Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

This study aims to characterize the soil in the study area.Soil samples were located randomly in depth of soil varies with different locations. Soil texture analyses were tested according to Textural Triangle of USDA. The physiographic unites of area were defined as features of desert environment. Also, the soil taxonomy classified the study area as an Arid Soils and the classifier reach to the subgroup. Soil horizons vary from gypsic tocalsic, and saline. Soil quality analyses for Ec,pH, Na, Ca, Mg and SAR were studies to recognize the soilchemistry. The results indicatedthat soil which existing in north east of study area have very strong to strongsaline (Ec), i.e. the soil saline is moderate toward the middle of study area and finally became slightly saline in south west of study area. pH values still the same range (7.4-7.6) for all soil samples. SAR shows the soil is suitable for agriculture purposes.

Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)Seeds were subjected to accelerated aging treatment for, 3 and 7 day at 45 ±1 C° and 100% relative humidity. These artificially aged seeds were compared to control (Unaged seeds) for evaluation of seed vigor. Accelerated aging of Sunflower seeds up to three days had significant effect on germination percentage. However, further increase in aging period highly decreased germination percentage . Germinability was lost completely at 7 days of acceleration. In addition, the reduction in germination percentage, there are reduction in seedling length, germination speed index, seed vigor index, seedling fresh & dry weight. These results suggest that, at least within the first 3 days of accelerated aging, there was no direct relationship between lipid peroxidation and deterioration in membrane integrity. Finally, the results revealed that accelerated aging caused depression of sunflower seeds viability through the above parameters.

The concentrations 2.5,5, and 10 mM of Pb, Ni and Co have been experimented with mung bean Phaseolus aureus Roxb. seeds. There is a significance changes in all studied parameters of growth except in percentage velocity coefficient of germination. Pb & Ni at 10mM caused decreased in seed germination significantly. There is no growth by Ni at 10mM. Lengths of stem, root, & leaf area inhibited by all concentrations except by Co at 2,5 & 5mM. Dry weight of stem & leaf declined by Pb at 10mM, while dry weight of root declined by all concentrations. Chlorophyll content enhanced by all concentrations except by Pb (5mM) which declining chlorophyll content significantly. Protein content decreased & proline content increased significantly by Pb & Ni at 2.5 mM also by Co at 10mM.

This study was carried out during one year in some districts located southern Baghdad to investigate some factors affecting prevalence of clinical theileriosis. The results showed high prevalence of clinical theileriosis 46.77% , the highest prevalence was in Yosefeira at a rate of 51.5% followed by Aldaera , Radwanyia , Al-Qaria alassryia and Mowelha at a rate of 48.25% ,46.84 % ,45.78% and 39.31% respectively. According to animal-associated factors ,the highest prevalence rate was noticed in animals aged less than 6 months 69.31% vs.22.27% in animals aged above 6 months , while it was 51.08% and 42.89% in males and females respectively. The highest prevalence was recorded in high grade cross breed 86.58% compared with cross breed 44.87% and local breed 25.89%.According to season, The results showed significant variation in prevalence of clinical theileriosis during the different seasons of study, the highest prevalence was in summer 53.48% , followed by spring and autumn at a rate of 43.14% and 37.4% respectively, while no clinical cases were recorded in winter.
Out of 682 examined animals, the tick infestation was observed in 381 animals in infestation rate 55.86%, the highest infestation rate was recorded in summer 58.3% followed by Spring ,Autumn and Winter in infestation rate 39.21% ,21.12% and 4.68% respectively. The ticks burden of individual animals was ranged 8-98 ticks (average 26 tick/ animals).The laboratory identification of ticks demonstrated three genera ,include Hyaloma spp., Boophilus spp.and Rhipicephalus spp.in percentage rate 62.5% , 42.3% and 21.2% respectively. The information obtained by questionnaire reveal the role of bad management and misusage of acaricides in control of vector ticks.

