Sciences Journal Of Physical Education

This research studies the damage caused by the free radicals that result from the oxidation process accompanying the competitive physical activity of football players. This damage is a consequence of the negative activity of the free oxygen and nitrogen radicals, corresponding an increased activity of certain anti-oxidant enzymes. The problem of this research is the oxidation stress caused by the free radicals which destroy the muscular tissue and decrease the muscular force, especially with a high intensity training load or during competitive effort.
The purposes of this research are:
1- Investigating the effect of vitamin C on oxidation stress and the activity of certain anti-oxidant activity before and after a competition.
2- Investigating the effect of vitamin C on certain anti-oxidant enzymes before and after a competition.
3- Identifying the differences between the observed variables of the control and experimental group during the posttests.

The learning process requires using the best educational programs and implementing them in the right way in order to guarantee meeting its purposes with the least of effort and as soon as possible. Yet, the teacher and learner should be in harmony in order for the learning process to take place successfully, and for the learner to receive the necessary information about the taught skill in the best way possible. Later, they will move on to the next skill, for there is a certain number of skills preset to be taught within a certain period of time. The teacher cannot stop not add any extra training units due to the time lack. Therefore, it is necessary to use educational methods that speed up the learning process by helping the learner to collect his thoughts and relate between his previous experiences and his current ones, as well as using exercises similar to the real situation during a game, which helps the learner to recognize the variables of performance which he has to face during a competition.

Tracing the art movement worldwide - from the age of the archaic human up until the end of the Renaissance - helps to understand and clarifies the kinetical and technical development of the art of dancing which, though several stages, resulted in the birth of the most finest type of dance, also known as ballet.
Dance is a performance consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movements. It is considered to be the very first steps towards artistic expression. In fact, it is the original source of all developed forms of art. Once the human's physiological needs are satisfied, the next level of human needs involves both soul and body. Therefore, he'll turn towards a balanced sequence of human movements, to communicate with nature, with the Creator, or with other human beings. These elementary moves were his language with which he expressed his existence, (repressed) feelings, and instinctive emotions, especially due to the lack of vocabulary or any other means of expression.
Ballet is a type of rhythmical performance dance which involves both modern and classical choreography. It is considered to be the extracted artistic value of folk dances. Ballet is used in artistic gymnastics in order to build up the expressional skills of female athletes, and educate them the principles of movement control. Ballet choreography is involved with creating floor exercises on the padded mat, and the exercises on the parallel bars (with or without the instruments of rhythmical gymnastics). The ballet dance has circulated widely among the youth. Among the more popular dances of the nineteenth century are: the Mazurka and the Polonaise; and for the twentieth century: the Tango, the Foxtrot, the Samba, the Cha-Cha, the Waltz, the Basque, and the rhythmic dance
(the Décor), which has a certain sport characteristic.

The aim of this research is investigating the effect of inserting the variable exercise within the group competition on the enhancement of the precision of a lay-up and a jump shot in basketball. The researchers used the experimental research design, for it suits this type of researches. The research sample is represented by 36 senior students of the College of Physical Education Sport Sciences at the University of Al Anbar. The researchers used skill tests compatible for measuring lay-ups and jump shots. After homogenizing and equivalenting the research sample, it was divided into two equal groups, a control group and an experimental group. The results of this experiment pointed out that there is an effect indeed for implementing the variable exercise within the group competition method on the enhancement of the scoring precision by a lay-up or jump shot, rather than the traditional ways of scoring.
One of the researchers' recommendations is the importance of the variable exercise within the group competition method, in order to enhance the players' precision in scoring, as well as the importance of varying the implemented learning methods for the kinetic skills in basketball.

