Al-Bahith Journal

Abstract
Iraq's position on the collapse of the Soviet Union is one of the topics that has not been given adequate attention, so this study came to clarify the nature of the Iraqi position on the disintegration of the Soviet Union, which seemed to support the collapse for historical and geopolitical considerations, perhaps the most prominent of which is the neutral Soviet position on the Iran-Iraq war despite the existence of an agreement. Cooperation and friendship brought the Soviet Union together with Iraq, during which the latter was in dire need of Soviet support, in addition to the policy of inward retreat and the application of (Perestroika and Glasnocent) by Soviet politicians, in addition to support for Western policies hostile to the Iraqi regime, which clearly appeared when the Soviets aligned themselves with the United States. The United States and Western countries imposed economic sanctions and besieged Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait in 1990.

Abstract
The merit that scholars have in spreading knowledge and communicating knowledge to generations in a good way has made research and study into the lives of scholars a necessity for spreading knowledge, as studying the lives of scholars makes the path clear for those who seek the truth, through identifying the credibility of the scholar and how he conveys the hadith. Especially the sciences related to the hadiths of the Noble Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, since Ibn Shaheen transmitted the hadith from many scholars, and narrated many from him, and he had a major role in spreading the hadith in Baghdad and a number of cities, because he traveled in pursuit of knowledge and hadith, and accordingly, in this research, we touched on the study of Ibn Shaheen and his translation, in detail

Research Summary:
The importance of the topic (the image of the Messenger (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) in the sermons of the Abbasid era) comes from its shedding light on an important era of Arabic prose. Among the reasons that inspired us for this study are: making the image of the Messenger (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) a basis for dealing with With the prose text in the Abbasid era, there was no comprehensive academic study undertaken with the aim of revealing his image (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family), especially in the aspect of its display among the Abbasid rulers and their hidden methods of revealing the false truths through which they wanted to deceive society. The research was directed towards this aspect. A different approach in which what was hidden in their texts was proven. Therefore, this study came to clarify an aspect that many of those who entered the field of Abbasid prose had long avoided, especially the sermons of the caliphs.

Abstract
The marketing centers in Babil Governorate occupy an important position for the consumer, as these marketing centers provide all the agricultural products that the consumer needs and meet his needs. Marketing centers for agricultural and vegetable products are one of the agricultural economic sectors, which has an important role because these agricultural and vegetable economic sectors constitute great importance. They also help stimulate the commercial side, especially as they represent major (wholesale) centers for marketing products to retailers until they reach the consumer, as countries Developed countries in the world paid great attention For marketing centers and the marketing of agricultural plant products in terms of establishing buildings and main facilities in them and providing health and service services, as well as providing them with an electronic system for monitoring, as well as providing huge coolers that preserve the products. Also, most countries were keen to distribute these centers according to the population area on a regular basis, but we see it through this study. The statistical aspect was that the distribution of marketing centers in Babylon Governorate was close to random and did not take into account population density.

Summary
Dialogue occupied a wide area of narration among the poets of Al-Hilla. The poet Al-Hilli was creative in the style of dialogue as he was creative in others. The forgiveness of thoughts came with all fluidity, because of the nature of the topics that the poet Al-Hilli treated, which was characterized by objective honesty, and because of its closeness to himself, so he was creative in it. This was divided The dialogue is divided into an external dialogue and an internal dialogue. In the first type, the poet expressed his love for the People of the House (peace be upon them), and expressed his thoughts and social relationships in that era. As for his use of internal dialogue, it was primarily to convey his feelings towards the facts and events that preceded and followed him, such as to conduct a dialogue. Himself, urging her to cry over what hurts him. In this dialogue, the poet used several methods, including questioning, commanding, and calling, to convey his idea to the recipient.

Abstract:-
The current research intends to identify the effectiveness of jar filling strategy in developing historical thinking skills in literary section female fifth intermediate class in contemporary modern European history, to achieve the goal of research, the researcher put the coming zero theory: there is no statically significant difference at the level (0,05) between the average marks of the experimental female students group whom studies history subject according the strategy of filling jar and between the average marks of the female students control group whom studies same subject in the traditional way in the test of historical thinking skills, the researcher used the experimental method partially adjustable for the two equal samples, the researcher chose literary section female fifth intermediate class to become similar sample to the research and intentionally chose
Al-Zahraa Secondary for girls and randomly chose group (A) to resemble the experimental group that will study the material according to the strategy of filling Jar and they are (30) female student, and chose group (B) to resemble the control group that will study the material in the regular method and they are (31) female student, the researcher intended to build a test of historical thinking based on studies and recent literature and historical thinking skills identified by the national Center for history in American schools (N.C.H.S.1994) It consists of (45) multiple-choice items with four alternatives that were presented to a group of specialists in educational and psychological sciences. Expressing their opinions on the validity of each item of the test, after using appropriate statistical methods to analyze the results obtained in this study. The study concluded with a number of results, the most important of which was directing social studies teachers to develop a special guide for active learning strategies (filling the jar) and to benefit from them in teaching other subjects and stages of study in other grades. Based on the results that were reached, the researcher proposed a number of recommendations. Keywords: effectiveness, strategy, filling the jar, historical thinking skills, fifth grade literary section..

