Journal of Al-Farabi for Humanity Sciences (JFHS)

Almulakhas
tarsud hadhih aldirasat fi huduth bahthiat ean alwahy wa'aqsamihi, walradi ealaa taen fi alwahy walrisalati, watabayan 'ana rasulana muhamad (salaa allah ealayh wasalama) rasul min eind allah yuhaa 'iilayhi, falays bashaeir wala muftari - hashah - famin khilal alwahy yasil 'iilaa allah 'iilaa khaluqih , falwahy ja' liadae alnaas ealaa tariq lihidayat , alati 'aerid eanha halak , wahayat alnaas bila wahy dalal sun , alwahy masdar lilmaerifat albashariat alati taetamid ealaa al'iiman alsaadiq allah .

The conclusion
The most noble of all sciences, and the highest in rank through consensus and preference over other sciences, is the science of interpreting the Noble Quran. After placing my trust in Allah the Almighty, I focused my research on the topic of "Vocabulary in the Noble Quran: An Objective Study." The objective approach to interpretation involves tracking the verses with a single word or a single theme, and conducting a comprehensive scientific study of them. A comprehensive understanding of all aspects of the Quranic word enables us to arrive at an accurate and important conclusion for understanding the eternal miracle for all times and places. Due to the nature of the study, I divided my research into four sections, preceded by an introduction and concluded with a summary of the most important results, along with a list of the references and sources used in the research. The first section includes two requirements: defining "vocabulary" linguistically and technically, and the scope of the research material in the Noble Quran, and whether the verses containing vocabulary are Meccan or Medinan, their grammatical forms, and their appearance from an Arabic grammar perspective. The second section discusses the relation between vocabulary and expansion, with two verses included. The third section explores the vocabulary of livestock as a benefit for humans, with one verse included. As for the fourth and final section, it encompasses vocabulary related to paradise and hell as provisions and resting places, divided into two requirements: the first being vocabulary as provisions for the hereafter, with two verses, and the other being vocabulary as resting places, with one verse. In my research, I relied on Quranic verses, their analysis, and their systematic correlation, while also considering the opinions of interpreters. I expressed my own views as needed, supported by evidence from reputable sources, whether from exegesis, hadith, or language, as they are the essential keys to understanding the great Quranic text. I have also condensed some phrases for brevity without altering their meaning.

Summary:
The research deals with the word Qur’anic, which was repeated in more than one Qur’anic verse and came with several meanings. In Surat Al-Baqarah, it came as a punishment for the Jews who transgressed the limits of God Almighty, so their punishment was that they became despicable apes. Likewise, the same meaning in Surat Al-A’raf, and with regard to the occurrence of the word in Surat Al-Mu’minun, it came as an answer from the Lord. Glory be to the people of Hell who cried out for help from the severity of the torment upon them.Keywords: Khasa, the Qur’an, analytical

Abstract
The issue of imitation has a great impact on the life of the person responsible in terms of knowing its legal rulings, and referring to the religious reference, in application of the sayings of the imams (peace be upon them) and compliance with them. It was necessary to know the ways that led to the obligation and other commands and prohibitions. Accordingly, the opinions of the jurists were knowledgeable about the answer to that through their reference to the basic legislative sources, so they became the clear evidence for the taxpayer who did not reach the rank of ijtihad imitating or being cautious, unless the taxpayer gets knowledge of the foundations of rulings so that his opinion is valid.Today, imitation occupies an important position due to its scholarly diagnosis in the knowledge of Shari’a rulings, and the discharge of the taxpayer in terms of reaching the Shari’a ruling to a high degree, and his learning of its Shari’a rulings. Harm to the individual and society, organizing their affairs for the world and achieving happiness in the hereafter The sources from which the research drew its information varied to ancient and modern, and it included sources in linguistics, Quranic sciences, interpretation, the four books, encyclopedias of jurisprudence and other books, in addition to legal and economic dictionaries to clarify the terms related to the research. subject. He referred to some university theses and periodicals, each according to need and necessity

Abstract
Knowing the metaphorical meaning of the similar words of the Quran is necessary to understand the meaning intended by Allah from the mentioned word, and thus to understand the meaning of the verse in question. The current research has dealt with the opinions of the commentators about the metaphorical meaning of the word "hand" in the verse "The hand of Allah is above their hands" using the descriptive analytical approach. Since it has been proven in the speech that Allah is exempt from bodily organs, the real meaning of the word "hand" in the mentioned verse cannot be intended for Allah Almighty. The basic question in this research is what is the metaphorical meaning of the word "hand" in the mentioned verse, and what did Allah mean by "hand" in this verse, and they have presented the metaphorical meaning of the word "hand" in this verse? Which can be counted up to 18 points of view. The great commentator Al-Zamakhshari said for the first time that (the hand of Allah) in this verse means the hand of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), and a group of commentators after him also adopted this opinion. The present study criticizes Al-Zamakhshari’s viewpoint and does not consider his claim complete in this regard, and considers the chosen viewpoint in the figurative sense of the word “hand” to be “the hand of God in the pledge of allegiance.Keywords: figurative meaning, the hand of God, the hand of allegiance, the hand of the Messenger of God (PBUH), Al-Zamakhshari

My research entitled (Scientific Controls for the Renewed Interpreter) has shown through the demands that the research included the six demands: The first demand: Definition of control in language and terminology, the second demand: Correctness of belief, the third demand: Sincerity and detachment from whims, the fourth demand: Justice, the fifth demand: Etiquette with the previous scholars of the nation, the sixth demand: Divinity, and I concluded the research with a conclusion and the most important results that I reached, and praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds.