The purpose of this research is analyzing the championship of the European teams generally, in order to identify the level of difficulty while calculating the scoring degree of handball players of the offensive line throughout the European Championship of 2010, as well as identifying the percentage of successful scorings and attempts made by the attacking players in comparison to the other players in each stage of the attack, andcorrecting the method of calculating the special points of the attacking players, (taking into account the distance from which the player scores). The researchers used the descriptive research method with an analytic scanning design, for this method suits the type of solution for this problem. The research sample is represented by the teams that occupy the first six positions during this championship, namely: France, Croatia, Iceland, Poland, Denmark, and Spain.
Depending of the statistical means, the researcher concluded the following:
1. There are certain differences in the evaluation of the attack players' performance, in comparison with the previous methods.
2. According to the results of this experiment, scoring by using the new method (from a distance of 6 and 9 meters with a specific shooting angle) turned out to be better than the previous method.
One of the researchers' recommendations is the importance of using the suggested form, for it represents the calculation of the real efficacy of the attack players' performance.

Continuity of training is considered to be an important principle for the continuity of development of the main functional systems of the muscular system. The basic fundament for developing the sport level is through improving the level of efficiency of the body's various systems, and the level of the body's physical characteristics. The continuity factor in sport is essential for guaranteeing the improvement of the body's physical and functional development, or to keep them at least at their current level. Stopping training results in losing the body's physical and functional development which has been built up earlier. Losing fitness is an odd case which differs from one person to another, and from certain sport activities to others, as it depends on the physical and functional variables of the player. A player will lose his fitness over a relatively long time in case this has been built up over a long period of time, in comparison with players who have gained their physical characteristics within a short period of time.
The stoppage of training for a certain period of time can possibly reduce the value of the player's physical characteristics. The longer the player has stopped training, the more the fitness will reduce. Stopping training does not only affect these physical characteristics, but also causes a quick regression of the body's aptitudes, skills and mental characteristics. As is known, the change of the body's systems and muscles (as a result from stopping training) will lead to a reduction of performance level, and to get back to the usual level takes a lot of training. This stop has caused a regression of the level of physical characteristics in general, for the speed of reversion differs from one person and characteristic to another.

The aim of this research is for the trainers to realize the weakness or flaw in the players' mental atmosphere during a competition. It is of great importance to find out the team's real level, aptitudes and potentials, as well as reducing conflicts between the team member, for the decrease of interaction between them will result in failure, a lack of team coherence and an increase of the members' individuality and selfish behavior within the team. This will lead to a great sense of carelessness among the players, which will affect their performance negatively and it will hinder their success in the next competitions.
"Winning and success is very difficult to accomplish for a sport team that lacks coherence, interconnection and unity. Such a team should cooperate with each other and build up a sense of unity and team spirit, for this will affect their performance and efficacy positively during competitions."
The members of the Football Clubs of the Iraqi Premier League form the research sample (the advanced class of Al-Forat Al-Awsat and southern provincial clubs, namely: Al-Najaf, Karbalaa, Al-Minaa, Naft Al-Junoob, Naft Al-Wasat, and NaftMaysan). The researchers used the descriptive research method, for it suited the observed type of problem.
The results of this research point out that there is a negative, yet significant relation between the attribution of failure and the internal locus of control (inclusive, stable, unstable), and between the attribution of failure and the external locus of control.

This research sheds light on the relation between flexibility and fitness, and the precision of the jab in boxing, in light of a distinctive classification on the beginner boxers' coordination. One of the research's main purposes is investigating the relation between flexibility and fitness on one side, and the precision of the left hand jab on the other side, in light of a distinctive classification of the research sample on the coordination variable.
The main hypothesis of this research is the existence of a difference in the value of the correlative relationship between flexibility and fitness on one hand, and the precision of the jab on the other hand, among the categories of the research sample which has been classified based on their coordination.
The researcher used the descriptive research method with correlative relations, for it suited this type of research. The research sample represents the research population itself, and it consists of 40 beginner boxers from Babylon (province). During the research procedure, the tests specific for the research variables were shown to experts, and the exploratory experiment was done in order to show the scientific significance of these tests, followed by the main experiment. Later, the research sample was divided into three categories based on the players' coordination in order to discuss and analyze the results of these experiments.
One of the research's main results is that the first category was the best group considering their fitness, flexibility precision of left hand jab, and coordination, followed by the third category, and ending with the second one. The researcher's recommendation concerns the importance of flexibility and fitness altogether, in order for beginner boxers to perform precisely.