Abstract :
The research aims to: find out the effect of the strategies of support and support groups and the nine-square matrix on the achievement of fifth-grade primary school students in science. Therefore, the researchers adopted the experimental research approach as a methodology to conduct their research, as it includes two independent variables (the strategy of support and support groups and the strategy of the nine-square matrix). , the usual method), and a dependent variable (academic achievement), and the researchers adopted an experimental design with partial control for three groups to control the research variables, and before starting to implement the experiment, the researchers conducted parity between the research groups for the purpose of obtaining accurate and objective results with the following variables: (intelligence test, previous achievement In science, the chronological age is calculated in months. After establishing parity between the research groups, the researchers prepared the requirements for application, including plans, goals, and tests for the research groups. After completing the application of the experiment, the researchers applied the research tools to the research groups, and after correcting the students’ answers, the researchers obtained data for the groups. The research showed that these data were treated statistically using Tukey's ( t-k ) test for two independent samples, and the results showed that the first experimental group, which studied according to the strategy of support and support groups, was superior to the second experimental group, which studied according to the nine-square matrix strategy, in the academic achievement variable. The results showed the superiority of the first experimental group, which studied according to the strategy of support and support groups, over the control group, which studied according to the usual method, in the academic achievement variable. The results showed the superiority of the second experimental group, which studied according to the strategy of the nine-square matrix, over the control group, which studied according to The usual method in the academic achievement variable.

Abstract:
The research aims to know the reality of the information technology infrastructure in the city of Karbala and to show the extent of the digital transformation and the extent to which the city’s departments benefit from the digital transformation. The holy city of Karbala is one of the cities capable of developing and embracing modern digital technology due to the population, economic and service development it is witnessing, as the city has the ability to digitally transform. It has not achieved a distinct type of planning and creativity in a way that suits its protection and its religious and tourism status at the level of Iraq and the Islamic world. The city of Karbala is one of the cities in which smart technology and its practical applications were introduced in its various urban educational, administrative, health, tourism, financial and other sectors in the first decade of the third millennium and work began. In smart technology programs at an accelerated pace in various sectors and according to the societal importance of the urban sector and the degree of its interaction with the population.

Abstract
The study was conducted on the soil and water of the districts of Husseiniya and Ain al-Tamr and linked to the diversity of agricultural production prevailing in them, and we note that the problem of soil in the two study areas is represented in the variation of its chemical properties. Samples were taken for soil samples and their number reached (71) samples distributed to (33) samples in the district of Husseiniya, and (38) samples in the district of Ain al-Tamr, and physical and chemical analyzes were conducted and then take their coordinates and drop them on the maps of the two study areas to be made maps of spatial distribution. The study aims to know the chemical properties of the soil represented by (organic matter and the degree of soil interaction pH, electrical conductivity EC, lime, sodium absorbed, positive and negative ions), and explain the reasons for the variation of these properties between the soils of agricultural districts in the study areas and the extent of their impact on the diversity of agricultural production. The research came with two sections, conclusions, proposals and a list of sources.

Abstract
This study examines the linguistic differences between Standard Arabic and Al-Hussaiyya conversations in the city of Kerbala. The social variables in this study, such as age, gender, social status, educational attainment, and the speakers\' cultural background, are dependent on the region\'s geographic location. The study also addresses the circumstances and current state of these factors among the local populace.
This study attempts to quantify the impact and examine the relationship between the regional variable with linguistic variances and the social variables (gender, age, and education).
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate, as clearly as possible, how social relations can be described using the \"network idea\" that Milroy & Milroy (1978) created. The researcher in our study makes the assumption that women like to use the high prestige in the city center. This might be because they don\'t interact much with the locals in the town. As a result, compared to males who engage in more coherent social networks, they are more conservative.
The current study aims to explore the linguistic diversity in Al.Hussaiyya. Urban and rural areas are its two main foci. It also emphasizes both high and poor status. There are 48 informants in total. There are twenty-four for men and twenty-four for women. There are two age groups, with 24 people in each group. The age range of the first group is 20–40, while the second is 41–60. There are two categories when it comes to education. Both educated and uneducated people make up this group. Each one has twenty-four in it. Lastly, there are two types of regional variation: urban and rural.
The four linguistic factors (/?a/, /al/, /q/, and /ġ/) and the social variables (gender, age, education, and area) are the only ones that are the focus of this inquiry.