Summary
This study shows many topics about Surah Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, including talking about fighting and its rulings, prisoners, and spoils, talking about hypocrites and their characteristics, and the threat and punishment God has prepared for them, and describing Paradise and its bliss.It also urged an explanation of the difference between the punishment of the believers, the punishment of those who disbelieved, and consideration of the fate of the infidels from previous nations.Some of the verses discussed that among the believers’ reward is a good condition in this world and the hereafter, entry into Paradise with various rivers, and victory over enemies.
In addition to talking about God Almighty’s support and victory for the believers, and misery and loss for the unbelievers, I also talked about the Holy Qur’an, calling for contemplation and understanding of it, and urging that.This noble Surah also highlighted the importance of jihad and abandoning attachment to worldly life

Sayyid Abdul Rahim Al-Ma’dumi, known as "Al-Mawlawi," is a figure in Kurdish literary history who transcends the need for introduction through a conference, seminar, or book. He deserves to be studied in academic and scholarly forums from multiple dimensions, allowing experts in theology, philosophy, mysticism, literature, and linguistics to approach his work from their respective perspectives. Together, they are drawn to his sublime spirit and spiritual vision, immersing themselves in his profound human and mystical message.
Al-Mawlawi is not merely a poet of beauty, nature, love, and longing, though these qualities serve as an entryway into his world. More importantly, his theological, philosophical, and mystical dimensions are vividly expressed in his three poetic masterpieces: Al-‘Aqidah Al-Mardhiyyah (The Acceptable Creed), Al-Fadhilah (Virtue), and *Al-Fawa’ih* (The Fragrances). These works represent the pinnacle of theological, philosophical, and mystical thought in his time.
It appears that Al-Mawlawi underwent a gradual intellectual evolution, beginning with theology, passing through Aristotelian (Peripatetic) philosophy, and eventually reaching the realm of Illuminationist wisdom and Sufi mysticism. He ultimately settled within the Naqshbandi order, embracing its teachings and adhering to its principles.

Summary
The majority of the Salaf and Khalaf have held that it is permissible to narrate the hadith by meaning if the narrator is knowledgeable about the subtleties of the words, aware of the extent of the difference between them, and knowledgeable about what their meanings imply. If he replaces the word that he has received with another word that takes its place, such that its meaning is identical to the meaning of the word that he has received, then that is permissible.Al-Suyuti said in Tadrib al-Rawi: The majority of the Salaf and Khalaf from the sects, including the four Imams, said: It is permissible by meaning in all of it if it is certain that the meaning has been conveyed, because that is what the conditions of the Companions and the Salaf testify to, and their narration of the same story with different wordings indicates it.
The majority of scholars have provided evidence for this with several pieces of evidence, some of which were mentioned by Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi in his book Al-Kifaya fi Ilm Al-Riwayah, where he said: This is also indicated by the agreement of the nation that the scholar has the meaning of the news of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, and the listener of his words can convey the meaning of his news in a way other than his words and in the Arabic language, and that it is the duty of his messengers and ambassadors to the people of different languages, whether non-Arabs or others, to narrate from him what they heard and carried of what he informed them of and what they were commanded to do on the tongues of his messengers; especially if the ambassador knows both languages, for it is not permissible for him to entrust what he narrates to an interpreter while he knows the speech in that language, because he is not safe from error and intentional distortion on the part of the interpreter, so he must narrate it himself. If this is proven, it is correct that the intention of narrating his news, commands and prohibitions is to achieve its meaning and comply with its requirement without citing its exact wording and form. In this way, the non-Arabs and others from all nations are obligated to call the Messenger to his religion and to know its rulings. Evidence of this is that lying and distorting the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and changing the meaning of the word is only denied. If the narrator of the hadith accepts the meaning of that, then he is informing of the intended meaning of the wording and is truthful about the Messenger, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and is like someone who reported Zayd’s speech, commands, prohibitions and words in a way that takes the place of his speech and replaces it without addition or subtraction. It is not considered that the narrator of that has conveyed the intended meaning and is not a liar or a distorter. The Qur’an has mentioned something similar to this; for Allah, the Most High, narrated stories from the news of what came before, some of which he repeated in different places with different words, but the meaning is the same, and he transferred them from their tongues to the Arabic tongue, which differs from it in terms of precedence, delay, addition, subtraction and the like. The requirement that the narrator be knowledgeable of the meanings of the hadith, as he narrates by meaning, is an indispensable condition, and it is included in the condition of accuracy that is required of the narrator of the authentic hadith; as mentioned in the books of hadith terminology such as Tadrib al-Rawi by al-Suyuti and others.Based on this, the statement that most hadiths are narrated by meaning is not far-fetched, except that the scholars have excluded the words used for worship, such as the supplications and traditional prayers

Research Summary:
The hadith of the Prophet is every word and deed, recipe and report issued by the Holy Prophet (Allah peace be upon him), and came as an interpreter of the Holy Quran and a guide to the affairs of the servants in duties, worship, provisions and a statement of coercion, sin and penalties for the perpetrator, And the reward for those who repented of it, and other matters of true religion, so it is necessary to immunize the pure Sunnah of the Prophet, from every intruder on it what is not from them, so the knowledge of men in the case of the narrator and his narration in the balance of wound and modification, to know the rank of the narrator and his narration, So I chose my research this entitled: "Narrator: Abdul Rahman bin Thabit bin Thuban Dimashqi (165 e) in the balance of wound and modification (collection and study)", two sections, in the first section made the translation of the narrator, and in the second section made the sayings of wound and modification and discussion and judgment, collected those sayings, From the books of translations and ills and others with what is available to me from the sources, then I interpret those sayings and compare them in the discussion and show the reason, and judge the narrator.

