Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences

Mental abilities can be defined in several ways, including what Cattell (1971) proposed about two main types of mental abilities: fluid intelligence, which includes deductive and inductive reasoning, and crystallized intelligence, which includes abilities that reflect the influence of education and culture on verbal knowledge. Crystallized intelligence has been measured mostly through tests that include information, synonyms, identities, and verbal analogies, and it has played an important role in most intelligence tests, primarily reflecting the systematic role of language and acculturation in determining an individual's mental ability.
The research aimed to build a scale of crystallized intelligence and measure it in a sample in the early adulthood stage, as well as comparing males and females among them in this variable. Early adulthood is the time from about the age of nineteen to the age of thirty for most people. The researcher built a tool to measure crystallized intelligence in its three forms: synonyms, which include presenting words and are required to put synonymous words in terms of meaning, contradictions, which include presenting words and are required to put opposite words in terms of meaning, and verbal symmetry, which includes presenting two words between which there is a type of relationship and next to them a word and in front of it a space and is required to fill it with a word that forms with the word next to it the same type of relationship that is between the first two words; the apparent validity of the tool and the difficulty coefficient and the relationship with the total score were calculated, and it was applied to a sample of (270) individuals in the early adulthood stage (in the fourth grade of the university stage). The results indicated that the sample individuals enjoy crystallized intelligence in the form of synonyms and contradictions, but not in verbal symmetry. When comparing males and females, there were statistically significant differences in favor of females in the three forms of crystallized intelligence, but the level of statistical significance was also lower in verbal symmetry than in synonymous contradictions.

The current research aims to identify:
1- Identifying the efficiency of time management according to Stephen Covey’s matrix among department heads in the governorates of Dhi Qar and Karbala universities from the point of view of the faculty.
2- Identifying the effectiveness of delegating powers according to Herzberg’s theory among department heads in the faculties of Dhi Qar and Karbala universities from the point of view of the teaching staff.
3- Identifying the administrative success of department heads in the colleges of the governorates of Dhi Qar and Karbala universities from the point of view of the teaching staff.
4- Identifying the significance of the correlation between the efficiency of time management according to Stephen Covey’s matrix and the administrative success of department heads in the colleges of the governorates of the universities of Dhi Qar and Karbala from the point of view of the teaching staff.
5- Identifying the significance of the correlation in the effectiveness of undermining powers according to Herz Berg’s theory and the administrative success of department heads in the colleges of the governorates of the universities of Dhi Qar and Karbala from the point of view of the teaching staff.
6- Identifying statistically significant differences in the efficiency of time management according to Stephen Covey’s matrix among department heads in the colleges of the governorates of the universities of Dhi Qar and Karbala from the point of view of the teaching staff.
7- Identifying statistically significant differences in the effectiveness of delegating powers according to Herz-berg theory among department heads in the colleges of the governorates of the universities of Dhi Qar and Karbala from the point of view of the teaching staff.
8- Identifying the statistically significant differences in the administrative success of department heads in the colleges of the governorates of the universities of Dhi Qar and Karbala from the point of view of the teaching staff.

The researcher has adopted the experimental method to achieve the goal of the research ، The current research aims to know “ The Effect of The Waiting Time and The fan-n-pick Strategies in the acquisition of grammatical concepts on acquire Fourth -grade science students Attainment in The Kurdish grammar " To achieve the research goal, the researcher formulated the following nil hypothesis:
There are no discrepancies with statistical signs at the level (0.05)between the average grades of the first experimental group students that study the Kurdishr language grammar using The Waiting Time and Strategie average grades of the second experimental group students that study the la Kurdishr nguage grammar using The fan-n-pick Strategie, and the average grades of the control group students that study the la Kurdishr nguage grammar using the conventional method in the test of acquiring grammar conceptions. The researcher has chosen an experimental design for three groups , two experimental groups and one control group, with after test ( partial control ) the researcher has chosen a sample of fifth-grade science female students from a preparatory school (zahrat alrabie) for girls intentionally affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Al- Rusafa III, the first academic course, for the academic year (2022-2023). The researcher prepared an the acquisition of grammatical concepts of (30) Multiple-choice items, and after verifying its validity and stability, the researcher applied it to the three groups after completing the experiment period, and to find out the results, the researcher used the statistical program (spss) which gave the following results:
The research resulted in the following result: the female students of the experimental group who studied according to the waiting time and fan-n-pick strategies outperformed the students of the control group who studied according to the usual method in the achievement test of grammatical concepts Based on the results of the research, the researcher came up with a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals

The objective of this study is to determine the extent to which the Technical University of Erbil meets European professional standards in the context of knowledge, skills, responsibility and independence. It also aims to ascertain the extent to which there are statistically significant differences in the achievement of professional standards between the study variables between teachers and students in all fields, and between males and females. The study community consists of a number of educational institutions at Erbil Technical University in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (of the Territory's Ministry of Higher Education, (6) colleges and (6) Institutes, and the private community of faculty at Erbil University, consists of (663) Teachers and (14980) Students. While the sample of institutions included (2 faculties and institutes) and the sample of faculty and students were (90) teachers and (260) Students, the study used the descriptive and comparative methoad as a research curriculum and used the questionnaire as a research tool. The study found several findings, including that the Technical University of Erbil and the Technical College of Soran were not at an acceptable level and could compete with European universities. There are no statistically significant differences between teachers' and students' variables, and there are statistically significant differences between gender variables between and within groups, such as males and females. In order to advance the realities of higher vocational education, the study presented a series of recommendations and proposals, such as a review of the philosophy of vocational education in general and higher vocational education in particular, as well as financial and material support for higher vocational education at universities in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.

The success of university education depends greatly on the competence and skill of its professors, as they are considered the cornerstone of this system. A successful university professor is distinguished by a set of personal qualities and teaching skills, in addition to his distinguished scientific and professional experience. In view of the great role played by the university professor in preparing human resources for society, it is necessary that he receive sufficient attention commensurate with the importance of his role.
The training process aims to qualify individuals to become distinguished future professors at all educational levels, and includes several aspects such as personality, knowledge, education, and professionalism. Among these aspects, comes the role of pedagogical training, which contributes. to improving the quality of education among university professors Therefore, focusing on developing the skills of professors and providing them with pedagogical knowledge is necessary to ensure the quality of university education and achieve success in this important field

The current research aims to conduct an evaluative analytical study of the exercises in the Arabic language book for the fifth grade of middle school (Arabic language grammar) and the extent to which they represent the content of the subject. The current research is limited to the Arabic language grammar exercises in the Arabic language book for the fifth grade of middle school for the year 2020 AD, as the number of grammar topics in the book reached The course had (15) topics, and the total number of exercises classified in it was (82) exercises, and the exercises included (122) questions, and the questions included (212) requirements. The research tool consisted of an analysis form and a classification form. The validity and reliability of the research tool were extracted, and the basic parts were distributed. Comprising the topics, there were (200) parts distributed among the topics of the book, and the researcher formulated the behavioral objectives distributed over three levels of Bloom’s classification in the cognitive field (understanding, application, analysis). The number of behavioral objectives reached (200), so the level of understanding was (40). Objectives and application (101) objectives, analysis (59) objectives, and after exclusion, the number of behavioral objectives that will be adopted in the budget reached (160) behavioral objectives, so the level of application of them was (101) objectives, and analysis (59) objectives, and these objectives were distributed. And their levels and percentages on the topics of the textbook. The researcher also prepared a classification form that was considered a standard in classifying the exercise paragraphs and verified their validity and reliability. The researcher also classified the exercise paragraphs, as their number reached (807) paragraphs, so the level of understanding was (384) items, and the level of application was (239). (paragraph, and the level of analysis (184) paragraphs, and to achieve the research objectives and extract the results, the researcher used statistical methods, including the percentage, the arithmetic mean, and the Scott equation, and the researcher reached results including (the presence of a clear weakness in the extent to which it represents the level of learning for the content of the scientific subject represented by behavioral objectives, and the presence A clear weakness in the extent to which it represents all parts of the content of the scientific material, represented by the behavioral objectives. This was proven after calculating the difference and its percentage between the averages of the two paragraphs, and their percentages (within the topic and within the book), and after distributing the exercise paragraphs to each of the behavioral objectives). In light of the research results, the researcher concluded the following:
1- Two levels of behavioral objectives (application and analysis) came in the Arabic grammar book for the fifth literary grade, while the exercise paragraphs came at three levels (understanding, application and analysis). 2- The lack of exercise paragraphs in the Arabic grammar book due to the content of the scientific material within the book. 3- The lack of representation of the exercise paragraphs in the Arabic grammar book for the content of the scientific material within one subject. The researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The present study aims to find out the elements of using the Think-Pair-Share strategy in the achievement of eighth-grade students in social studies lessons and developing their habits of mind. In light of that aim, the researchers developed two null hypotheses. The research sample is eighth-grade female students in Khwakurk Basic School in Erbil Governorate Center for the academic year 2023-2024. The researchers used the experimental method by designing two groups (experimental - control) with an achievement test consisting of (40) items distributed according to the levels of Bloom’s taxonomy, and a scale of habits of mind prepared by (Al-Sulaifani, 2014) because it suits the nature of the present study, which consists of (52) items distributed over (16) habits of the mind, and each item has a set of alternatives. The psychometric properties represented by the validity and reliability of the scale were extracted. As for the research sample, the Khwakurk Basic School for Boys was chosen from the day schools affiliated with the Erbil Education Directorate. The researchers chose two groups, they were 50 students, 25 students in Group A. The students of the experimental group were taught according to the Think-Pair-Share strategy, and the students of the control group, group B in the usual way. Equivalence was established among the students of the two groups in a number of variables (chronological age calculated in months, intelligence quotient, students’ grade in the social studies subject for the seventh grade, academic achievement of parents, scale for developing habits of mind). The results revealed that the experimental group, which was taught according to the Think-Pair-Share strategy, was superior to the control group in achievement and the habits of mind scale. In light of the results of the present study, the researchers came up with some conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