Summary:
The research continued the presence of the simile image in Al-Awni’s poetry through three axes. The first axis studied the image formed through the complete simile, the second axis studied the image formed through the general direct simile, while the third axis studied the image formed through the eloquent simile. The research ended with a conclusion in which we summarized the most important results. What the research found

Abstract:
The research discussed the topic of the position of sacred thresholds in the city of Karbala during the first half of the nineteenth century, highlighting the importance of this position as the foremost religious, political and social scene highlighting the character of one of the two holy thresholds, Mr. Abdelwahab Al Tawma, who held the most important positions in the Karbala service, who played an important role in the events of his era. (Al-Sadana, the union, the ruler) His actions and the ideology of his ideas blended the art of administration and religious thought so that about 20 years could resign in the city of Karbala semi-autonomous from Ottoman power in Baghdad until his power was removed during Najib Pasha's campaign against the city in 1842-1843.

Abstract
Sh Akf Foods Fhaa Haa Haa Designation A that Foods Kaaa Aash in 2005 Aat A Eh Ah Ahjat Al-Ajmal M Al-Ad Food, and then the search for the main idea of this company from its first headquarters and in the Al-Hussein neighborhood area, Aba What is the name of Arg like India, Brazil, Iran, and others , Then the business turned into a company producing foodstuffs, and three factories branched out from it: (the pastry factory, the dairy factory, and the kebab factory), where the company’s products began to compete with foreign goods in the market. The research also addressed the reason for choosing the company’s location and it was the result of several reasons that were explained by mentioning Factors of industrial endemism. We also talked about how to sell products and deliver them to the consumer by displaying them in the market. The marketing and selling process is carried out through the company’s contact with direct sales centers spread in different areas inside and outside Karbala. At the end, we discussed the problems that exist in the company and the method of finding solutions to those problems according to a scientific and economic standard.

Research Summary :
Comparative literature, in its emergence and development, was influenced by various factors, which generally go back to the prevailing cultural or intellectual trends at a certain stage. Comparative literature, like other fields of knowledge and other branches of literary studies - such as literary history, literary criticism, and literary theory - has witnessed its concepts, methods, and fields since its inception in the middle of the year. The first period, from the nineteenth century until today, has undergone fundamental changes, which makes dealing superficially with these changes or ignoring them an act that is inconsistent with the nature of science and what it requires of keeping up with everything new, regardless of the position of the scholars on this new thing.
The study was divided into three sections. The first section was entitled (The French and American schools and the history of their emergence), while the second section was entitled (Terminology associated with the naming of comparative literature). The third section was entitled (The main terms in comparative literature), and then the conclusion came at the end and a review of the results of the research. What was reached, then footnotes, and then the end of the research, the sources and references that we mentioned

Abstract
Noise pollution is one of the phenomena that has received the attention of many researchers, because of its significant effects on human health, especially in the field of limited, closed and semi-closed environments, and this applies to some extent to the study area, as it is exposed to great pressures resulting from multiple sources of noise. It varies spatially and temporally, which led to residents’ dissatisfaction with this negative phenomenon. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the levels of noise pollution by dividing each city into three levels according to its residential neighborhoods, based on the global standards specified by the World Health Organization (WHO) for noise , The sound level meter was relied upon, and the results showed that the levels of noise pollution in the two cities exceed the permissible noise limits by many degrees, but in varying proportions between residential neighborhoods. The conclusion of the research showed a number of recommendations related to the process of reducing or mitigating noise levels. This is a dangerous phenomenon .

The current research aims to find out:(the effect of the problem-based learning strategy on the achievement and development of cognitive motivation among second-year intermediate students in social studies)In light of the two objectives of the research,the researchers formulated the appropriate hypotheses, and the researchers adopted the quasi-experimental approach with partial control for the experimental and control groups for the two pre-tests. And the posttest for the cognitive motivation scale, and the posttest for achievement, and the research population was from the middle and secondary government day schools affiliated with the Babylon Education Directorate/Al-Qasim District for the academic year (2022/2023 AD), and then the researchers chose Al-Shahba Secondary School intentionally because of its proximity to the researchers’ home and for the cooperation of both. The school administration and its educational staff. The two groups of the experiment were chosen randomly. The choice was on Division (A) to be the experimental group and Division (B) to be the control group. The research sample amounted to (60) students, with (30) students in the experimental group and (30) students in the control group, and parity between the experimental and control groups was conducted by the researchers with several variables: (chronological age calculated in months, academic achievement of fathers, academic achievement of mothers, intelligence test score, students’ grades in social studies for the mid-year, pre-test of the cognitive motivation scale. After the end of the experiment period, the researchers applied the two research tools to the two groups, analyzed their data and processed it statistically using the Cronbach’s alpha reliability equation, the Pearson equation, the Spearman-Brown equation, and the t-test for two independent samples (t-test). The following results appeared:
1-There are statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups for achievement in social studies for second-year intermediate students and in favor of the experimental group, where the calculated T-value was (6.51) and the tabular value was (2.000) with a degree of freedom (58) at a significance level (0.05).
2-There are statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in developing cognitive motivation for social studies among second-year intermediate students in favor of the experimental group, where the calculated T-value was (11.15) and the tabulated value was (2.000) with a degree of freedom (58) at a significance level (0.05).
3-There were statistically significant differences for the experimental group for the pre-test and post-test in developing cognitive motivation in favor of the post-test, where the calculated T-value was (14.06) and the tabulated value was (2.045) with a degree of freedom (29) at the significance level (0.05).