This study was carried out at the animal farm , Animal Resources Department /College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit , during the period from 2/6/2009 to 1/3/2010.The objective of this study was to determine Evaluate grain diets to Induced Force molt in laying hen (Isa Brown). Atotal of 180 Isa Brown layer hens 67 weeks old, were randomly divided into three treatment groups. Hens in each treatment group were subdivided into three replicates and reared on the floor throughout the experimental period which was lasted for 36 weeks . The three treatment group were as fallow:
T1: Force molting by starvation for 4 days.
T2: Force molting by maize grain ration.
T3: Force molting by wheat grain ration.
All molting regimes restricted light to 8 h/d, and water was provided ) ad libitum. At 28 d post molt hens from all molting treatment were returned to a regular egg laying diet and 16 h/d of photoperiod .
results indicated that the best production of eggs and the mass of eggs were in the chicken, which was applied by the diet of wheat and has made treatment of starvation, the largest percentage reduction in weight at the end of the period make a molt and resulted in treatment of starvation and wheat to stop the process of egg production Day fifth and seventh respectively. There were not significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the rate of feed consumption and the relative weight of the ovary and the oviduct and egg weight and percentage of Mortality Ratio. And made the process of the molt low production costs of one kilogram of eggs by 1% in the treatment of wheat compared with the first cycle of production, while necessary to add 0.5 and 0.4% of the costs in starvation and maize treatment.

This experiment was implemented to study the effect Bacillus subtilis on the death rates of germination and seedling root rot caused by fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger by treating grain wheat products Maxbak.
Results proved the ability of bacteria Bacillus subtilis to inhibit the growth of fungi both species to 100% on the media P.D.A. . Inhibited the growth of bacteria as the fungus A. flavus when using 20 ml /liter, while requests 50 ml / liter of bacteria to inhibit the growth of fungus A. niger. It also shows the ability of bacteria to increase the rates of germination of the plant and wheat reached 93.3% compared to sterile soils with non-sterile soils, as was the presence of bacteria with the fungus A. niger after a large increase in germination rates reached80.0% while the ratio was 73.3% in non-sterile soil to the same treatment. Also shows the importance of bacteria B. subtilis and the presence of fungus A. flavus increase in germination rates to 86.7% compared with 40.0% in the treatment of fungus alone and in sterile soils. The result shows the role of bacteria in reducing rates of death of seedling, which reached 6.7% compared to the treatment of control, which was 16.7% for the soil sterile and had the presence of bacteria with both types of fungus a major impact in reducing the rate of death of seedling of the soil sterile and non sterile compare to the treatment of fungus alone and for both types.

The Phenomena of transporting Financial capital international have big changes specially in last century till now because of increasing in economic and national markets and the increasing in perfect and exchange dependent in the side of production and trade and what follow it in flow of capital financial in the from foreign Direct investment or form indirect foreign investment large .behind this development the international competitive became wide on the markets and chances. By considering Globalization the financial activity in completed stag after the Foreign trade becoming free

The present study was carried out to study the effect of Bentonite clay in Ascaridia galli in advanced zoology laboratory/science college-Babylon university.
The present study was carried out to experience Bentonite clay to kill intestinal helminthes after determination LD50 on Ascaridia galli and certain that Bentonite clay without toxicity. Chickens were dosed this material by two way the one orally from 1-4 dose a day (250 mg for one dose) for 15 days. The overall percentage of healthy animals was 45%. A positive significant correlation was demonstrated between doses number and healthy animals.
The other way by applied material with different weights to the food of the animals (50-250 gm) for 30 days. The overall percentage of animals recovery was 56%. A positive significant correlation was noted between the material's weight that added and healthy animals number.
The study showed the preotective effect of Bentonite clay on control animals after put it with infected animals for 30 days whereas only one animal infected with Ascaridia galli when compared with group was dosed with free soil.

A study on the effect of FeSO4 and ZnSO4. 7H2O on growth and flowering of Antirrhinum majus "Recket golden" was investigated. The study was conducted in the lathhouse ,Hort.Dept., College of Agric., Univ. of Baghdad in the Fall season of 2009.Plants were sprayed with each element twice; the first one was applied on 24/4/2010, The other was carried out 21 days after the first spray. Four levels of FeSO4 were sprayed 0,1.5,3.0,or 4.5 g./l, while ZnSO4. 7H2O concentrations were 0,0.5 or 1.0 g/l. Results revealed that ferrous sulfate levels were significantly enhanced most of vegetative growth and flowering parameters tested, Moreover, the highest level (4.0 g/l) was superior on plant height (116.1 cm); no. of branches/ plant (5.2); no. of leaves (113.4); leaf area/plant (2092 cm2), dry weight of vegetative growth (258.59 g); flower stem length (79.7 cm); flower stem diameter (1.33cm.); no. of inflorescences / plant (37.1) and inflorescences diameter (6.9cm). A 1.0 g/l of ZnSO4. 7H2O was more effective on plant height (110.3cm.); no. of branches/ plant (4.3); no. of leaves (110.5), leaf area/plant (1884 cm2) and dry weight (208.5g). While all levels of ZnSO4. 7H2O were not effective on most of flowering parameters tested.

