationalizing public spending contributes to treating the budget deficit, as the research assumes that the policy of rationalizing public spending has a significant and clear impact on Reducing and then addressing the public budget deficit, all of this is in favor of the general budget, which suffers from instability and rapid volatility with the change in the prices of exported commodities as well as with sudden crises, and then the policy of rationalizing public spending contributes to treating the budget deficit, as the research assumes that the policy of rationalizing public spending has a significant and clear impact on Reducing and then addressing the public budget deficit, Therefore, the deductive method was followed to give a simple theoretical background on the two variables, as well as the inductive method to study the relationship between them. The causes of the budget deficit vary, but the most prominent of them is the expansion of public spending that is not linked to a wise and planned spending policy. Resorting to a policy of rationalization would make public spending productive, when governments are good at using their financial resources in a rational and rational manner, preserving their stability and not relying on the problem of the budget deficit.

The Jordanian economy is characterized by the scarcity of natural resources, which are characterized by their scarcity in relation to the regional environment. The Jordanian economy is also characterized by weak sources of revenue, as the economy depends on foreign aid and donations in financing the budget and obtaining foreign currency to meet the needs of economic development. Due to the conditions and characteristics of the Jordanian economy, it is constantly exposed to economic shocks. In general, and monetary shocks in particular, the most important of which is the Corona pandemic that struck the world, which was one of the most severe periods that the Jordanian economy went through, and these shocks affect financial stability indicators directly, whether they are at the level of banking activity, which often affects its ability to expand and grow, especially in light of monetary shocks Negativity, which restricts the role of the banking system in granting credit and reducing levels of profitability, as well as affecting the asset quality index. Negative monetary shocks restrict financial market indices. These shocks will negatively affect the aggregate index of financial stability.

From our study of the economic and financial reality of the two departments of molasses and vinegar in the Karbala canning factories for foodstuffs, which is among the most important large food industrial projects in the Karbala governorate, we found out that there is an efficient economic and financial performance to some extent in some productive activities in factories during the first period of the study (2014 -2017) with the diagnosis of some deviations in most of the factory activities in the second period of the study (2018-2020), and that among the most important deviations that appeared during this period are the decrease in the quantity and value of production and the decrease in sales and profits, as well as deviations in partial productivity (work - wages - head Fixed money). Evaluate the performance efficiency in the organization periodically and give the subject the utmost importance in order to detect weaknesses and defects in factories, diagnose them, develop solutions for them and address them, as well as strengths in order to strengthen them and work on their sustainability.

The research aims to address the elements of strategic analysis (SWOT) and to highlight its role in achieving, maintaining and sustaining competitive advantage, As this feature is a pivotal goal for most institutions, especially since institutions in general and banks in particular live in a rapidly changing environment with renewed desires in the tastes of customers, which necessitates achieving a sustainable competitive advantage appropriate to its capabilities and capabilities, which enables the institution to excel in its field of specialization by providing the different and unique to its customers And consistently better than its competitors, This research was applied by using data of a number of commercial banks operating in the Middle Euphrates region on a sample of managers working in them with a total number of (100) respondents for the period from 1/8/2022 to 9/29/2022, and a number of analyzes and statistical tests were used. Using the statistical programs (AMOS), (Excel), (Spss), a special measurement tool was designed to collect the necessary data that serve the research topics.
The research has reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: There is a relationship of influence of strategic SWOT analysis on achieving sustainable competitive advantage for banks, The research concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which was: The necessity of paying more attention by the banking institutions surveyed to the SWOT strategic analysis, because it has a positive impact on achieving sustainable competitive advantage.

The research aims to identify the sustainability and sustainability reports issued by companies and understand the process of auditing sustainability reports and try to formulate a theoretical framework for the objectives, rules and procedures of this process and the reflection of this process on the financial statements and to find a practical guide for procedures for auditing sustainability reports. Disclosure and auditing of sustainability indicators using the Sustainability Accounting Standards (SASB). It was found that the reporting and auditing rates for the research sample companies were low, as the reporting rate for the Baghdad Soft Drinks Company according to the indicators of the FB-NB standard amounted to 53%, while the reporting rate was according to the (FN-CB) standard. For the Bank of Baghdad 45%, and the percentage of auditing for sustainability issues according to the indicators of the FB-NB standard) for the Baghdad Soft Drinks Company, as the percentage amounted to 47%, and the percentage of audited topics for the Bank of Baghdad according to the (FN-CB) standard is 36%. Auditing sustainability reports and this, in turn, is reflected in the financial statements. The most important recommendations are to work on developing the process of auditing reports, developing the necessary programs and plans, and financing for the purpose of training and preparing them. To the cadres and people who perform the audit.

ـAbstract: Study aimed to analyze banking investments such as loans and investment in financial instruments to determine the extent to which investment management contributes to financial safety to enhance market value of the bank. Financial statements of Securities Commission for seven banks on the stock exchange (the Commercial Bank of Iraq, the Investment Bank, the Credit Bank, the Gulf Bank, the National Bank, Middle East Bank, the North Bank) included (2004–2020), were used to test multiple direct impact relationships between the variable independent (investment banking) and dependent variable (market value). Testing the multiple direct impact relationships between the independent variable and safety indicators (capital adequacy, liquidity, asset quality, profitability), using (SPSSV23, Excel). Reached conclusions and showed the investments directly affect financial safety and market value banks.