Cordoba began to emerge as a global city when the Quraish hawk Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil (138-172 AH/756-788 AD) invaded the Umayyad dynasty in Andalusia after its fall in the east at the hands of the Abbasids, but it reached the height of its prosperity under Abd al-Rahman Al-Nasir (300-350 AH/912- 961 AD) The first Umayyad caliph in Andalusia after he made it the capital of his state and made it the largest European city during his reign and the most culturally important city. It became Cordoba.
The headquarters of the Caliph of Muslims in the Western world. From there, the caliphs and princes began to pay attention to science and scholars, and to building mosques and educational institutions to a greater extent than before, which led to encouraging writers and historians to write books. Among these historians and writers was Abu Muhammed Abdullah bin Ibrahim bin Ibrahim Al-Hajjari, (d. 550 AH / 1155 A D), who He wrote a comprehensive book on all historical, geographical, literary, political, and other sciences, and he called his book this extensive book on the curiosities of Morocco. This book included mention of the Kingdom of Cordoba and dozens of biographies of men and women who became famous in Cordoba.

The problem of air pollution is one of the most prominent problems and challenges facing the world. It represents a threat to living organisms and the natural environment, especially in cities, and these pollutants are beginning to increase day after day. The impact of these pollutants on human health and the environment in the city. The research included two axes: the first was defining the concept of environmental pollution and explaining the sources of air pollution. The second axis included knowing the spatial and temporal variation of sulfur dioxide gas in the study area and representing it with knowledge maps of gas concentrations in each location, and for the two summer seasons. And winter in order to demonstrate the temporal and spatial changes in sulfur dioxide gas and highlight the most important sites where concentrations. The results showed that the concentration levels of SO gas showed a clear spatial and temporal variation in the air of the study area, as its concentrations are higher in most locations during the winter than in the summer, and this can be observed through the map (2-3). The reason for this may be due to the weak dispersion factor resulting from low temperatures and slow wind speeds, which leads to a prolongation of the residence time of this pollutant and an increase in its concentration (0.14) in the summer and in the winter (0.49), thus exceeding global and local limits. allowed .

The study aims to identify the economic and urban conditions of the city of Tripoli in the era of the Bani Ammar family, as Tripoli enjoyed central autonomy in the era of the Shiite Bani Ammar family, so it lived a golden age that was unprecedented throughout its long history, it became in the eleventh century AD the greatest city along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, where it witnessed in the era of Bani Ammar prosperity economically, urbanly, scientifically, literary and commercially unprecedented as it settles on its coasts fleets that It was one of the greatest countries of Islam, as they ruled for 40 years and the borders of their state extended from Beirut to Antioch.

It seems that the heritage buildings, preserving their architectural and decorative features, were constructed with a mindset rooted in their cultural heritage. Often, when excavating an ancient city and revealing its walls, the construction materials, methods, and thickness of these walls resemble our traditional homes, exhibiting simplicity akin to current rural houses. This similarity conveys significant implications, particularly regarding a deep understanding of the environment. Through our heritage structures in Thi Qar Governorate (examples from the cities of Rafahi and Qal'at Sukkar), we can affirm the distinctive culture reflected in these authentic architectural creations.

Abstract
The nature of tension, sometimes interspersed with stability, is the prominent feature of most of the eras that Iraqi-Iranian relations have passed through, and from the coup of July 17, 1968 until March 1975, relations between the two countries were dominated by a state of instability that reached the point of armed conflict, and the motives for this were The conflict is based on a group of factors, most of which were related to border disputes between the two countries, and the opposition movement to the ruling regimes in both Iraq and Iran added another factor to the drivers of tension and disagreements between the two countries, especially the opposition movement in the Ahwaz region, which the Iraqi government took to support it to weaken the authority of the Shah, in addition to the movement Kurdish in northern Iraq, which the Shah also exploited in order to put pressure on the Iraqi government in order to weaken it, Therefore, the two countries met on a common basis: the need to put an end to their differences, especially on the part of the Iraqi government, which was forced to give up large parts of the Shatt al-Arab in accordance with the Algiers Agreement held in March 1975 in order to stop Iranian support for the armed Kurdish movement. There was a slight improvement in relations between the two countries after the signing of this agreement, as the two sides exchanged official visits, and the Iraqi government stood by the Shah against the Iranian Islamic Revolution because it feared the emergence of an organized Shiite opposition similar to what happened in Iran, but Iraqi-Iranian relations quickly deteriorated. After the success of the Iranian Revolution in 1979 as a result of the establishment of a religious government in Iran that differed in its ideology and orientation from the Iraqi government with secular nationalist trends and theses, this resulted in, The return of tensions and the escalation of accusations and statements led to a brutal war between the two countries that lasted eight years.