The Introduction
Praise be to God who created Adam and modified him, and prayers and peace be upon the Master of Messengers who brought the middle approach and explained it, and may God be pleased with his family and companions who condemned extremism and its people.As for after:The knowledge of the principles of religion is for the sake of science, and the most important thing on which this science is based is the science of hadith, and most of those who preserved and defended the noble Prophet’s hadith are the scholars of jarh and ta’deel who had a major role in preserving the Sunnah and dispelling lies and errors against it They spoke critically and amended about the narrators of the hadith in order to distinguish between the trustworthy and the weak, the truthful and the liars, the famous and the unknown, in order to know the authenticity of the hadith or not, because the authenticity of the hadith is a matter linked to the men of its chain of transmission in the first degree, and its safety from defects and abnormalities in the second degree And the nature of the human soul; These critics were not of the same rank or class. Some of them were strict and stubborn in their judgment of the narrator, and might make a mistake or two. Among them were the lenient ones who were tolerant in their judgment to the point that they trusted liars and the ignorant. The third type is the moderate one who judges the narrator as he is. Without strictness or leniency What pertains to our study in this modest research is the study of the extremists’ approach and its effect on wounding narrators. Their excessive judgment of narrators as extremists is due to a group of reasons, and these reasons have led to a group of unjustified effects. With God’s help, I will explain all of this in detail, in my research. What I called: ((Strictness and its effect on wounding narrators The research required that it consist of an introduction, three sections, a conclusion, and then the sources. The first section included definitions, the second section: the causes of extremism, the third section: the effects resulting from extremism, and the conclusion: sources and references Extremism its effect injury Narrators The Prophet

Research Summary)
The food security of Muslim countries is one of the crucial and sensitive issues of these countries, because the loss of this security or the failure to achieve it completely exposes these countries to great risks, starting with famine and ending with submission to hostile and greedy foreign countries.In summary, I have found:1.Political reform, the assumption of those fit to govern, and the assumption of trustees is essential to achieve food security.
2.The Islamic Sharia policy obliges the Muslim ruler to work to provide sustainable food security, in accordance with the Sharia controls in replacement and haram, and to legislate and put laws into force in this field, and to support agricultural projects.
3.The issue of food security is a matter of national security for every country, which should not be tolerated, and Islamic countries must harness all their religious, material and scientific capabilities to achieve this security, as required by the provisions of the Islamic legal policy.
4.The rulers of Muslim countries must provide food security for their countries individually for each country or collectively, taking into account that the beginning is with necessities, then needs and then improvements.
5.Muslim countries must end dependence on Western or Eastern countries in all its forms, including economic dependence, and not rely on these countries to provide food.
6. Various media should be used to explain the danger of complacency on the issue of food security, and to publish Quranic verses and hadiths that urge agriculture, and forbid extravagance, to encourage young people To work in agriculture, and leave the overeating of food.
Islam can solve the global food problem and achieve full food security, not only for Muslim countries, but the whole world with one measure, which is to convert agricultural land used in the cultivation of crops intended for the manufacture of liquor into land allocated for agricultural crops that achieve food security, because the areas grown with these crops are sufficient to feed all countries that suffer from food shortages, as well as lands used to grow drugs, tobacco and other useless crops.

Abstract:
The purpose of this research (the theory of the legislative vacuum according to the martyr al-Sadr) is to explain what is meant by this idea and attempt to explore its roots and causes in a way that makes it clear that it is one of the manifestations of the perfection of Islamic law and not a deficiency in it, and then to point to the standards and established frameworks in Islamic law to fill the void area by a guardian.The legal matter in every time is according to the requirements of that time. We will also point out the difference between filling the empty area by the guardian and the mujtahid’s treatment of the problem (lack of text) when deriving the legal rulings.

Abstract
The overlapping of texts is a common phenomenon since ancient times in our Arabic literature; as we rarely find a pure text that is free from blemish from other texts of a writer or poet,..., and critics have addressed this phenomenon, some of whom linked it to plagiarism, and some of whom made quoting from another text a legitimate matter provided that the quoted text is indicated, reaching the identification of types of quotation,....
The research addresses quotation in Abu Tammam's poetry as a term related to taking from the Holy Quran and the Noble Hadith (and others), so that the focus is on the effect of quoting from the Quranic text in building his poetic language, and its artistic effect, since most of his quotation focuses on this aspect, by tracing the quotation in his collection with reference to the Quranic verses from which he quoted, within the framework of addressing the quotation from two aspects: the type of the quoted word (noun, verb), and direct and indirect quotation, reaching an analytical study of the evidence to reach the linguistic and artistic semantic effect of the quoted text in this poet

Abstract:
Modern literary texts are considered one of the most prominent intellectual currents in the postmodern era. However, they cannot be classified as literary texts unless they meet the criteria of cultural criticism that highlight their artistic and intellectual value. This requires the writer to have a deep understanding of these criteria, making it necessary for them to be a well-informed, creative author capable of employing diverse patterns in their text while concealing their true intentions behind layers of metaphor and allusion.As a result, these texts are not expected to be clear and straightforward for all readers but rather to veil their ideas behind symbolic masks, adding deeper artistic and semantic value to the text. This is where semantic interpretation of these patterns arises, within comprehensive contexts that bring together diverse perspectives. The Saudi critic Abdullah Al-Ghathami addressed this topic in his discussion of the conditions of cultural criticism and the importance of implicit patterns that contribute to enhancing the text and offering systematic cues that enrich ideas and perspectives.Therefore, in this research, I adopted the cultural criticism approach to uncover the implicit patterns and highlight their significance in literary texts (with political exclusion as a dominant pattern). This was exemplified in the novels of the writer Rasim Al-Hadithi. The research is structured with a theoretical framework, where the concept of exclusion and its motivations are discussed, followed by an applied framework that focuses on analyzing the texts and uncovering the visions and cultural dimensions they conceal