The purpose of this research is designing a knowledge test to examine the students of the Colleges of Physical Education at the Universities of the Kurdistan region. The research population is represented by the junior students of the college of Physical Education of the university of Salahaddin. The research sample is selected randomly and consists of 100 students. In order to fulfill the research's purpose, the behavior purpose has been set up in light of the first three domains of Bloom's taxonomy of learning domains(remembering – understanding – applying). One question has been made for each behavior purpose, resulting in a knowledge test of 76 paragraphs initially. After showing it to specialists and experts, four paragraphs have been removed because of invalidity. And by implementing the easiness and difficulty factor of the test's paragraphs, 11 paragraphs have been left out for these did not meet the requirements. Finally, after ensuring the reliability of the paragraphs, the final number of paragraphs of this knowledge tests has become 53.
This test has been implemented on the exploratory sample within a time span of 45 minutes. The test consisted of multiple choice questions with three alternative answers each, as is approved by most specialists. As well, the effectiveness of the incorrect alternative answers has been assured too.

The aims of this research are setting up exercises that develop the speed strength of the abdominal muscles of female beginner athletes on the long jump, and investigating the effects of such exercises. The research population consists of one group of 6 female beginner athletes (long jump) of the Serwan Al-Jadeed Athletics Club, and it represented the research sample itself. The experimental group has been homogenized according to the variables recognized in this research, which include the weight, height and chronological age.
The researchers designed a training method based on high intensity interval training (HIIT), and showed it to sport experts and specialists. After checking this training method, the pretests on the observed variables took place, followed by two exploratory experiments, one for the current test and the other for the training method of the samples of the training units which have been applied on 3 research participants. This training method has been implemented through training units from (27/09/2014) to (19/11/2014). Later, the posttests on the same observed variables took place and the data has been processed statistically.
One of the researcher's conclusions is the effectiveness of the specific training used to develop the speed strength of the abdominal muscles and the performance of female athletes on the long jump.

Handball as a sport is part of the curriculum of the colleges and departments of Physical Education, and it involves both defensive and offensive skills. When rating the students' performance of skills, most teachers depend on their personal estimation and experiences, lacking the scientific basics that portray the real development or decrease of the students' level. This leads to some sense of subjectivity in the rating of their performances. Therefore, the researchers aimed to do such a study in order to shed light on the semaphore students' real performance of certain essential skills in handball, as well as setting the standard levels and degrees, and identifying its weaknesses or flaws and create the suitable solution to solve them.
The purposes of this research are:
1- Identifying the performance level of certain essential skills in handball for semaphore students.
2- Setting the standard levels for certain essential skills in handball for semaphore students.
The researchers used the scanning descriptive research method, for it suited this type of research problems. The research population consisted of 131 semaphore students of the College of Physical Education (University of Salah Uddin) for the school year of 2014-2015. The research sample consisted of 116 students, representing 88.54% of the original research population.
The researcher used several means to collect information, including analyzing the contents, interviewing and questionnaires. The used statistical means in this research are: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson's correlative coefficient, mode, coefficient of variable, skewness and the T-score (6 – δ)

The purposes of this research are identifying the level of mental endurance and certain essential skills in futsal, as well as investigating the differences between the levels of mental endurance and certain essential skills in futsal. The research sample consists of 80 students, which represent 80% of the total research population. The researchers used the comparative descriptive research method, for it suited this type of researches. After processing the results statistically, the researchers concluded that the similarity in the levels of the students of both colleges contributed to the insignificance of the research variables, as well as the fact that the students of both universities were characterized by a high level of mental endurance.