The current research aims to:
1- Measure blame attribution and self-centeredness among juvenile delinquents. And identify the significance of the differences according to:
A- Gender (males / females).
B- Whether the parents are alive or not.
C- Type of crime. In addition to identifying the correlation between blame attribution and self-centeredness among juvenile delinquents. The current research was limited to. Juvenile delinquents present in state reform institutions. Males only, academic year (2022-2023). The researcher adopted the descriptive approach, a random sample of (400) juvenile delinquents was selected, and in order to achieve the requirements of the current research, the researcher adopted the Gudjonson scale (1989), which in turn was based on the theory of (Haider, Haider) consisting of three dimensions and containing (42) paragraphs distributed over these three dimensions as follows:
1- Guilt Feeling Attribution factor, which is the extent to which the individual feels shame and remorse for the crime.
2- External Attribution factor, the extent to which individuals blame the victims or society for their crime.
3- Mental Element Attribution factor, the extent to which individuals say that they did not have mental control. The researcher placed two alternatives in front of each paragraph for the purpose of answering the scale, which are (true, false), and it is given (0,1) respectively when corrected.
The researcher verified the psychometric properties of validity and reliability, which reached (0,87). The researcher adopted the scale (Ali and Shaza, 2016) consisting of (37) paragraphs prepared based on Elkind's theory. The results showed that juvenile delinquents have a high degree of blame attribution and self-centeredness, and there are statistically significant differences according to the variable of the type of crime. There are statistically significant differences according to the variable of the presence of parents, and the difference was in favor of those whose parents are alive. There is an interaction between the type of crime and the presence of parents in attributing blame. There is a statistically significant direct relationship between the two variables. The research came out with a set of proposals and recommendations.
1- Juvenile delinquents in reform homes have a high degree of blame attribution and self-centeredness.
2- There is a correlation between blame attribution and self-centeredness, and this relationship increases directly with the increase of the other. That is, the more blame attribution increases, the more self-centeredness increases.
3- There is an interaction between the type of crime and the presence of parents in attributing blame.
There is no interaction between the type of crime and the presence of parents in self-centeredness.