Agricultural taxes were given great attention by the British occupation authorities, because these taxes provided them with huge amounts of money. Therefore, the British authorities sought to obtain as much money as possible through them. Unjust policies imposed on agriculture In Iraq led to the deterioration of this important sector. Where most construction works Those Iraqi people
Despite the large number of strikes and fees Imposed on agriculture, little was spent on developing agricultural production in Iraq during the occupation of the Emirates. Therefore, according to international tax systems, this money that is Incurred from taxes is not considered as sacraments because the supply from imposing taxes Is a layer of those systems. Achieving a general slap in the face of services and other tax payers, and this is what you do not find in the British tax policy for agriculture

This study aimed to reveal the reality of online teaching under quarantine from the point of view of (students, teachers, and parents). The descriptive analytical approach was relied upon to achieve the objectives of the study and the study sample consisted of (1200) individuals such as (students, teachers, and parents) were chosen by a simple random method from the research community, and the necessary data were collected using a questionnaire online after it was check into an Excel program, whose validity and reliability reached (0.87) and was applied to the study sample.
The results of the study were shown as follows:
1. The field study revealed that the most obstacles to the application of online teaching are the problems of poor internet service, at a rate of (11.5%), while it was the most used method in the process of reading and surfing the Internet (mobile phone), at a rate of (80.4%).
2. There is a positive correlation between the parents' vision and the application of online teaching in the future for the benefit of parents.
3. There is a positive correlation between online teaching and the level of student interaction in favor of students.
4. There is a positive correlation between online teaching and teachers’ interaction in favor of online teaching impact.
5. There is a positive correlation between students and teachers in online teaching for the benefit of teachers .
According to these recommendations, the researchers recommend a number of recommendations, including:
1. The necessity of setting up training and technical courses for teachers and students on using the means of information and communication technology and educational software.
2. The need for technical and technical support from the competent authorities, including computers, electronic display devices, and Internet communication networks.
3. Because there are some obstacles in the application of on line teaching, but it should not be a substitute for traditional teaching but rather a complement to it, because the continuation and continuity of the learning and training process.

The tendency of the Sufi poet to his isolation and his reflection on it made him far from traditional topics such as praise, enthusiasm, and lament ... and accordingly, the ancient critics and scholars saw in Ibn al-Farid’s poetry a departure from the path prevailing among the poets of those centuries. All of them are focused on one subject, which is divine love, so what the lover experiences of feelings are the same as their themes, such as sadness, the anguish of separation, the humiliation of the beloved, the spectrum of imagination ... and even wine, its reason is to witness the absolute beauty represented by the divine presence, and accordingly this research came as a study to clarify the objective side In the poetry of Ibn al-Farid, divided into an introduction, and poetic themes, which are divine spinning, and wine, and others divided such as sadness, fear, humiliation and submission, and a brief conclusion of the results that have been reached

The phenomenon of similarity is a concept used by scholars to explain and clarify many of the provisions of the Arabic language. The idea of this research revolves around (the morphological similarity according to Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi in his interpretation of Al-Bahr Al-Moheet), with the aim of showing the proportionality and similarity between the morphological formulas contained in the Qur’anic text, The research dealt with the clarification of the morphological similarity, And the displacement statement in the actual formulas. Shift to the source, The displacement from one derivative to another, And the shift from individuals to plural and vice versa, Then a conclusion containing the most important search results.

This Research Deals With The Budget of The Iraqi Scientific Missions During The Period (1922-1958), And This is of Importance in Managing The Movement of Scientific Missions Abroad, And in Revealing What is Spent on These Funds and Allocating The Amounts Necessary for Them, Which led to A development in The Work of The Iraqi Government. In order to Allocating Sufficient Amounts to Meet The expenses of its Ministries and Increasing What is Allocated, Especially Since The Ministry of Education is one The Ministries That Produces but consumes and Relies Primarily on The Financial Sums Allocated to it to Meet its Expenses.

This research came to bear the title of the biography of Ibn al-Azraq and the introduction to the book Bada’i’ al-Salak fi the Natures of the King, as we divided it into four sections and referred to the first section to: The biography of Ibn al-Azraq al-Gharnati. As for the second section, the book Bada’i’ al-Salak fi the Natures of the King was introduced, and the third section included the organization of Ibn al-Azraq. Blue for political matters and his style of presenting them.