The aim of this research is identifying the following:
1. The values of the moment of inertia of the torso and arms during a stable throw-in or with a run-up in football.
2. The values of the angular momentum of the torso and arms during a stable throw-in or with a run-up in football.
3. The relation between the moment of inertia and the angular momentum of the torso and arms during a stable throw-in or with a run-up in football.
Research Method: The researchers used the descriptive method of relations analysis, for it suits this type of researches.
Research Sample: The research population consists of 7 players representing Al-Mustaqbal Al-Mashriq Football Club for the Advanced, and the participants of the Premier League of 2011-2012, which has been selected through non probability sampling. Their average weight was (70.429 kg), and their average height was (174.857 cm).

Basketball is a team sport that requires high effort throughout the whole game because of its characteristics. It differs from other sports, for the player needs high physical and kinetic aptitudes for the arms and legs. There are several defense strategies and thus several offensive strategies as well. Therefore, the focus has shifted to effective attacking as a remarkable characteristic of modern basketball, in order to win the competition and amuse the audience with a highly skillful performance, especially by scoring as mush points as possible. It is of great importance to develop the kinetic abilities of the arms (coordination and movement speed), as well as its physical abilities (speed strength).
The problem of this research is the fact that trainers tend to focus on developing the kinetic and physical abilities of the arms, as training basketball players requires having certain physical and kinetic abilities. Thus, the researcher aimed to study this problem in order to limit the causes of general weaknesses of basketball team
(related to their kinetic and physical performance), by setting particular exercises to develop certain physical and kinetic abilities of the arms, and to perform certain attacking skills in basketball.
The purpose of this research is identifying the effects of particular exercises that develop the physical and kinetic aptitudes of the player's arms, and the performance of offensive skills b basketball players.

This research is about finding educational alternatives to achieve a better and more effective education of tennis skills and to vary its exercises by using the selective attention during the player's movement control. The purpose of this research is investigating its uses through the fixed and variable exercises during the performance.
The research sample consisted of 36 regular junior students of the College of Physical Education (University of Babylon) with an average age of 22.3 years. They were divided into three equal groups; the first group practices the fixed exercises by using selective attention of the precision and depth of the forehand and back hand shots, the second group practiced the variable exercise by using the selective attention, and the third group (the control group) followed their usual training program assigned by their college instructors, all during 10 educational training units and by using the precision and depth tests of tennis.
The results pointed out the significant differences between the pretests and posttests of the three groups concerning their precision and depth of the forehand and back hand shots. The second group of the research sample (which practiced the variable exercises) performed the best of the three, followed by the first group (which applied the fixed exercises), and ending with the third (control) group.
The researcher recommends using the methods of selective or optional attention with the player's movement control to perform these skills, and prefers using the variable exercises over the fixed ones for learning these skills, for they have contributive benefits of control from different positions, distances, forces and speedsduring the game.

This study aims for knowing the effect of calcium , potassium and sodium on some of the physical abilities ( response speed and general speed ) and the achierement for the running of 200 meters and the role of those elements in improving the type of the nerve impulse . and conseq uently developing those physical abilities .
The research has been done on a sample of 20 runners and was divided into two groups , the first was experimental and the second was control . the first group has been submitted to a dietary and pharma cutical regime to increase the concentrations of those elements in both blood and muscular tissues and for two manths during the preparation period the resear cher has used the experimental way .
The study came op with an improvement and devel opment in the psychological and development in the psychological level in the physical abilities and the achievement in 200 meters running in the distance between the two groups and for the experimental group .
The researcher recommends the study of the rest of the rare elements and the electrolytes in the muscular tissnes to follow the functional role for each for the athdetics to give us a chance to include them in their dietary regime and to build the training schedule an practical and scientitic bases to be a big part of the physical regime .

The impotance of research in the practice of sports braining according to Scientific bases property help to improre special fitness level fitness level which leads to physical changes Hat occur in the body during. Longer pulse single indicators such altarat physiological and functional adaptations that occur in the body resulting from performance of this exercise for the purpose of raising the officency and ability to exercise these games which is an acrobic exercise.
The study aims to find out some of the functional and physiological variables through pulse indicators and to identify the physical differences between basketball players and handball players.
The researcher used descniptire method and all the results were significant.
The researcher conclude that there is apositire development in some functional variables such as low pulse time to rest and low pulse after five minutes of the performance effort