Abstract
Ibn Samak Al-Amili is considered one of the most important historians who have an impact on the political reality in Andalusia in general and the Sultanate of Granada in particular, because he held important positions in this Sultanate, and thus his writings were a picture of a political reality that the author himself realized; His writings expanded in several fields between literary and historical works, and we find him sometimes speaking in his book as a preacher and historian about the biography of the caliphs and princes, as in his book (Al-Durr Al-Thamin fi Manahij Al-Muluk wa Al-Sultans), and sometimes we find him writing us wonderful wisdom and anecdotes that he mentioned on the tongues of princes and veils, as is the case in his book (Al-Zahrat Al-Manthura fi Kalimat Al-Akhbar Al-Ma'thura).The political life that the Islamic nation lived, especially the people of Andalusia, and the threat of their annihilation by the Europeans was one of the reasons that prompted Ibn Samak to write about this aspect in an attempt to revive the nation and raise the morale of the rulers by presenting news of the kings who preceded them to instill hope in their souls, which came under the title (The Splendor of Writing in the Rule of Politics and Management

This paper aims to study the effect of personification, which is (giving human characteristics to inanimate objects) in the poetry of Fityan al-Shaghouri (615 AH), one of the second Abbasid era poets. Through our review of his collection, we found that he frequently used personification in his poetry, until it became a prominent phenomenon, so we decided to study the impact of this phenomenon in enriching his poetic images.

Abstract of the research:
The antithetical pairs are one of the components of expression, and the basis of constructing the text, and it has its own aesthetics, and it is a modern concept known by Arabs by names such as opposition and antithesis and others. Poets have relied in constructing their poems on employing contrast in drawing the poetic image to express their feelings and emotions, and an attempt to influence the recipient. The research has shown that the poetry of Ibn Al-Labbana Al-Dani has clearly and greatly highlighted the antithetical pairs, as they formed a prominent feature in his poetry, especially what was related to the circumstances in which the poet lived. These pairs appeared in his poetry as a result of a position towards the universe and life, so he was honest in his poetic suffering. The research has shown the functions of the antithetical pairs in the poet, as they sought to achieve the effectiveness of the literary text and its poetry, in addition to arousing astonishment, the ability to persuade, the coherence of the text and the harmony of its parts. They appeared at the level of the word, and the poet employed them in constructing the text with vocabulary to express his emotional state, and they were represented by the moral antithetical pairs that hide behind the text, including It contains symbols.

ABSTRACT
The Arabs tended towards brevity in their speech and saw in it an eloquence that surpassed the eloquence of redundancy and elaboration. In this matter, they used rhetorical and grammatical methods, including the methods of deletion and ambiguity. The research aims to clarify the concepts of both deletion and ambiguity, and to explain the justifications for both deletion and ambiguity in the speech of the Arabs, and to find out... Places in which scholars have used deletion in place of inclusion and vice versa. The research adopts the descriptive analytical approach and proceeds from the grammatical rule towards collecting data and information and trying to analyze them to extract results from them by differentiating between the two terms by defining them and talking about the reasons for each of them, and explaining how scholars used one of them in place of The other.

Poetic language derives its dynamism from breaking conventional norms and challenging the communicative language by subverting its established connotations, words, and musicality. This liberation aims to elevate the performance of the poetic text by invigorating and refreshing it, surprising the reader with broken expectations, and diversifying creative expressions. The Abstract:poet is in constant pursuit and perpetual adventure toward innovative and distinguished techniques, employing a variety of linguistic and rhythmic structures to showcase their uniqueness, vitality, creativity, and intellectual depth.

Conclusion
The study of lslamic poetry if it serves the purpose and comes out in a form that benefits the reader is considered a service to the heritage of the Arab nation and literature in lslamic poetry in particular The more the study of poetry is the stronger and more beneficial it is than what is known to linguists in Arabic literature especially when there are words that are used according to what they appear in the poetic verses including the word lightning which has been the subject of research.

Abstract:
Andalusia has enjoyed an important position in Islamic history throughout its various eras, and it had distinct political and civilizational features throughout its different eras, but this importance declined during the era of the Taifa Kings as a result of the weakness, dissolution and division that befell Andalusia.The research dealt with the role of the Spanish kingdoms in fueling conflicts in Andalusia during the era of the Taifa Kings. The research relied on the historical approach based on collecting scientific material and working to analyze and criticize it to reach the historical truth.The research was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with the research on the Spanish kingdoms that existed during the era of the Taifa Kings and the ruling families of Andalusia after the fall of the Caliphate and the emergence of the Taifa Kings. In the second section, the research dealt with the role of the Spanish kingdoms contributing to the overthrow of the Caliphate and the emergence of the Taifa Kings and the role played by the Spanish kingdoms in weakening the Taifa Kings and achieving many of the recovery goals

