Engineering and Technology Journal

The intersection between part features caused ambiguousness in feature
representation because the topology in this case will be change. To overcome this
no unique and ambiguousness by combine the topology and characteristics to
extract and recognize the intersection features. This paper introduces new general
algorithm to: (1) construct developed Attributes Adjacency Matrix (DAAM) and
(2) analysis the DAAM to extract and recognize the isolated and intersection
(complex) manufacturing features. This algorithm consists of two stages, preprocessor
stage which performs extraction of information from Design Exchange
Format (DXF) file, and post-processor stage which recognizes part’s features
depending on the relations included in DAAM. The parts are represented in
AutoCAD using Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) technique and the algorithm
built in visual basic. Several parts tested and succeed to recognize several types of
intersection (complex) manufacturing features. The main contributions of this
research include building the adjacent relations between faces of the part by
geometrical characteristics in form of matrix, and use clustering operation to
extract the exact faces of feature and use different classes of geometrical
characteristics to assisting to recognize interacting depression prismatic features

Reinforced composites are prepared from a Copper as a matrix with SiC powder in different percentage ( i.e 5-25 vol.%) .For each prepared reinforced composite with respect to SiC addition , they divided into two parts , one undergo to addition of Ni in fixed percentage (2 wt%) and the other part leave without addition.
After drying , mixing and milling process, disc samples were prepared . these samples were heat treated at (900°C) using furnace at argon atmosphere. Density, porosity, Vicker microhardness , compressive strength were performed. Dry sliding wear tests of Cu–SiCp composites were carried out using pin on disc apparatus with a typical experimental plan of simultaneous variation of loads (5,10)N . The results show that the density was decreased while porosity increased with SiC content , and this was less remarkable with nickel presence. Vicker microhardness, compress strength were improved by the nickel wettability on the reinforcement. Moreover decreasing in wear rate comparing with the absence one. The nickel presence modifies the interface structural model and is effective in passing load between the matrix and the reinforcement, by lessening the extent of interfacial debonding

This paper presents an application of Bees algorithm to the optimization of
cellular neural network for opto-electronics design, where cellular neural networks
bees are a large – scale nonlinear analog circuit which processes signals in real
time. It is made of massive cells, which communicate with each other directly only
through its nearest neighbors. Each bee cell is made of a linear capacitor, a
nonlinear voltage controlled current source, and a few resistive linear circuit
elements with photo diode and photo-detector for connections. In this paper
application of bee cellular neural networks in pattern recognition is presented with
its opto-electronic circuit design. It is found the real opto-electronic arrays, with all
their deficiencies are able to learn and perform various processing tasks well.

In the present work, fabrication and characterization of Al/MgO/Si MOS
device has been carried out using PLD as a deposition technique, and for
comparison Al/SiO2/Si MOS device has been also constructed. The obtained
result show that , The Electrical and photovoltaic characteristics of MOS device
are strongly dependent on the oxide type and thickness, beside that, the C-V
measurement reveled that prepared device are of abrupt type. The Spectral
Responsivity measurement of (Al/MgO/Si) MOS device is found to be 0.27A/W
while of (Al/SiO2/Si) MOS device is 0.20A/W and the Rise and Response time
measurement of (Al/MgO/Si) MOS device was shorter than of (Al/SiO2/Si) MOS
device.

This paper presents a new method to generate curves, which allows
the designer to produce a curve in combinational way allowing him to get
the shape that he had in his imagination with keeping the four control point
for the curve design.
Basing on the modified BEZIER curve, the upgraded algorithm used de
Casteljau algorithm on interval [r, s] as a mathematical base to upgrade the
suggested method.
The suggested method shows a great flexibility at the curve controlling area
with changing one, more or no need to change the control points of Bezier
curve as it shows in the figures presented in the paper