Debate arose over the status of slavery in territories acquired during the American-Mexican War, due to the efforts of many Southerners to introduce slavery into the territories. Northerners objected to such, and these issues hindered the passage of substantive laws to establish organized territorial governments for the territories acquired in the American-Mexican War. Henry Clay proposed a package consisting of a number of measures in the early 1850s, and these measures would settle most of the issues outstanding before Congress, and these discussions about the draft law were among the most famous in the history of the American Congress.

Al-Mawali was one of the most active elements in the Islamic society and was the most prominent intellectual and cultural landmarks, leaving behind considerable efforts in the various religious and literary sciences in Islam. On the military side, their influence became clear, especially during the reign of Imam Ali, who followed the principle of justice with all people. In the battle against the Umayyad rule and also joined the pro-Mukhtar in his movement after they found it where they saw it as the savior who came to save them from the oppression and domination of the Umayyads and their exclusion and unequal in the tender with the rest of the Muslims , That made great efforts with pro Abbasids in their revolt against the Umayyads and were able to eventually killed Marwan bin Mohammed last Umayyad caliphs, and the inauguration of Abu Abbas, the Ripper Abbasid Caliph and has the start of the era of the Abbasid state.

Textual linguistics is concerned with the study of text syntax and is linked to the science of text, which is studied from many aspects, and includes in its curricula many interrelated and overlapping sciences, such as its reliance on experimental research and the theoretical achievements of cognitive psychology and its connection to the field of artificial intelligence. Text grammar is concerned with clarifying the images of interconnection and textual cohesion, through consistency, which is based on the structural relationship in composition, and one of the most important of these relationships is referral, as it is a textual linguistic phenomenon that has been much talked about in contemporary studies as part of a broader phenomenon, which is the phenomenon of linking, as it is one of the most important means of grammatical consistency. Which helps to cohesion the text and connect its parts.

The establishment of the republican regime in Iraq on July 14, 1958, represented an important turning point in the armament policy of the Iraqi army, shifting from reliance on the West, particularly the American and British military aid programs, to purchasing weapons from the Eastern bloc, specifically from the Soviet Union. The Iraqi government sought to diversify its sources of weapons for security and economic reasons by obtaining quality weapons at the lowest cost, or for purely military and organizational reasons, with the aim of achieving multiple goals, primarily driven by security and economic motivations.
The government aimed to enhance the capabilities and potential of the Iraqi army as part of its strategy to implement the goals of the republican rule. In this context, the government increased financial allocations to the Ministry of Defense to improve military equipment and modernize the armed forces. This period also witnessed intense competition between Eastern bloc and Western bloc countries in asserting their influence in Iraq through the supply of weapons and equipment to the Iraqi army, as each side sought to strengthen its military and political presence in the region.

One of the results of the Maronite community’s interest in education was that its members preceded other residents of the Arab states. Since education among these people arose on sectarian foundations, the clergy became the main role in spreading education and opening schools. The European missionaries who arrived in the Levant in the seventeenth century and opened schools there influenced the Maronites. This encouraged the Maronite clergy to open the schools that were first consecrated. To teach the Maronites religious principles and some other sciences, but the clergy kept pace with the development witnessed by education. Especially in European countries and the emergence of schools according to modern education systems, and for this reason we find that thinking began in the middle of the nineteenth century to open a school for Maronites to keep pace with educational development. Thus, opening the Maronite Wisdom School was the first interest of Maronite clerics in education and spreading it among the members of their sect, and the school competed with those foreign schools in terms of education. Beirut in particular and the Levant in general attracted students, and Beirutian and other families wished for their children to enter Al-Hikma School because of its importance and reputation among the residents of Beirut and its neighbor.
In order to determine the importance of the School of Wisdom, the causes and stages of its emergence, and its cultural impact, our research entitled:((Maronite Wisdom School1914-1875 historical study))To highlight The reasons and results for opening that school. As for determining the period for the research, it lies in the fact that the year 1875 represented the year in which the school opened its doors to receive students and provide lessons. While the year 1914 represented the beginning of the First World War, which resulted in the closure of the institutions of the Allied countries in general and the French institutions in particular in the country. Ottoman; especially in the city of Beirut, this included Al-Hikma School, which closed its doors and its officials were accused of being loyal to and cooperating with the French. Some of them were thrown into prison and others were exiled.

This research aims to shed light on the history of the existence of the Jewish community in the Maghreb since ancient times until 1822 by following up the reasons that led the Jews to emigrate to the Maghreb and the most prominent Jewish migrations, as well as to identify the Moroccan cities that became the main headquarters of the Jews and their economic activity, And follow the policy of the rulers of Morocco; In addition to knowing their political and economic role.