Ignorance is a cognitive distortion in opinions and feelings, weakness in decision-making due to influence by others, a wrong impression resulting from the influence of prevailing ideas and beliefs, and weakness in understanding the facts of matters. The mission of societies is to train their members to bear responsibility after ignorance has become a science, an industry corresponding to the industry of awareness, and the term ignorance is an imminent danger facing the Iraqi self as it strips the individual of knowledge, which has encouraged some to raise the term perception management in the sense of disseminating specific information and deleting other information with the aim of influencing Public thinking and achieving results that stakeholders invest in.
This requires systematic methods and knowledge of the applications of psychology, which is what encouraged Proctor to formulate the theoretical premises of the science of ignorance, which investigates the manufacture of ignorance, and to publish it using scientific methodological methods.
The methods of ignorance are skills and superior abilities exercised by individuals and research centers with the aim of manipulating, changing, or reshaping information within the context of misleading the public, poisoning their ideas, or modifying their attitudes. The steps of methods of ignorance begin with intensifying the suggestions to push people to accept what is said without discrimination, re-publishing it, and displaying it in behavior, while distorting it with misleading information that can be easily believed, so the individual begins to fill the gaps in his personality with that information in life situations. Suggestion aims to distort the memories of the individual and society. When trying to remember an event, the individual’s memory begins to match the repeated suggestive messages that make him believe that what he sees is the truth.
This is what the current research attempted to study on a sample of state employees, numbering (480) male and female employees, after applying the ignorance methods scale prepared by Al-Asadi 2023. The results showed that the sample was not affected by the methods of ignorance, and there are no differences between males and females, nor by the marital status of the research sample. The research came out with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The primary objective of the ongoing study is to investigate the impact of employing the ice cream sticks stratiegy on developing scientific thinking among kindergarten children in science). The paire of researchers followed the experimintal approach. The researching commeunity included kindergarten children in the Erbil Governorate Center for the academc years (2022-2023). The sample was formed for the current research. Of (50) children (males and females), the sample of the current research was distributed (25) children to th experimiental groups and (25( children stUdents to the controling groups, and an equivalence prociss waS carrid outs between the children of the The variables used in this study include two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group. These groups are differentiated based on the variaeble of chronological ages, which is calculatd in monthS., Intelligence, Scientific Thinking Scale), and the research tools (Scientific Thinking Scale) were applied. Upon completion of the experiment, data were extracted by staitistical analysiss of the data By Usineg the programs (SPSs), which showe thats (ther are differences between the arithmetic averages of the tests scors for th measurments ( Prie and posts) in the test (scale) of scientific thinking (for the experimental group) and in favor of the post test, and the results showed (no statistically significant difference between the values of the arithmetic averages of the scale score (pre and post) in the scientific thinking scale for the control group, with... There is a statistically significant difference between the average score of the two research groups (experimentals and controls) and in FavOr of (the experimentals groupies). This means that the kindergarten children of th experimentals group outperformed the kindergarten children of the control groups, whech is attributed (to the Ice Creaim sticke s strateigy). In light of the research results, th two researchers recommend the following:
1- To rely on the ice cream sticks strategy in teaching science to kindergarten children, due to its great effectiveness and direct impact on developing scientific thinking.
2- Encouraging female and male educational supervisors to participate in seminars and scientific courses to demonstrate the importance of using teaching strateges in generales and th ice cream sticks strateigy in particulares in teaching kindergarten children, given the abundance of information that the child will acquire.
3- The two researchers recommend benefiting from the results of the currrent researich by relying on modern teaching methods and models in teaching science to kindergarten children.
The current research proposes to encourage and help male and female researchers to conduct research similar to the current research in order to findes the effectiveness of the ice cream sticks strategy in kindergarten due to th absenc of research that have dealts with thise strategy in the field of kindergarten, especially in the subject of science and the use of the scientific thinking scale in developing Scientific and educational concepts for children.

This study has tried to show the poet Nizar Qabbani's method in dealing with the phenomenon of repetition in the issue of love towards women in order to reveal Nizar's true personality and discover psychological and personal facts and his view of women. Repetition also plays a major role in reflecting the poet’s psychological and ideological experience, and is considered a key to know the idea that is projected onto the poet. Hence, it should not be seen as repeating words in a scattered manner that is not connected to meaning rather, it should be seen as closely related to the general meaning and the emotional impact it leaves on the recipient. The limits of the research are the study of the savage poem by the poet Nizar Qabbani. This research aims to reveal its phenomenon (repetition in the poem The Savage by the poet Nizar Qabbani). It aims to identify the concept of repetition and its most important motives. The study tries to answer the question ‘To what extent was the poet able to succeed in constructing repetition to make it an effective tool within the poetic text? We tried to identify its most important purposes and levels, which are represented by the repetition of the letter - the word - and the phrase. In this research, in accordance with the descriptive analytical approach, we aim to explore the expressive energies, stimuli, and connotations behind this linguistic phenomenon
Keywords: repetition, purposes of repetition, types of repetition, repetition among the ancients and moderns, Nizar Qabbani, the savage poem....

