TANMIAT AL-RAFIDAIN

The research aims to study the impact of external public debt on Egyptian
economic growth, using the Threshold Regression model, because it is most
appropriate to know when decision-makers in central banks intervene to
control the inflation rate when it exceeds the estimated regression threshold.
The results showed the increase in the ratio of external debt to GDP by about
1% leads to an increase in the growth rate of GDP by about 1%. 0.38%, but
that was before the threshold level was crossed. However, after crossing the
threshold level, this increase leads to a decrease of (0.178). The research
recommends those in charge of the Egyptian external public debt reduce the
ratio of external debt to the current domestic product (2022), which is
37.1%, to become within safe limits so that economic growth can be
promoted. With an emphasis on using external public debt in projects that
have a positive and sustainable impact on economic growth in Egypt
according to priorities in the light of feasibility studies and evaluation of
current and future impacts, while achieving efficient spending

The research aims to study the impact of external public debt on Egyptian economic growth, using the Threshold Regression model, because it is most appropriate to know when decision-makers in central banks intervene to control the inflation rate when it exceeds the estimated regression threshold. The results showed the increase in the ratio of external debt to GDP by about 1% leads to an increase in the growth rate of GDP by about 1%. 0.38%, but that was before the threshold level was crossed. However, after crossing the threshold level, this increase leads to a decrease of (0.178). The research recommends those in charge of the Egyptian external public debt reduce the ratio of external debt to the current domestic product (2022), which is 37.1%, to become within safe limits so that economic growth can be promoted. With an emphasis on using external public debt in projects that have a positive and sustainable impact on economic growth in Egypt according to priorities in the light of feasibility studies and evaluation of current and future impacts, while achieving efficient spending.

The study aimed to identify the impact of the use of technological tools
(computer technology, means of communication) in enhancing the
manager’s administrative skills from the point of view of officials of the
people and units of the central library at the University of Mosul. The
number (35) division and unit officials. The researchers extracted the
arithmetic averages, standard deviations, and the multiple regression
equation to answer the hypotheses of the study, and accordingly, the study
concluded that there is a statistically significant effect at the significance
level (0.05≤a) of computer technology and means of communication on the
manager's managerial skills. After conducting the statistical analysis, the
study concluded that there is a statistically significant effect of the
technological tools on the manager's managerial skills (86.8%). The study
made a set of recommendations, the most important of which were: To work
on adopting a system of modern technological tools within the central
library at the University of Mosul and to develop and update it continuously
to enable it to keep pace with the era of modern organizations

The research seeks to estimate the size of the impact that market risk has
on the performance of the growth and value portfolios, as well as diagnose
the performance of these two portfolios during the period (2020-2022).
Monthly data was collected for (32) companies as a research sample. The
value-at-risk (VaR) model was used to measure market risk to arrive at an
answer to the question: What is the extent of the impact of market risk
(market index) on the performance of the growth and value portfolios in the
Iraq Stock Exchange during the period under investigation? The
profitability multiplier index was adopted to distinguish between growth and
value stocks, as well as the value-at-risk index (J.P. Morgan) to measure
market risk according to the standard method. The results of the regression
analysis showed that the profitability multiplier during the period studied
was not at the required level. The statistical analysis also showed a
significant impact of market risk on the performance of the value and growth
portfolios. In addition, the study revealed a relationship between market
risk, measured by the value at risk, and the performance of the two
portfolios. The study recommends that the investor be aware of the market
risk to which he is exposed when investing in securities portfolios. The study
emphasized the importance of measuring market risk using the value at risk
to determine the maximum losses that the investor may incur

The economic feasibility studies of the proposed projects are considered one
of the important studies that attract the attention of authorities, planners,
researchers, and agricultural economic policymakers because the decision
to implement the project depends on the results of the economic feasibility
study, which expresses the optimal way to exploit the available economic
resources, as well as its role in clarifying the means of maximizing
production and minimizing costs. Our research aims to prepare an
economic, technical, and financial feasibility study for the establishment and
operation of a model farm specialized in raising dairy cows in the city of
Mosul, to reduce the gap in milk production and consumption, based on the
hypothesis that cow farms have high economic and financial feasibility in
the production of raw milk. To prove the hypothesis of the research, a
feasibility study was prepared for the project of raising dairy cows in the
city of Mosul. Several conclusions were reached, the most important of
which was the existence of economic and financial feasibility resulting from
the implementation of such projects in the city of Mosul, and the lack of cow
farms producing raw milk and the high costs of inputs, we recommend
importing animals of selected origins and breeds that give high milk
productivity, regulating feed prices and providing them at subsidized prices,
and striving to protect the local product from foreign competition.