الملخص
تناولت الدراسة "تأثير العلاقات العراقية التركية على الاستقرار السياسي في العراق منذ القرن العشرين"، وسلطت الضوء على العلاقة المعقدة التي تربط البلدين، حيث تتداخل المصالح السياسية، والاقتصادية، والأمنية وتؤثر على استقرار العراق الداخلي والإقليمي. تستعرض الدراسة تطور العلاقات العراقية التركية في سياق تاريخي يبدأ بعد تفكك الإمبراطورية العثمانية، وتوضيح كيفية تأثير اتفاقية سايكس بيكو وما تلاها من أحداث على تحديد الحدود السياسية والجغرافية وتشكيل التفاعلات الإقليمية بين العراق وتركيا.في الفصل الأول، تركز الدراسة على العوامل التاريخية والسياسية التي أسهمت في تشكيل العلاقات بين البلدين، مثل التحولات السياسية الكبيرة، بما في ذلك صعود حزب البعث في العراق وإصلاحات أتاتورك في تركيا. تُظهر هذه المرحلة التأثير الكبير للتيارات القومية والسياسات الداخلية في البلدين، وما لها من انعكاسات مباشرة على شكل العلاقة بين الجانبين، والتي اتسمت بفترات من التوتر والاستقرار المتقطع. كما يناقش الفصل الأبعاد الاقتصادية والأمنية للعلاقات الثنائية، حيث تشكل مسألة الموارد المائية المشتركة، خاصة نهري دجلة والفرات، موضوعًا مركزيًا في التوترات الإقليمية، نظرًا لاعتماد العراق الكبير على تدفق المياه من تركيا، وهو ما جعل من هذه المسألة نقطة خلافية تهدد استقرار العراق.أما الفصل الثاني، فيركز على تحليل تأثير هذه العلاقات على الوضع الداخلي في العراق، خاصةً في ضوء السياسات الخارجية التركية التي تتضمن تدخلات مباشرة وغير مباشرة في الشأن العراقي، خاصة في شمال العراق. يستعرض هذا الجزء كيف تعمل تركيا على دعم فصائل معينة أو تعزيز نفوذها في بعض المناطق، مما يخلق توترات داخلية ويؤثر على استقرار العراق. وتدرس الدراسة كذلك السيناريوهات المستقبلية، حيث ترى أنه يمكن أن تؤدي العلاقات الثنائية إما إلى تعزيز الاستقرار السياسي في العراق أو إلى تفاقم الأزمات، تبعًا لقدرة الدولتين على التعاون في قضايا المياه والأمن، وتجنب التدخلات العسكرية. تستنتج الدراسة أن العلاقات العراقية التركية هي عامل حاسم في تشكيل مستقبل الاستقرار السياسي في العراق، حيث يتطلب بناء استقرار طويل الأمد تعاوناً متوازناً ومستمراً بين البلدين يعتمد على احترام السيادة وإدارة الموارد المشتركة بفعالي

Abstract
The study of Mamluk-Qaramani political relations during the reign of the Mamluk Sultan Al-Muayyad Sheikh Al-Mahmoudi is one of the important studies that many researchers have overlooked because it reveals an important aspect of the history of Mamluk relations with the Qaramani emirate, which was the largest and most powerful Turkmen emirate after the Ottoman Empire. This emirate was established on.The ruins of the Seljuk state of Rum. It took the city of Konya as its capital and ruled during the period (654-888 AH / 1256-1483 AD). It expanded at the expense of its neighboring regions and enjoyed an important position, as it was a buffer emirate between the Mamluk state and the rising Ottoman state.As for the Mamluk state, it was going through difficult circumstances, after the departure of the two princes, Sheikh al-Mahmoudi - before he became sultan - and Prince Nowruz al-Hafizi against Sultan Faraj bin Barquq, who assigned them a military campaign that left Egypt to the Levant, but he lost the battle and was killed in the Damascus Citadel, and the opinion of the princes was unanimous. On the installation of the Abbasid Caliph.Al-Musta’in Billah was appointed Sultan, and after several months, Al-Muayyad Sheikh was able to depose the Caliph and became the Sultan. He worked hard against the princes opposing him until he was able, after four years, to control the reins of government and end the state of chaos in the country.The people of Qaraman took advantage of the circumstances that the Mamluk state was going through and attacked the city of Tarsus, and their prince refused to send its keys to the Mamluk Sultan, who was angered by the actions of the Qaraman prince and decided to go out himself at the head of a military campaign that departed from Cairo in the year (820 AH/1417 AD) that subjected the people of Qaraman to Mamluk rule. That sons.The Karamanids attacked the city of Tarsus once again. The Mamluk Sultan was not satisfied with the people of Karaman disobeying him, so he prepared for them a second military campaign (822 AH / 1419 AD) led by his strict son Ibrahim, which left Cairo towards the Levant to organize the Levantine forces and march towards the Karamanid lands and seize control. In most of its cities. A number of princes were captured, including Prince Muhammad Al-Qarmani, who was imprisoned in Cairo. After the death of Sultan Al-Muayyad, the young daughter of the child assumed power, and his guardian was Prince Tatar, who released Prince Al-Qarmani after concluding peace treaties with him.

Abstract
tahdif hadhih aldirasat fi altaearuf ealaa eulama' makat almukaramat wadawrihim fi alhayat aleilmiat fi aleasr almamlukii wajuhud aleulama' aleilmiat waisihamatihim fi taelim almujtamae watathqifih waltaearuf kadhalik ealaa athirihim fi eadad min aleulum waydah musahamatahum fi talif alkutub wahifz aleilam khasatan aleulum alshareiat mimaa kan lah dawr fi khuruj jil mutlae wawaei fi eadad min aleulumi. wabuyinat hadhih aldirasat an aleulama' lam yakunuu bimaezil ean baqiat alnaas bal sharakuhum fi munasabatihim. waqad tanawalat aldirasat bahath ean aleulama' wadawrihim fi alhayaat aleilmiat fi makat almukaramat khilal aleasr almamlukii watakun albahth min muqadimat wamabhathin waqad tanawal almabhath alawla: dawr aleulama' fi taelim almujtamae almakiyi walmabhath althaani tanawal dawr aleulama' fi altaalif waltasnif kalimat miftahiamuhamad bin thabit aliansari, bab ajyad, muhamad bin muhamad aldarakali , bashir aljimdari , halaqat aleilmi, yalbagha alkhasiki, 'aytamish albijasi , bab aleajalat ,almadrasat almansuriat , almadrasat almujahidia

Conclusion
The research tagged "Bushing City in the Islamic Orient, a study in its political and scientific aspects".
Choosing the city of Busheng represents his move to one of the important cities, as it is located within one of the quarters of Khurasan, which is called the Quarter of Herat, specifically it is located to the west of Herat and reaches half the area of the city of Herat, as it rises on the coast of the Gihon River separating directly between Transoxiana and Khurasan.
The study was divided into three sections, the first - the geography of the city, the second - the political aspects of the city, and the third - the scientific aspects. The study relied on a number of sources, including - Kitab al-Futuh by al-Baladhari and the Book of Messengers and Kings by al-Tabari (310 AH),.