The science of stress and sounds is one of the important sciences in theoretical linguistics. The sound is the first cell in sentence construction. In it, we are able to distinguish between meanings, and realize the relationships between styles, and for this reason grammarians have been exposed to the linguistic lesson since ancient times, and they have brought it into multiple branches. For example, phonology is divided into: standard and descriptive; The descriptive is divided into: verbal, physical and auditory.
Phonology is also divided into: Segmental. Segmental ph. And Super segmental ph. Segmentalism is concerned with basic sounds, which have written symbols; And then he was exposed to criticism; Because of the possibilities it poses. As for suprasegmental phonology, it searches for secondary sounds that coincide with the primary sounds. Because this has a semantic benefit in clarifying the meaning and emphasizing it, and among its topics: stress and intonation.
Evidence of this is the meaning of the question: How beautiful is the sky? It differs from the meaning of exclamation in the same sentence: How beautiful the sky is! ; This happened as a result of intonation. Likewise, the meaning of “afil” is completely different from the meaning of “afla.” This is because of the tone

Uncertainty, gaps in knowledge, unpredictable outcomes, and fuzziness usually abound throughout language learning which, therefore, involves a great deal of ambiguity. The present study is conducted to investigate the correlation of EFL learners' ambiguity tolerance with their performance in receptive skills. It aims at finding out:
1. Iraqi EFL students’ level of ambiguity tolerance and performance in receptive skills.

2. the correlations between Iraqi EFL students’ ambiguity tolerance and performance in receptive skills.

3. the extent to which ambiguity tolerance contribute to EFL students’ performance in receptive skills.
A random sample of 375 students from English language departments is selected. Two instruments are employed which are ambiguity tolerance questionnaire, and a receptive skills test. Results show that students have a low level of ambiguity tolerance, and performance in receptive skills with positive significant correlations between EFL learners' ambiguity tolerance with their performance in receptive skills.

E-Learning has become possible by integration of information and communication technologies into efficient learning methods, which helps to increase students' motivation to learn and have additional opportunities to enhance their learning through virtual environments thanks to information and communication technology. Study examines the relationship between E-learning and the motivation to learn English as a foreign language among students from the Department of Translation. The research involved (160) participants from first, second, third, and fourth-grade students in College. The data were collected through e-learning scale (Thapa, 2021), and the learning motivation scale Wimolmas, R. (2013). After collecting, unpacking and statistically analyzing the data by Program (SPSS) Version 22. The findings reveal a significant relationship between E-learning and motivation for language learning English and the students have the desire to use E-learning and enjoy a level of learning motivation. The researcher presented some conclusions and suggestions.

This paper tried to investigate the use of Kurdish EFL student teachers’ non- verbal communication in classroom. It included qualitative method. The instrument of the research was classroom observation. The participants were Kurdish EFL student teachers from the Department of English - College of Education - Akre - University of Duhok. The finding showed that Kurdish EFL student teachers used various kinds of nonverbal communication such as; gesture, posture, eye contact, facial expression, touch, voice or vocal expression, the use of distance and appearance. They use the various type of non-verbal communication in different situations and for different matters during their teaching classes.

This study explores the extent to which grades were inflated for graduate students at King Abdulaziz University by analyzing (621) records from student records for four semesters within the time period (2023-2024). These records were selected randomly, and the results indicated that there was an increase in The average percentage of students who obtained grade categories (A+, A, B+) reached 86.3%, and this increase is offset by a decrease in the average percentage of students who obtained grade categories (B, C+, and C), which together reached 13.7%, while none of the students received grades in categories (D and F). Despite the presence of inflation in the four semesters, the results showed that there were significant differences between the ranking of the students’ grade point averages due to the time period, as the average ranking of the first semester of 2024 was the least inflated compared to the first, second, and third semesters of 2023. The study arrives at this interpretation of the results as most academic programmes have started the process of academic accreditation. Finally, the study provides some recommendations which could resolve the consequent problems of grade inflation.