This research paper aims to assess the application of the AAOIFI41 standard, governing interim financial reporting in Islamic banks, within
the context of Iraqi Islamic banking institutions. The study endeavors to
provide insights into the degree of compliance with AAOIFI-41. To achieve
the research objectives, Data was gathered through a comprehensive survey
of 30 Islamic government and private banks in Iraq, targeting authorized
directors, their assistants, and accounts and audit managers. The research
findings indicate a commendable 79% application rate of AAOIFI-41 in
Iraqi Islamic banks. This points to a substantial level of compliance within
the sector. Benefits include improved transparency, investor confidence, and
alignment with international standards. However, the study also identified
obstacles, including operational adjustments, resource constraints, and
regulatory challenges that hinder full compliance. The findings of this study
have significant practical implications for Islamic banking institutions, the
central bank, and accounting and auditing professionals in Iraq. The
research underscores the importance of addressing the identified obstacles
to achieve full AAOIFI-41 compliance. This research contributes to the
limited body of knowledge on AAOIFI-41 implementation in Iraqi Islamic
banking. By highlighting the challenges and benefits of adopting the
standard, the study offers valuable insights for both the Islamic banking
sector in Iraq and international Islamic finance standards. It emphasizes the
need for continuous efforts to enhance transparency, accountability, and
Sharia compliance in the industry

The research aims to study and test the relationship between the development of the use of banking digitization methods and their impact on the reserves of commercial banks, as the world has witnessed major and rapid developments during recent decades in the use of electronic systems and methods in the banking sector in Iraq in particular and the world in general. The research has relied in its model on the main variables that It witnessed the use of digital technology represented by the RTGS total settlement transfer system and ACH electronic instruments, in addition to C-ACH clearing transfers and CT credit transfers in Iraq for the period 2015-2020. The results of the ARDL test showed that the increased use of banking digitization had a positive impact on increasing the reserves of commercial banks, especially electronic instruments (ACH) and credit transfers (CT), and this is consistent with economic theoretical propositions. The research concluded that the shift towards using banking digitization will contribute to a positive impact on the reserves of commercial banks, which increases the ability of these banks to possess surplus reserves that enable them to expand in granting bank credit. The research recommends that the monetary authorities expand the development of electronic systems for managing the monetary system with commercial banks, and oblige commercial banks to use modern electronic systems that make it easier for both central banks and commercial banks alike to provide banking services to customers more easily.

The research seeks to study the nature of the relationship between private and public investment and their impact on economic growth in Malaysia for the period 2000-2021. The economic measurement for this research took two stages, the first dealt with the time series stationarity test and the cointegration test using the (ARDL) method, while the second stage was devoted to measuring The relationship between the research variables in the long and short term using the random error correction model (ECM) and then measuring the causal relationship between the research variables. The research found that there is a negative relationship with a significant effect between both public and private investment spending and the economic growth rate in Malaysia, and the existence of a significant positive relationship between total capital accumulation, and the total labor force with the economic growth rate in Malaysia. The research recommended working to develop the performance of local investments and increase their efficiency and integration with public investments.

The current study addressed one of the most important and recent issues in the field of information technology, which is user empowerment, specifically in the field of clarifying the factors affecting user empowerment. Accordingly, the current study aimed to identify the impact of the organizational learning orientation on user empowerment. The dimensions of organizational learning orientation were selected based on the literature and represented by four dimensions (commitment to learning, open-mindedness, shared vision, and knowledge sharing). The dimensions of user empowerment of information technology were (problem-solving and decision support, user self-efficacy, and user autonomy). The current study was based on the assumption that there is an effect of the organizational learning orientation in user empowerment. The field of research was the hospitals of Nineveh Governorate, and the population was the users working on radiology and ultrasound machines in these hospitals. The sample size was (463) respondents, and the data were collected through a questionnaire prepared for this purpose. Four hypotheses emerged from the study model, which was tested using the structural equation modeling technique using AMOS 26 statistical software. The statistical results showed that there is a significant effect of the organizational learning orientation on user empowerment of information technology, meaning that the presence of organizational learning orientation is an important requirement to empower the users of information technology.