Abstract
The use of technology and artificial intelligence in the teaching and learning process is included in the use of artificial intelligence in educational contexts. By designing and adapting learning experiences to meet the requirements of specific students, it seeks to improve the quality and efficiency of education. The application of artificial intelligence in educational settings is summarized as follows: A personalized educational experience depending on the level and talents of each student can be provided by artificial intelligence. It enables them to study at their own pace without feeling rushed or overly rushed. Students' performance can be continuously monitored and accurately evaluated using artificial intelligence. Teachers and parents may find this information useful in understanding children's progress and helping them improve. Artificial intelligence can be used to provide students with interactive explanations and other learning materials to help them understand topics. These materials can help students in their self-study so that they can do better. By providing tools for student interaction and information sharing, AI can enable collaborative learning. Students may benefit from discussions and group work by being directed to shared resources. Teachers can leverage AI to help them create individualized lessons and assessment plans by providing them with analytical data about student performance. Areas requiring development or improvement can be pointed out to teachers.
Abstract
AI contributes to delivering personalized learning experiences tailored to each student's abilities, allowing them to learn at their own pace. It facilitates accurate tracking and assessment of student performance, helping teachers and parents support their progress. Interactive explanations and educational materials enhance self-study and comprehension. AI fosters collaborative learning by enabling interaction and resource-sharing among students. It assists teachers in preparing lessons and assessment plans using precise analytical data. This approach aims to improve the quality and efficiency of education sustainably.

Abstract
Harran Basin is one of the water basins located in the central part of the eastern border of Iraq. Its course enters the Iraqi border east of Mandali city and heads south and southwest. It is a drainage basin with an area of 1656 km², sometimes called "Ginger", and its course flows into "Shabicha Marsh" to the southwest of Mandali city. The study aims to demonstrate the impact of tectonic activity by analyzing the geomorphological indicators using the Geographic Information System (GIS). The results of the calculated geomorphological indicators indicate that both the basin shape indicators (Bs), the ratio of the valley floor width to the height (Vf), and the length of the river course (Sl) showed high tectonic activity, while the asymmetry indicators (Af) and the curvature of the mountain front (Smf) showed low tectonic activity. This low tectonic activity is characterized by landscapes with terrain associated with low uplift rates, due to quality of the sediments in the alluvial fan that covers a large part of the basin. Furthermore, the relative tectonic activity index (RTA) was found to be moderate at 1.5 (within category 2).

abstract
Floods have become an obsession that threatens the lives of residents and their activities over time, especially rivers that lack dams, and the process of predicting and controlling them has become impossible, but this process has become within reach, especially after the development witnessed by natural geography in particular in the field of using contemporary technologies represented by geographic information systems software with their integration with remote sensing data, which led to estimating the size of the flood as well as simulating these floods and estimating the levels that may reach it, and to what extent they may destroy human settlements and agricultural and industrial activities. The study focused on the Upper Zab River because it suffers from the lack of dams that reduce the risk of floods first, and the steep slopes second, and the semi-humid climate of the region third, which leads to a significant rise in water levels, so the study came to determine the geomorphological effects suffered by the study area, and to know the treatments that may limit them.

Abstract:
The political system established by the constitution, in addition to the organization of authority, includes the organization of freedom, through which the set of public rights and freedoms of individuals are determined, representing the minimum recognized in democratic systems. In fact, the constitution, while ensuring the organization of the issues of authority and freedom, its practical value depends on the behavior of the public authorities in the state, which undertake the implementation of its provisions.It is their duty to apply the constitutional texts, properly, and when they exercise their powers, to do so in the manner specified in the constitution. The constitutional legislator emphasizes the principle of the supremacy of the constitution. The President of the State or one of the authorities, according to their functional jurisdiction, is entrusted with the task of ensuring the application of constitutional rules. However, there may be cases that require authorization for the President of the State to exercise the power to suspend or stop the application of some of the texts contained in the constitutional document, in order to confront an unusual circumstance that threatens both public and private interests, and leads to the undermining of the constitutional system itself. The constitutional legislator may include in the provisions of the Constitution the document that explicitly or implicitly authorizes the President of the State to suspend some other constitutional texts. Sometimes, the President of the State's possession of the power to suspend may not find its basis in the provisions of the Constitution, but rather emerges as a phenomenon in political reality. Suspending the Constitution is a legitimate procedure that derives its legitimacy from its cause and purpose and from the legal and constitutional organization in which it occurs. Suspending the Constitution is a necessary and inevitable matter.Opening words: constitutional suspension, constitutional amendment presidential suspension of the Constitution, ministerial suspension

Abstract:
Sexual bribery is a form of corruption that involves offering or requesting sexual favors in exchange for services, job facilities, or making illegal administrative decisions. This type of bribery may be less obvious than financial bribery, but it is no less dangerous in terms of its impact on the legal system and institutions.
The legal classification of sexual bribery includes viewing sexual benefit as an illegal benefit just like money or other gifts, and is subject to a system of laws that aim to combat corruption and job manipulation. Through this classification, legislators seek to close the loopholes that individuals may use to influence the integrity of institutions through unconventional means

International administrative contracts relate to more than one legal system, which raises the question of the applicable law regarding them. Because it may lead to problems of conflict of laws within the scope of international law, and the issue of determining the law applicable to the contract is one of the controversial issues between the contracting parties, the failure of which may lead to delay in concluding the contract. I will address this topic through three sections. The first topic will be the agreement on choosing the applicable law for international administrative contracts. The second topic: the absence of agreement on choosing the applicable law for international administrative contracts. The third topic will be the role of the arbitration panel in choosing the applicable law in administrative contracts. International. I will mention some of the results I reached through research