Factorial experiment in RCBD with four replicates was carried out at (2006-2007) growth season to find out the influence of nitrogen fertilization (0, 120, 240 kg/ha) as urea (46 %), and boron spray (0 , 50 and 100 ppm), on growth and seed yield of common fennel cv. Local. Means were compared by using LSD at 0.5 %.
Results show that nitrogen had a significant effect on most of the parameters studied. The highest means were observed at 120 kg/h nitrogen, which gave the highest of plant height, shoot number and green yield.
On the other hand, boron gave the highest means of the parameters studied. The interaction gave a significant effect also, and the treatment of 120 kg/h nitrogen with 100 ppm boron was superior in giving higher values of the parameters studied.

The aim of this work was to examine antimicrobial activity of the concentrate fresh Olive Leaves juice after squeezing and keeping it in a refrigerator.Atotal of 10 isolates of Escherichia coli were selected after and purified in higher studying laboratory in Almussiab Technical College . The bioactivity of olive leaves juice was tested by using agar diffusion method on Escherichia coli .
The result revealed that Olive Leaves juice had an effect on tested microorganism .Antimicrobial activity was present via inhibition zones. The results showed that diameter of inhibition zone was 34 mm as compared with the control group .

This study aimed to know the effect of season and plant locations on microbiological
and physiochemical characteristics for water used in factories food industry in Baghdad,
as well as the contamination status comparing to that implied Iraqi ISO for drink water . A microbiological and physical study were carried out for water in five factories food
industry for five different locations in Baghdad during the January , April , July and October , 2009 .The microbiological study included ( aerobic plate count , total coliform , fecal coliform , staphylococcus aureus , salmonella , shigella , yeast and mold ). The physical study included ( PH , concentration of chlorine , turbidity ). Results showed a high significant differences (0.01) in microbiological and physical
characteristics for water among in both months and locations.All physical characteristics for water and some microbiological characteristics (aerobic plate count, fecal coliform,shigella ) were identical to Iraqi ISO for drink water.

An experiment was conducted at College of Science, University of Kufa to study the direct effect of Eucalyptus, Myrtus and Nerium leaves water extracts on germination percentage of wheat seeds and companion weeds e.g. Lolium temulentum, Medicago hispida, Melilotus indicus, and Raphanus raphanisterium.
Extraction was done by cold water (at room terperature) and boiling water. Concentrations of ( 25, 50, 75 and 100%) were prepared for both extraction methods as well as control treatment ( distilled water).Germination percentages for the above mentioned weeds were tested besides wheat seeds by Petri-dishes and in soil ( in small plastic pots), in laboratory conditions.
Results showed that, there was a higher inhibition effect for cold extract than boiled extract. Myrtus extract gave the largest germination percentage in Petri-dish, while, Eucalyptus extract gave the highest percentage in soil.
All concentrations of leaf extracts caused reduction effects in seed germination for studied plants compared to control treatment. The highest inhibition effect was noticed in seed germination percentage for Melilotus indicus i.e. 25.0 and 16.5% due to the effect of Myrtus leaf boiled extracts in Petri-dish and soil, respectively.

This study was carried out on pieces of beef burger presented in three restaurants in Agriculture, Law, Economy and manegemt colleges in Kerbela university during (march, April 2011)to determine bacterial contamination and the source of this contamination from (tables, knives, dishes). The results showed : Aerobic plate count , Total coliform , Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella for crude beef burger were: (1.2X 102 – 3.9 X102), ( 4X103 – 9.3X103),( 4.8X102 – 7X103),(3.3X104 – 2.6X105 ) cfu\g respectively. Heat frying treatment led to kill all coliform and Salmonella while the aerobic plate count in fried beef burger . was (5X102 - 2.4X103 ) cfu\g count of S. aureus decreased to less than (10) cfu\g . Analysis of swabs showed unacceptable level of contamination with S. aureus on instruments of preparing and serving , with the highest level in tables( 8\12 swabs).all swabs were negative for Salmonella . Time – Temperature conditions of frying beef burger patties indicated that The Temperature of "inside position" acrossed danger zone (7.2 -60)co after (8) minutes . However, bacterial death was high in the first steps cell frying .