Sovereign wealth funds play a crucial role in helping rentier countries manage the challenges associated with their high dependence on natural resources such as (Dutch disease, external shocks resulting from low prices or global demand for those resources, structural distortion, and maldistribution between generations), and by diversifying sources of revenues, achieving financial stability, enhancing long-term economic sustainability, and achieving intergenerational justice. The research aims to test the impact of the performance of sovereign wealth funds on the sustainability of the agricultural sector in Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, and whether it is possible to benefit from the experience of those countries in Iraq. It was based on time series data for the period (2008-2020). To estimate the model that was built (and using the ARDL methodology) by considering agricultural output as a percentage of GDP as a dependent variable, and each of the performance of sovereign wealth funds, total domestic investments, and foreign direct investment) as independent variables and the results proved the validity of the research hypothesis of the existence of a direct relationship between... Performance of sovereign wealth funds and economic sustainability of agriculture.

The research aimed to measure and evaluate the financial performance of the banks in the research sample using the banking rating system consisting of four basic indicators: (capital adequacy, asset quality, liquidity quality, and profitability quality). The research used the descriptive and analytical approach, as the banking rating system was used to extract results related to performance. The research sample and its evaluation of banks represent the research population and sample from the Iraqi banking sector, as (10) private commercial banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange were tested for the period from (2012 to 2021), and the research reached conclusions, the most important of which is that the results of the banking rating system showed that all The banks in the research sample had good financial performance in the years of research, as all banks obtained an average rating of (B+), and this indicates that their risks are moderate. The National Bank of Iraq obtained the highest average rating and the lowest average rating was obtained by the Bank of Babel. This research was presented based on the conclusions. It reached many recommendations, the most important of which is the use of the banking rating system to constantly measure and evaluate the financial performance of banks (research sample). Banks must invest surplus funds and exploit available investment opportunities and not freeze them to increase the bank’s profits and achieve progress in the competitive advantage among banks, provided that the element of safety is available.

A university professor is a social-emotional being whose sentiments are difficult to control in the workplace, even though this is sometimes required. In administrative literature and organizational psychology, there is a clear focus on the positive emotions of employees, such as participation, commitment, and citizenship, and their effects on their performance and loyalty. However, few studies have focused on their negative emotions, especially envy in the workplace, which has a significant impact on employee behavior, performance, and consequently, the performance of the organizations they work for. This study is an analytical exploration of academic envy among faculty members in Iraqi universities, considering their personal, scholarly, and professional attributes within the context of teaching, research, and university administration. The research focuses on the perspective of both the envied individual and the envious party, reflecting a recent shift in envy research. The study was conducted on a sample of 991 professors working in Iraqi public and private universities. After analyzing the data using the statistical program SPSS, it was found that envy in its three areas exists among professors in the workplace at rates higher than the hypothetical average. In conclusion, the study offers a set of recommendations for future research endeavors, emphasizing the need for further investigation into academic envy within Iraqi university settings. Additionally, it advocates for the cultivation of a positive work environment conducive to collaboration and mutual support among faculty members.

The study aims to explore the relationship of influence between the variables
of the study represented by (marketing audit, and sustainable marketing). The
researcher also sought to determine the effect of marketing audit as an
independent variable with its dimensions (auditing the marketing
environment, auditing marketing strategy, auditing marketing productivity)
in promoting sustainable marketing as a variable. It continued through its
dimensions (environmental, economic, social, and cultural), and the research
problem was represented by an important question: Can sustainable
marketing be enhanced through marketing audit? The importance of the
study is also evident as an attempt to highlight the impact of marketing audits
in promoting sustainable marketing in Iraqi organizations. A hypothetical
plan for the study was developed that explains the existing relationships
between its variables. The study sample was represented by employees of the
Iraqi General Cement Company/Northern Cement Company, who numbered
(165) respondents. The research used a purposive sampling method for
managers and heads of departments and divisions of the company, in
addition to employees in the marketing department of the company itself. A
questionnaire form was also used to collect the required data and
information. The study concluded that marketing audit directly and morally
affects sustainable marketing. The research recommends strengthening and
developing A marketing audit program designed specifically to evaluate and
promote sustainable marketing practices within the surveyed company.