Abstract
In fact, the issuance of the new constitution is based on several controls that lie in the general principles of law, and the general principles of law mean those unwritten principles based on right and justice and outside the framework of constitutional texts and are not derived from any text thereof or from the totality of constitutional texts, but they lie in the general conscience of the state

Abstract
The constitutional Judiciary has an important and effective role in organizing the work and powers of the authorities in the state and protecting rights and freedoms, as it constitutes a fundamental pillar in the balance of public authorities through the rulings and decisions it issues, which in turn correct the deviation and arbitrariness in the use of power. Therefore, it was necessary to have a specialized constitutional judiciary independent of all authorities, bodies and parties in order for the principle of the rule of law to prevail The commitment of the three authorities to implement the rulings of the constitutional judiciary contributes to achieving the principle of the rule of law, which in turn is reflected in the protection of rights and freedoms. This results in the conviction of all individuals that the constitutional judiciary is a fair and neutral judiciary that seeks to achieve justice and equality and subject the authorities to the implementation of its rulings. It was divided into three demands. In the first demand, we discussed the role of the American legislative authority in implementing the rulings of the Supreme Court. In the second demand, we explained the role of the Egyptian legislative authority in implementing the rulings of the Supreme Constitutional Court. In the third demand, we studied the role of the Iraqi legislative authority in implementing the rulings of the Federal Supreme Court.The second topic included the role of the executive authority in implementing the rulings of the constitutional : The first topic was entitled the role of the legislative authority in the implementation of the provisions of the constitutional judiciary, and was divided into three demands, the first requirement dealt with in the role of the US legislature in the implementation of the provisions And the second is the role of the Iraqi legislature in implementing the rulings of the Supreme Federal Court.The second topic included the role of the executive authority in implementing the provisions of the constitutional judiciary. We divided it into three demands. First, we assigned it to the role of the executive branch in the Supreme Court. The second demand presented the role of the Egyptian executive authority in implementing the provisions of the Supreme Constitutional Court The role of the Iraqi executive authority in implementing the provisions of the Federal Supreme Court.While the third topic addressed the role of the judiciary in the implementation of the provisions of the constitutional judiciary, and distributed it to three demands, the first requirement in which we explained the role of the American judicial authority in the implementation of the Supreme Court. The second demand explained the role of the Egyptian judiciary in the implementation of the Supreme Constitutional Court, In the third requirement we explained the role of the Iraqi judicial authority in implementing the provisions of the Federal Supreme Court, and then concluded the research with a conclusion that included the most important conclusions we reached

Abstract
The mortgage on movable property is a type of security that emerged as a result of the desire to protect the creditor and guarantee his right in order to obtain it when the term of the secured debt comes. Otherwise, the creditor resorts to executing the mortgaged movable property by either selling it by following or without following legal procedures.

Abstract:
Many of the patients who visit medical clinics suffer from neurasthenia, which drains their energy because it is a major factor in causing psychological disorders. The neurasthenia scale was applied to (102) patients, and (18) of them who scored the highest scores on the scale were involved. By using dialectical behavioral therapy techniques (mindfulness and emotion regulation), the effects of neurasthenia on them were reduced. The research concluded that there is a need for awareness and education in mental health, and the provision of psychological therapists in medical clinics

Abstract
The current research aimed to know the effect of external readings and classroom discussion on the achievement of fifth grade female students in the Holy Quran and Islamic education. The researcher used the experimental method, and chose a sample of fifth-grade science students at (Al-Maali Girls’ Intermediate School), which consisted of (62) students who were distributed into three groups: (First Experimental) consisting of (21) students who were taught using external readings, (Second Experimental) consisting of (20) students who were taught using classroom discussion, and (Control) consisting of (21) students who were taught using the (classical) method. A test was prepared consisting of (3) groups specified by (30) concepts. The statistics showed a difference in the results in favor of the students of the two experimental groups (the first and second), and the study came out with several recommendations, the most important of which is (urging the students to read external books by having the teachers confirm that writing topics and reading external books are included in the semester grade scale

Abstract :
The current research aims to investigate the self-efficacy of middle school teachers as well as the extent to which middle school teachers enjoy social intelligence and to know the relationship between self-efficacy and social intelligence. The sample consisted of 100 male and female teachers. The self-efficacy scale developed by Chanin Morato and Volk Hoy 2001 was applied, and the social intelligence scale issued by the University of Trosmo was translated by Dr. Rasha Ahmed Mahdi and Dr. Ahmed Mahmoud Al-Sayed 2014. The results of the study showed a high level of self-efficacy among the research sample as well as a high level of social intelligence. The results of the research showed a correlation between social intelligence and self-efficacy. The research recommended the necessity of enhancing social intelligence and self-efficacy among teachers through workshops and training courses

Abstract
In light of the increasing intensity of competition at the regional and global levels, Arab organizations must move to adopt radical structural changes. In order to improve the efficiency and flexibility of Arab organizations, they must shift from traditional hierarchical management to modern management that adopts modern concepts such as empowerment and self-leadership.To reduce the burden on Arab managers and form a second leadership line capable of dealing with the requirements of the third millennium, managers should relinquish some powers and responsibilities to managers in the front lines and empower them to perform their work tasks and duties.The growing interest in empowerment and self-leadership is accompanied by new requirements for both managers and employees. Over time, employees are granted independence and authority to control the work environment. As for managers, this requires providing support and assistance to employees and encouraging them to self-management and self-control. This means that managers adopt a behavioral approach that provides social and emotional support and encouragement, builds trust and openness, and encourages self-goal setting. The change in the roles and responsibilities of managers requires a change in the style and behavior of the leader.