Intertextuality is one of the most prominent features of contemporary poetic discourse, and one of the most precise characteristics of its syntactic and semantic structure, as textual structures with a connection stored in the mind of the creator overlap, and thus the text becomes a collection of previous texts extending into memory, whose roots converge in the field of intertextuality.
Contemporary Iraqi poetry is full of intertexts that confirm the temporal and spatial dimension of their texts and enrich their energies.
The reader of Al-Tamimi’s poetry will notice that intertextuality in his poetry requires close reading and conscious contemplation of the vocabulary, its meanings, and its structures. Because our poet was educated in a wide culture, his connection to the Arab heritage in language and poetry was strengthened, and he nourished himself with importing cultures that regulate creativity and giving.
In this research, we have dealt with two sections and a conclusion. The first section included two requirements, the first: (the life of the poet), and the other section included the concept of intertextuality. The second section included (the intertextuality of Qur’anic vocabulary and words), and the other section included (the intertextuality of Qur’anic characters) and a conclusion summarizing the results reached. To the researcher

The works of Imam al-Sadr were available on a new direction through which modern Islamic thought transcended the traditional situation in which it depended, and Islam became its word in the face of other ideologies, which denies all unjust accusations, extends to accommodate all human problems, provides successful solutions to them, and expands needs, systems and theories. Imam al-Sadr opened the doors wide, to enter new worlds in research, analysis and conclusion, as he linked modern problems with the Islamic solution.

The research aims to:RecognitionPositive bias among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Karbala.as well asStatistically significant differences inPositive bias among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciencesaccording to my variables(Gender (male, female) and grade (first, second, third, fourth)To achieve the research objectives,the two researchersbuild a tooleSearch: scalepositive biashas been appliedtoolThe search on the basic research sample consists of (486A student and a student of the studentsCollege of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala, in the rate of60% of the original population by the proportional random stratified method and after data collection and statistical analysis byausepackageStatistical for the social sciencesSPSSThe researchers foundThe following results:
The search reached results in terms ofpositive biasuntilStudents of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences enjoy a positive bias, and there are statistically significant differences according to the gender variable (student–female student) for the benefit of the students,And also studentsThe Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences have statistically significant differencesinpositive biasBy grade For the second grade. In light of the results, the researchers advancedtoA number of recommendations and proposals.

The Fatimid state preoccupied the thought of historians of Islamic history who diligently wrote about the course of events that confronted the Arab Islamic state after the fall of the Umayyad state and the establishment of the Abbasid state, and the extent of its impact on the Arab Muslims, especially after the emergence of new political forces on the scene of events represented by the emergence of states in the East and the Maghreb that were able to To obtain its own autonomy or separation from the body of the Arab Islamic state during the era of the Abbasid state, including what arose in the East, such as the Tahirid emirate, the Saffarid emirate, and the Samanid emirate. As for Morocco, the Fatimid state preceded the emergence of many countries that also separated from the Abbasid state with autonomy or complete independence. Such as the state of the Aghlabids, the Idrisid, the Almohads, the Almoravids...etc., so we note that historians have raced to write about this state, especially the period extending from the second half of the seventh century AH / the thirteenth century AD, as this historical era is considered the right that was marked by the emergence of many Among the prominent historians, including Ibn Al-Athir, as he wrote about them in his historical compilations, so the topic of this research came to (News of the Fatimid state in Egypt prior to the entry of Al-Muizz into the religion of God) to find out the course of those events with impartial visions, as there are many unfair historians in their historical writing to flatter them and not Their neutrality in writing historical events

This research deals with the exact logical terms that Al-Yazdi used in his analysis of morphological issues, and this indicates that linguists are influenced by logical ideas, such as the universal concepts from which the partial concept branches, or what is constituted in general and in particular, or what is predicated of the common or non-existent, or what was in its meaning comprehensive. For its parts that are subsumed under it, there is an obstacle to what it does not rely on or revolve around the meaning of itself.

Many societies view older men and women in particular as a drain on society. To reduce poverty and improve the quality of life for older women, policy makers and health care practitioners need to envision them as not only recipients of care and protection, but rather as agents of change and development. The steady increase in the proportion of older women Age is one of the most important demographic and social changes in the twenty-first century, as it will affect all sectors of society. Concern with the issue of the elderly has become a topical topic in recent years. The study aims to identify the demographic characteristics of this group, by distributing them into age groups for every five years, starting from the age of 55 and over. And identifying the educational status and marital status and their differences at the level of administrative units and at the level of the environment. The percentage of women aged (55) and over in Babil Governorate was (4.12%) of the total population of Babil Governorate, which amounted to (2,231,136) people for the year 2021, and the percentage of urban women of this age was (9.06%), of the total number of urban women in Babil Governorate, which amounts to (535,259) people, while the percentage of rural women of this age reached (7.64%) of the total females in the countryside of Babil Governorate, which amounts to (568,624) people. Among the most important findings of the study is that The highest percentage in the educational status of urban women at this age was for illiterate women, at a rate of (21.52%) out of all urban women at this age. As for rural women at this age, the illiterate women had a percentage of (34.9%) out of the total number of rural women at this age. The highest percentage in the marital status of urban women was for married women, reaching (46.72%) out of the total number of urban women at this age, and the lowest percentage was for women. The unmarried women amounted to (6.30%) of the total urban women, and for rural women the highest percentage was for unmarried women at (50.92%), and the lowest percentage was for divorced women at (6.56%) of the total rural women aged (55) years and over.