The current study aimed at the strategic lens's characteristics and effects, including stakeholder participation, resource mobilization, knowledge creation, and culture management) on organizational immunity (organizational learning, organizational memory, organizational DNA) in the Iraqi banking sector (National Islamic Bank,
Islamic Iraqi Bank, Bank of Baghdad, Commercial Bank of Iraq, Investment Bank of Iraq, National Bank of Iraq, United Bank for Investment, Dar Al Salam Investment Bank, Trans-Iraq Bank, International Development Bank for Investment and Finance). To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted,
where the researchers developed a questionnaire consisting of (41) items and a purposive sample was drawn so that the study sample consisted of (140) senior leaders (general managers, department heads, divisional officials) in Iraqi private banks, The results were analyzed using (SPSS), (Amos) program and statistical tools (Cronbach's
alpha analysis, confirmatory construct validity, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation coefficient, simple linear regression). The most important finding of the study is that private banks are interested in applying the dimensions of the strategic lens, but they need to strengthen the partnership with
stakeholders involved in developing the sector and consider them a strategic partner contributing to achieving the goals, and also increasing their interest in mobilizing resources and obtaining the necessary expertise and financial resources to be able to compete with other banks. Attention is paid to obtaining knowledge from its various
sources and attention to modern technologies to create value for them while encouraging employees and supplementing their efforts continuously, taking into account the management of organizational culture to achieve comprehensive quality. The researcher recommends focusing more on stakeholders as they are strategic
partners for senior leaders in the banking sector and paying attention to diversifying and enhancing resources in various forms and according to the needs of the sector with the permanent development of knowledge and the acquisition of all new modern technologies that contribute to raising the quality of the private banking sector
specifically because of the external pressures it faces in the Iraqi environment

The intact family serves as the cornerstone for building a healthy society, and achieving this necessitates marriage. Therefore, a decline in marriage rates foreshadows a decline in family structure. Conversely, escalating
divorce rates dismantle both the family and the societal fabric, inflicting economic, social, and psychological damages on both parties and their descendants. This research aims to measure and analyze various economic
factors alongside other variables influencing marriage and divorce processes in Iraq between (2000-2023(. This period witnessed significant political, economic, and social transformations, and forecasts for marriage
and divorce rates were made until) 2030(. To fulfill the research objectives, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was utilized for shortand long-term estimations. The study derived several conclusions, including
the positive impact of (per capita GDP, population, female labor force participation, female literacy rates, and political and economic stability) on (marriage rates), while (poverty and unemployment rates) contribute to
increased (divorce rates). The research also proposes recommendations, emphasizing governmental support for employment opportunities and small-scale projects for youth, and promoting marriage by offering interestfree loans to prospective couples

This study aims to examine the level of development of some macroeconomic variables in Iraq and measure the impact of these variables on unemployment rates using a descriptive and quantitative approach. To achieve the study's objective, a specific time period from 2004 to 2021 was adopted. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used to estimate the short-term relationship and measure the bounds of cointegration using the Bounds Test. The study considered the automatic distributed lag periods between macroeconomic variables, including
exchange rates, monetary base, gross domestic product, and public expenditures, and unemployment rates. The study also estimated the longterm relationship based on the parameters in the long run. The study assumes the existence of varying levels of impact of macroeconomic variables on unemployment. The results indicate a longterm relationship between macroeconomic variables and the unemployment rate. Exchange rates, monetary base, and gross domestic product have a negative impact on unemployment, while public expenditures have a positive
impact. The important recommendations include building a balanced economy that gradually moves away from reliance on oil resources and aims to diversify the production base to meet domestic and external demand,
which can only be achieved through a transition to a market economy