Abstract:
This research deals with an important topic in grammar and semantics, as it sheds light on the conditional sentence, its tools and structure, the function of each tool from a semantic and grammatical perspective, and the method of dealing with these tools and employing them in the two main types of condition (the existing condition and the invalid condition).Where we find that the origins of the conditional sentence and its tools in Biblical Hebrew, through Mishnah Hebrew and up to modern Hebrew, have developed and diversified semantically and stylistically, as the same tool can give the conditional form and vice versa, i.e. it is possible that it does not indicate the conditional form. In addition, some conditional tools are used for affirmative sentences and others are used for negative sentences.Hebrew goes beyond using letters as conditional tools, to deal with some structures to be conditional tools in the sentence. Among other things, modern Hebrew, especially colloquial, uses non-eloquent conditional tools, which are rejected by the Hebrew Academy

Abstract
The idea of renewal in 20th century European literature, in general, and Spanish literature, in particular, was reflected in the break with the foundations and principles of classical and romantic thought that dominated the literary scene centuries ago. This renewal was manifested through the interaction of several literary schools that carried the banner of revolution, change and the rejection of any old poetic model. Of these innovative literary schools, Symbolism, Dadaism and Surrealism stand out, among others.In this article we give an idea about the surrealist school in Spanish poetry, defining its characteristics and its appearance in the literary field of the first half of the 20th century, as well as studying Surrealism as a theoretical concept adopted in some models of the poetic production of Luis Cernuda and Octavio Paz

Abstract
In order to achieve ease in the pronunciation, speakers tend to recline to various techniques. Among these techniques is that of a syncope which can be defined as the loss of one or more sounds especially unstressed syllable from the anterior of a word It is hypothesized that in everyday speech speakers tend to use syncope as technique to let their speech be rapid or easy to pronounce. The study is conducted to investigate this phonological process as it is used in native speaker everyday speech.

Abstract
This study examines the utilization of Achille Mbembe's notion of necropolitics in Kevin Powers's The Yellow Birds, a significant novel which set against the Iraq War. Through a Mbembean lens, the study looks at how war creates places where people die and controls life and death, focused on how soldiers are affected by the harsh logic of necropolitics. The analysis emphasizes the novel's depiction of the psychological and physical ravages of war, demonstrating how the characters' lives are influenced by state-sanctioned violence and disposability. This study examines issues of trauma, survival, and the dehumanization of war participants, uncovering the intrinsic racial, geopolitical, and existential aspects of necropolitical sovereignty. The study contends that The Yellow Birds challenges the necropolitical framework of contemporary conflict while also posing significant inquiries regarding humanity's role in mechanisms of violence and mortality. Keywords: War, Sovereignty, Necropolitics, Mbembe, Power,The Yellow Birds

Abstarct:
In any language a subject wishes to learn, pragmatic elements play an important part of communication. Speech acts, for example, are functional elements that serve to understand how words are used in specific speech contexts. Along with these, issues such as the speaker's intention are also considered; extralinguistic elements, the influence of context and courtesy, among others, which significantly influence the interpretation or meaning of messages (Escandell, 2009). Therefore, anyone who wants to learn a language must focus on the aforementioned factors and their determining way of producing communication.Keeping this issue in mind, this research aims to clarify the influence that learning and the appropriate use of speech acts have on the acquisition of Spanish. The aim is to emphasize the mastery of these aspects in learning Spanish in countries where there is no linguistic immersion, as is the case of many Arab countries, where there are a considerable number of Spanish learners and in which they are likely to present themselves. constant misunderstandings due to lack of knowledge of these functional elements. Thus, the types of speech acts, the influence of sociopragmatics and pragmalinguistics will be addressed, as well as the importance of implementing methodologies for the proper use of these particles and avoiding misunderstandings, achieving greater effectiveness in learning Spanish

Abstract
The topic of this study is the use of temporal German prepositions and their Arabic equivalents. The German and Arabic prepositions were presented in detail and illustrated with example sentences. As a result, it was found that these linguistic elements have many common meanings in German and Arabic.

Summary:
Phrases are idiomatic expressions that provide knowledge about culture and its use in the social context. In the Spanish class, this issue has always been a cause for concern, since many teachers, especially those dedicated to teaching Spanish as a foreign language (ELE) who develop their classes in non-immersion countries, do not find the resources to configure effective didactics or methodologies in your teaching.Likewise, it is common to think that these elements should be taught in advanced level courses, since they have a more specialized vocabulary. Even the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR, 2002), together with the Curricular Plan of the Cervantes Institute (PCIC, 2006), states that this type of expressions must be developed from level B2 onwards. Therefore, this topic has been positioned as one of the most difficult topics in language teaching.The objective we pursue with this research is to reveal the composition of phrases made in Spanish, focusing on the translation of some in various Spanish press media. The purpose is to verify the significant changes by contrasting them with their interpretation into Arabic, confirming that the social and cultural implications are important when translating them. As well as, the opportunity to position these media as valid instruments to approach the understanding of ready-made phrases

Abstract:
This paper serves as an attempt to explore some of the ways in which political candidates use the language of campaign speeches in order to create their public persona and align with the many constituencies of voters. Working from a corpus of campaign speeches gathered during a recent election season, this research brings together Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough, 1995) with the theory of Penelope Eckert's sociolinguistic variation (Eckert, 2000). It was based on Fairclough's framework of understanding how the linguistic strategies in speeches represent and uphold the political ideology and relation of power. However, it also used Eckert's theory on how stylistic choices have been altered to resonate with different social demographics and hence reflect and construct social identities. Formal and informal languages have been used to present oneself as an authority and relate to people, respectively. In this case, candidates frame their discourse in the ways they perceived to be most appealing to sections of electors. The integrated approach offers ways in which language functions in political communication and interrelates the discourses and social identity that underpin the creation of political influence.