This research illustrates the influence of different heat treatments on the
mechanical properties such as stress-strain curves ,wear resistance and fatigue
properties of medium carbon steel,. This steel was treated by annealing,
normalizing, hardening followed by tempering and laser treatments. The bulk
mechanical properties of ultimate ,fracture and yield tensile strength were
evaluated. Surface mechanical properties of fatigue, wear resistance and hardness
were evaluated as well. Microstructure of treated alloys also were inspected.
Results showed that (hardened -tempered) steel had improved tensile strength,
fatigue{limit, life}, wear resistance, hardness then laser surface treated alloy, then
the normalized alloy came in order ,but annealed alloy had the lowest mechanical
properties. Annealing caused softening and growth of alloy structure. It was found
that the microstructure of treated alloy play an important role in the improvement
or deterioration of bulk and surface mechanical properties and by analyzing the
obtained results. For (Quenched -tempered) alloy found fine tempered
martensititic structure, laser surface treated alloy had martensititic structure in the
skin and ferritic- pearlitic structures in the core .Normalized alloy had ferriticpearlitic
structures, Annealed alloy had coarse ferritic- pearlitic structures

The use of induction heating in industrial applications is old and wide. In
recent years, this technology was entered to domestic use. This research deals with
the analysis and applications of induction heating for cooking food, as these
techniques have safe and economy, as well as cleanness and the atmosphere of
work comfortable. Knowledge of the electrical resistance of induction heating
system is very important to designers working in the high frequency-supplies. This
research also analyzes and studies this resistance, by used solid, litz and twisted
wire, and offers simplification of equations derivation help anyone interested in
this subject. The MATHCAD V.14 program has been employed to obtain the
results. The results presented as general curves for three types of wires (solid, litz
and twisted wire) so that a designer can use them without lengthy and complex
calculations

Over the years, the Global Positioning System (GPS) has evolved to become
an important navigational and positional system and is widely used across the
world. The system promises high accuracies if the navigational signals transmitted
by the GPS satellites are observed accurately.
The modeling of a single point and relative point determination of user
position includes pseudorange measurements. Taylor series is used to linearize the
nonlinear model. Two methods are used to estimate the three dimensional user
position: Recursive Least Square (RLS) method and continuous Genetic Algorithm
(GA) method.
Real data is used and results show that the GA enhances the estimation of
user position more than the RLS by high error minimization and the minimum
number of available satellites needed. RLS with three satellites give an error that
exceeds the allowable limits, while GA gives an acceptable error. Relative
positioning method is more accurate than the point positioning method for both RLS
and GA methods

This paper presents an application of finite element analysis using
CivilFEM/ANSYS(11) software to predict two dimensional steady state water
seepage through an earth dam of two soil zones resting on impervious base.
Seepage characteristics (quantity and length of seepage surface) produced at
downstream are investigated against permeability coefficient ratio changing of the
two soil zones, and based on results of the solution it was found that seepage
quantity and velocity downstream are very sensitive to any change of permeability
ratio of the two soil zones forming the dam.

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the bond strength for
different types of repair materials. Three test methods; slant shear, splitting prism
and Bi-Surface shear test with conventional and two polymer modified repair
mortars were used, The conventional mortar (MC), polymer modified mortar
(MSBR) was prepared by admixing SBR 15% of cement weight, polymer modified
and fiber reinforced repair mortar named commercially Cempatch S (MCS) was
prepared by mix Cempatch S with a water ratio of 0.2.
The results show that the use of SBR and Cempatch S improves the bond
strength of repair mortar compared with conventional repair mortar but the
percentage increased with Cempatch S was greater than SBR. The percentage
increase in bond strength for concrete substrate repaired with Mcs (CMcs) were
52.67, 174.8, and 46.7% for Slant Shear, Splitting Prism and Bi-Surface shear test
respectively relative to the corresponding repaired with conventional mortar
MC(CMC); while, the corresponding percentages increase for concrete substrate
repaired with MSBR (CMSBR) was 45.13, 129 and 30%. It is found that the bond
strengths obtained from some tests was up to an average of four times larger than
those obtained from others.

Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of a region can be generated from stereo
pairs of satellite images , enables the work to improve decision-making, take faster
and more informed action based on geospatial information, but some times these
data may be unavailable or expensive for students to use it in a mapping and
preliminary design. Today Google Earth Enterprise helps organizations with
amazing speed, full context, imagery and other geospatial data DEM with
incredible resource for downloading topo data, makes that information accessible
to all employees who need access via data with no cost. Google earth Geospatial
data DEM it been lunched from (SRTM) NASAs Shuttle Radar Topography
Mission. The aim of our study is to assess the quality of the GE-SRTM-DEM
derived from the X-SAR system and comparing it with selected national
topographical maps for north of Iraq with scale 1:50,000 . An important aspect of
the study is to be able to conclude on the real relevancy of the GE-SRTM product
compared to the already existing products, for instance is it to be considered as a
new global topographic reference or should it be only limited to some applications
such as GIS-projects, hydrological, mapping, even it can be used in preliminary
design stage for projects

The novel analysis of two buildings A and B, by finite element method via
ANSYS software and experimentally are presented. The investigation is carried
out to show the stresses distribution and the deflections and the cracks propagation
in the walls and concrete slabs and beams for the two buildings. In both buildings
the investigation included load-deflection curves, stresses and cracks patterns. The
stress concentration factor is calculated for two buildings. Results are shown that
the factor of concentrated for building A is between (8.4-11.4) for walls contain
four windows and (6.1-7.4) for walls contain two doors, while in building B the
factor of concentrated is between (13.4-14.1) for walls contain one door, and
(13.9-14.6) for walls contain three windows. Also the results indicated that the
cracks growth in the sites of high concentrated stresses and the load-deflection
curve are approximately linear even with different loads.

Owing to the energy crisis and pollution problems of today,
investigations have concentrated on decreasing fuel consumption and on
lowering the concentration of toxic components in combustion products by
using non-petroleum, renewable, sustainable and non-polluting fuels. While
conventional energy sources such as natural gas, oil and coal are nonrenewable,
alcohol can be coupled to renewable and sustainable energy
sources.
In this study, the combustion characteristics and emissions of diesel fuel
and ethanol blends were compared. The tests were performed at steady
state conditions in a four-cylinder DI diesel engine at full load at 1500-rpm
engine speed. The experimental results showed that diesel ethanol blends
provided significant reductions in CO, unburned HC, and NOx. Ethanol
blends had a 13.8% increase in brake-specific fuel consumption due to its
lower heating value. The results indicated that ethanol may be blended with
diesel fuel to be used without any modification on the engine

This paper provides a comprehensive study into cutting forces for (Up and
Down) milling process methods either through machine cutting tool errors (Run
out and/or Tilting) or not according to vectorial multi-axis rigid cutting force
model where flat end mill cutter with peripheral cutting is used. This paper
instates a contribution to illustrate the nonsmooth characteristic of milling
operation.
Theoretical analysis of the milling process is conducted in this study by
simulating the mathematical model of the process through a computer program
prepared in FORTRAN language.
The theoretical analysis consists of empirical parameters which are
estimated according to measured force data for material cutter and range of cutting
conditions taken from references concerned with numerical simulation of milling
process.

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a high-frequency electromagnetic
method commonly applied to a number of engineering problems especially in the
transportation sector. GPR surveys are routinely and successfully used for quality
assurance and quality control (QA/QC) verification in many Transportation
Agencies of the world in last ten years.
The present work is to apply the GPR technique for a selected roads
sectors to measure variation of pavement layers thickness, (surface layer, base
course) hot-mix asphalt (HMA) material, and granular subbase layer.

Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded mix that is gaining popularity
worldwide. SMA does not application in Iraq; in order for adopt the use of SMA
mixtures particularly on high volume roads such as highways and urban
intersections in Iraq. So, the new methodology has to be evaluated using Iraq
materials and conventional laboratory methods to insure good performance in the
Iraq's highway. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of additives type
and content on the performance of stone matrix asphalt mixtures. A detailed
laboratory study is carried out by preparing asphalt mixtures specimens using
aggregate from Al-Nibaay, (40-50) grade asphalt from dourah refinery and two
types of fiber (carbon fiber and polypropylene fiber) with percentages (0.2, 0.3,
0.4, 0.5%) by weight of total mix and two types of polymer (phenol and
polyethylene) with percentages (7.5, 10, 12.5, 15%) by weight of total mix were
tested in the laboratory. Compacted mixtures were tested to evaluate the effects on
SMA bulk specific gravity, maximum specific gravity, void content, Marshall
Stability, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) and permanent deformation. Three
different tests temperatures (20, 40,60C°) were employed in the creep test and two
temperatures (5, 25 C°) were used in indirect tensile test to investigate the
susceptibility of these mixes to change in temperature. The results clearly indicate
the importance of using the proper type of stabilizing additive. According to the
study results, polymers additives were found to be more effective than fibers
additives. SMA Mix modified with phenol additives can be used in cold and
normal temperature area, whereas SMA Mix modified with polyethylene additive
can be used in high temperature area

Fault diagnosis of electrical machine is gaining particular importance in view of
machine down-time and revenue losses to the industry. Therefore, it is always
essential to check motor performance from time to time. This paper use the
technology of fuzzy logic for detecting and diagnosing the stator faults in single phase
induction motor to avoid the damage of the motor. The application of fuzzy logic is
simulated using fuzzy logic tool box in MATLAB. The main function of fuzzy logic
fault detection consists of two inputs the first for stator current and the second for the
rotor speed and one output which is the incipient fault.

This work is concerned with experimental and finite element investigation to
determine the temperature distribution in hot weather through the section of the high
performance lightweight concrete sandwich panels. In the experimental work thermal
conductivity of unreinforced mortar, reinforced mortar and polystyrene concrete were
investigated, then the thermal conductivity of eight series of 1000mm length and
200mm width concrete sandwich panels with two reinforced mortar faces of 20 mm in
thickness and core of 30 and 50mm in thickness from polystyrene concrete were
calculated. A nonlinear one – dimensional finite element analysis has been used to
conduct an analytical investigation on the temperature distribution through the section
of concrete sandwich panels. ANSYS (version 8) computer programme was utilized and
2-node LINK elements were used.
The experimental results show that thermal conductivity of the concrete sandwich
panels is low with average value of 0.446 W/m.K and the thermal conductivity of the
panels with similar type and volume content of reinforcement decreases by about 17%
when the core thickness increases from 30 to 50 mm. The finite element results of
temperature distribution show good agreement with the experimental measurements.
Keywords: Sandwich panels, Thermal conductivity, Mortar, Temperature

The research is aimed to prepare an aluminum matrix reinforced with window
glass particles with weight percentages of (1%,2%,3%,5% and 7%) ,with particle
sizes varies from 75-150μm. Composite materials are prepared by using
mechanical stir- casting method. The formation of vortex in aluminum melt helps
dispersion of glass particles in aluminum melt . Electroless copper coating on
glass particles is carried out to improve wetability between glass particles and
aluminium melt. Many inspections and tests have been done such as
microstructure, hardness inspection, compression test and dry sliding wear test
type Pin-on Disk with different loads and at a constant speed and sliding distance
It was found that addition of glass particles coated with copper to pure aluminum
increases hardness , compression strength and wear resistance

The aim of this research to use extracted natural material from waste product
of Okra as blowing material by simple method for production sponge rubber with
good damping properties. The sample of rubber was prepared with adding
different percent from extracted material of waste product of Okra (0-25)% to
study the effect of this material on properties of natural rubber. When we added
blowing material that extracted from plant of Okra ,we get productions of cells
inside the sample due to release gases and get sponge rubber causes decrease
hardness (from 37.5 to lower than 30) IRHD, resilience ( from 77.64 to 41.53)%
and damping time (from 57.79 to 18.55) sec. Also developed from damping
properties of rubber at low temperatures (0,-8) °C by good percent in compare
with pure sample, . This mean is extracted material of waste product of Okra is
suitable to use as blowing material to get sponge rubber and this work exists with
a good replacement for synthetics blowing materials avoiding their toxicity and
their highly cost.