We have dealt with the role of compressive uses in the spatial expansion of the holy city of Karbala. The pressure is due to the areal expansion from the sides through which the pressure can be relieved inside the city center. Where the population change had a clear impact on the urban land uses, however, these uses are still randomly distributed in the city of Karbala, which clearly affected the urban land uses, and the commercial use had the main role in The city center of Karbala, where it occupies the forefront in relation to the rest of the other uses, because of the religious status that the city of Karbala enjoys, which made the movement of tourists and visitors continuous throughout the days of the year. Where commercial and religious activity (tourism) is accompanied by another use, which is transportation, and it has a major role in the expansion of the city in different directions. It reduces the intensity of pressure resulting in the city center area. As the city witnessed economic, social, demographic and urban changes, this affected its urban expansion, which created burdens on the designs set for it, which was reflected in its various urban activities

Until a few years ago, as a result of its difficult geographic and climatic nature, due to low temperatures and the accumulation of ice for hundreds of years, the Arctic region remained far from international competition. Some countries even gave up their property there to other countries because of these difficult conditions. With the advent of global warming and the accompanying rise in temperatures, the consequences of which the Earth has suffered in recent decades, the ice in the Arctic region began to melt rapidly, revealing, on the one hand, large areas suitable for maritime navigation and fishing vessels, with the economic and commercial implications this carries. Great, in addition to the strategic importance of these roads, allowing, on the other hand, the possibility of exploring and extracting the enormous oil and mineral wealth contained in the region, in addition to discovering vast lands containing various natural resources.
Because of this environmental transformation, an international competition began over this region, which led some to describe the differing claims between the competing powers around it as a cold war in the Arctic region, and competition began between countries, such as the United States of America, the Russian Federation, and China, in order to gain control of the resources contained in the Arctic region

With a fondness for the art of the novel and its tyranny as an aesthetic literary form and the characteristic of the twentieth century and still a candidate to continue and stay for centuries to come the research in its aesthetic nature and its cognitive and existential concerns became one of the most important critical theories, and the books that The novel deals historically with the novel "Dancing on the Rhythm of Absence" by the Iraqi novelist Adel al-Mamouri, where she found events worth standing by and clarifying through this easy research, which includes an introduction and four investigations, and then the conclusion, where she dealt with the first research: The events and the narrative topic and in the second topic dealt with: events and characters and in the third topic dealt with: events and time: the fourth topic dealt with events and place. This is and thank God first and last and from it success.

In this research, light is shed on the reality of the industries in the industrial city, since most of the endemic industries in it are foundational industries that affect the building and construction process. The construction industries are among the important industries in the economic life of an independent state, with great importance in terms of the percentage of work, employment, and work. Therefore, due to the lack of import of foreign construction materials and the preservation of difficult labor within the country, the non-construction alternatives are (kashi, tikrlock, iron grilles, and muqarnas) Most of them depend on raw materials, such as gravel, sand, and cement. The city’s location near sand and gravel quarries and cement companies made it easy to reduce transportation costs and made it easy to obtain at reasonable prices. In addition, the presence of the Karbala oil refinery near the industrial city made it easy to obtain kerosene fuel. The study area was also located on The Karbala-Najaf transportation line facilitates the transportation of products to neighboring districts and governorates.
As for the sixth factory, which focused on the furniture industry, we highlighted the number of workers and raw materials involved in the industry and the production capacity of the factory, and thus confirms in the establishment of six factories within the industrial city that produce different types of industrial products that supply the national product and meet the needs of the consumer

There is no doubt, and as is known, that the Arabic language’s interest in the Holy Qur’an exceeds all books, as it is the book of Arabic and its foundation in its eloquence, beauty, and the strength of its style. Therefore, many of our distinguished scholars have emerged to study the verses of the Holy Qur’an to know their grammatical and rhetorical secrets and other secrets. They have tried hard to solve the problem. The verses were interpreted and parsed, and those efforts soon turned into books and writings, whether they were books of interpretations or books on parsing the Qur’an and others. They did not divert their attention from the other aspects of morphology and phonetics, the method of drawing letters and other matters.