The current study had included isolating and identification of few fungi associated with green peach aphids Myzus persicae. The results showed that the concentration 100% of five fungal extract used in this study had superior significant effect with the compared treatment of 50% concentration when spared on nymph and adults of the insect, the mortality percentage of 100% concentration was 63.13% and 64.46% respectively. Meanwhile the 50% concentration treatment gave mortality percentage of 59.33% and 63.63% respectively. The extract of P.oxalicum showed highest mean of mortality percentage on insect adults of 82.64% and F.graminearum gave the highest value of mortality percentage on insect nymph of 72.12%, Meanwhile the fungus T.harzianum showed lowest values of 42.45% and 52.64% respectively for both concentrations. The insecticide "Wide" showed significant effect of mortality percentage when sprayed on adults and nymph of insect of giving 90% and the extract fungi showed significant effect of P.oxalicum extract on adults and nymph of insect which gave 66.66% and 33.33% of mortality percentage, respectively for nymph of insect after 24 hours from the spraying time respectively.

Analytical study was done to show the distribution of sediment in the Mahmodia – Jeblla - Sowaira sector of Al-Masab Alaam Drain . Grain size soil analysis , concentration of sediment test and some mathematical models were used to determine the total load of sediment . The results show the grain size of soil in research area is finer in down stream (Sowaira site) comparing with the upstream , also it was found that the equation of Inglind – Hansen is suitable for application in the upstream of this sector , while the Graf equation is suitable for the downstream of the sector . However when the Al-Masab Alaam Drain was compared with the Great Musaib Canal hydraulically , it was found that the sediment have more effect in the Musaib irrigation canal compared with Al-Masab Alaam Drain

The experiment Performed to study the effect of two types of biological control fungi Trichoderma harzianum and Paecilomyces lilacinus with castor oil seeds and oxamyl to control root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on tomato plants in plastic house condition..
The result showed that the use of castor oil combination with nematodes increase root length (14.40 cm) and shoot length (11.90 cm) compared with treatment of nematodes only (11.81 and 6.85 cm), respectively, and led to a reduction of great a significant effect in each treatment experience, especially ,number of galls/plant (43.66) and number egg masses/root system (54.76) the number of larvae in the soil (1000.01) and the number of eggs/egg mass (130.87) compared to the treatment of nematodes alone (80.76) and (69.76) and (1910.65) and (150.76), respectively.
The result showed too that the use of oxamyl combination with nematodes led to an increase in root length (15.63 cm) and shoot length (13.96 cm) compared to the treatment of nematodes only (11.81 and 6.85 cm), respectively, the oxamyl had a significant effect when added alone in reducing the number of root galls (39.62) compared with soil contaminated nematode only (80.76).
Reduction of total root galls and number of larvae per 250 g soil, occur in soil treated with two fungi combination with castor oil and Oxamyl (6.99) and (140.78), respectively. Trichoderma harzianum and Paecilomyces lilacinus when used together their response to be more than they used in single.
Both fungi with castor oil and oxamyl led to less number of root galls (6.99) and the lower number of eggs mass roots (10.01) and the lower number of eggs inside each mass (38.07) and the lower number of larvae per soil (140.78) when compared with soil treated with nematode only (80.76) and (69.76) and (150.76) and (1910.65), respectively.

Ga’ara formation is consider as a huge extended aquifer in the western desert of Iraq, the formation is composed of argillaceous rocks, fine and course grained sandstone , marl & shale. Ga’ara Formation has been subdivided into two parts:
The Upper part is characterized by low yield while the lower part that characterized by high yield, large thickness and good quality of allowing water utilization from this part of the aquifer.
The formation has not been exploited yet due to difficulties in drilling and the excessive deep wells.

Two farming experiments have been practiced during the autumn seasons of 2008 and 2009 in the farms of AL-Mashrooa /AL- Mussyab / Babylon. To know the effects of nitrogenic fertilization levels and the distance among the plants in the growing and the product of the seeds and their components Vigna radiata variety (khadrawe) . The two experiments have been practiced in the random complete block design (R.C.B.D).By ordering the split plots, so the main plots represent the levels of nitrogen (0,50,100)Kg /N/H while the secondary plots represent the distance among the plants (20,30,40)cm. The data- which has been taken statistically- has been analysed giving the following results:
The level of nitrogenic fertilization 50 kg N /H has exceeded by giving the highest some characters.
The distance of plantation among plants (30 cm ) has exceeded by givining the highest mediums (11.86 ,10.66 )g / plant and(0.95 ,0.84 )Ton/H a for seed yields. The interferance between the nitrogen levels and the distance of the plantation among the plants has an significant effect in all the studied characters except the character of number of the pods for the plant.The combination (N1+D2) has exceeded by giving the highest mediums (15.63,14.65) g/plant and (1.19,1.03)Ton/H afor seed yields in the two agricultural seasons sequencely . We can conclude from this study that the best distance for the plantation among the plants is (30 cm) with the level of nitrogenic fertilization (50kg N/H) to get the highest product of the seeds