Journal of Education for Humanities

The current research aims to construct a psychological vitality scale for university students at the University of Mosul. To achieve this goal, a sample of 400 students was selected for statistical analysis. The scale was presented to a group of experts to extract face validity, and reliability was extracted using the re-test and Cronbach's alpha methods. The final version of the scale consists of 50 items distributed across three domains (positive affect, resilience, and love of life) with a five-point Likert scale (applies to me to a very large extent, applies to me to a large extent, applies to me to a moderate extent, applies to me to a small extent, and applies to me to a very small extent). The scores for these options were 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1, respectively.
After extracting the psychometric properties of the scale and its statistical indicators, the desired goal was achieved, which is the construction of the psychological vitality scale. In light of this, several recommendations were made, including:
1. Applying the scale to identify the level of psychological vitality among university students.
2. Utilizing the scale in educational guidance units in colleges to identify the level of psychological vitality among students and the most important psychological and academic variables related to and affected by it, and conducting workshops and courses that work to increase it.
Several proposals were also made, including:
1. Conducting a study on the relationship between psychological vitality and psychological variables such as (locus of control, self-efficacy, and emotional stability).
2. Conducting a comparative study on psychological vitality between students of private and public colleges.
3. Conducting studies related to the application of guidance and educational programs to develop psychological vitality

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Master of the Messengers – Muhammad bin Abdullah – and on his good and pure family and those who traced their trail from us until the Day of Judgment. And after: Often appear issues on the scene of jurisprudence emerging and need jurists to indicate their opinion of the solution and sanctity, this issues and issues did not exist in the early days of Islam, as collected Omar Ibn Al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him) and did not do the Messenger of God – may
God bless him and grant him peace - and as Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq fought the blockers of zakat - and wrote the Qur'an in the era of Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, and was collected on one language in the era of Othman bin Affan, may God be pleased with them, has appeared among the late jurists of The issue of working in mosques and teaching Islamic sciences was not present in the early days of Islam, as souls changed, and there was a lack of impulsiveness in people towards religion that did not exist at the beginning of the emergence of Islam and at the beginning of the first century. This is what prompted me to write this topic, which is a statement of the ruling on working in the service of the houses of God and working in teaching Islamic sciences.
This and what was right is from Allah alone, and what was wrong is from me and from Satan, and Allah and His Messenger are innocent of it.

"The manuscript 'Al-Muntakhab Fi Thawab Al-A'mal' by Al-Shaykh Al-Asbahani is one of the important manuscripts in Islamic heritage. It is an abridgment of the book 'Thawab Al-A'mal' by Al-Shaykh Al-Asbahani. The manuscript consists of 122 folios, each containing two pages. Each page has approximately 25 lines, with around 15 words in each line. In this study, I focused on twenty narrations of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), which include: nine authentic hadiths, six good hadiths, four weak hadiths, and one hadith I could not find. I worked on authenticating these narrations to highlight the significance of the hadiths mentioned and also for training in hadith critique and classification, to judge their authenticity or weakness."

This research shows the partial purpose of tayammum according to Prince al-San’ani, and I followed the inductive and analytical approach. I divided this research into an introduction and two sections. The first topic: introducing the vocabulary of al-‘anan, and it included four demands.
The first requirement: Definition of the purposes of Sharia law. The second requirement: Definition of the partial purposes. The third requirement: Definition of the Sana’ani prince. The fourth requirement: Definition of the socks. As for the second topic, I dealt with the partial purpose of wiping over the socks according to the Sana’ani prince. The issues were studied and arranged in three stages: Documenting Al-Sanaani’s words, then studying the issue, and concluding the issue with a brief summary. As for the third section: I dealt with the partial objectives in tayammum for each obligation, then I ended the research with a conclusion, and included the most important results that were reached, then I mentioned the most important sources and references that I relied on in this research.

This research deals with the partial purpose of not cutting off the hand of a guest if he steals from the one who hosted him and does not take what he stole outside the house according to Al-Kamal Ibn Al-Humam. I followed the inductive and analytical approach, and divided the research into an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion. The first chapter defines the terms of the title, and includes four demands. The first demand: Definition of the objectives of the Sharia. The second demand: Definition of the partial objectives. The third demand: Definition of theft. The fourth demand: Definition of Al-Kamal Ibn Al-Humam. The second section included: The partial purpose of not cutting off the hand of a guest if he steals from the one who hosted him and does not take what he stole outside the house according to Al-Kamal Ibn Al-Hammam. The issue was studied and arranged in four stages, which are: Documenting Ibn Al-Hammam’s words, then the evidence, then studying the issue, and finally a brief conclusion to the issue. Then after that, I ended the research with a conclusion that includes the most important results that I reached, then I mentioned the most important sources and references that I relied on in this research.

The artificial intelligence is one of the branches of computer science and it is considered as one of the most important elements of technology nowadays. It is programs and applications that interact together for the purpose of programming the machines in a way that permits them to simulate the human thought and they are used in various fields and specializations such as discovering the meaning and the ability to think and learn from the precious experiences.
The current research aimed at identifying the obstacles against applying the artificial intelligence at the college of Education for humanities from the students’ point of view. The researcher used a random sample and its individuals were from the departments of the college of education got humanity (240) male and female students and (40 students) were chosen from each department from the second and the fourth grades.
For the purpose of collecting the data, an open referendum was prepared, which consists of an open question. The forms that involved the answers were collected and organized in a closed referendum, which included (20) items that were distributed in two fields; a field related to the student and another related to the college. The answer was five alternatives (strongly agree, strongly agree, moderately agree, somewhat disagree, strongly disagree) and the grades were (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). the results showed that there are obstacles that exceeded the hypothetical average and the percentage was very high. Additionally, conclusions were drawn and recommendations and suggestions were submitted.

The call is an important rhetorical style in the poetry of Abbas Ibn Al-Ahnaf, and the poet used it skillfully, reflecting its aesthetic values to express the various feelings and emotions that stir in his soul, in addition to adding a special effect to his poetry that works to convey those feelings and emotions to the recipient. The call also constituted a striking phenomenon, which prompted me to work on it, and if this indicates anything, it indicates the eloquence of this style in the poetry of Abbas Ibn Al-Ahnaf. The call is a rhetorical style whose function is to attract the reader's attention or attract him, and it is one of the most common styles in Arabic poetry. Abbas Ibn Al-Ahnaf, one of the most prominent poets of love in the Abbasid era, used it frequently in his poetry; This is due to what love requires in terms of revealing feelings and emotions, complaining of abandonment, and longing, and the effect that the call has on the recipient.

One of the most important social issues is the status of women in Arab-Islamic society, as women in Arab society before Islam were not the same in terms of individual and social status, after the advent of Islam, after what the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) tried to Restoring women's rights and dignity in private and social life, and entrusting them with duties and responsibilities in order to help spread the new religion. Among them is the companion Salma bint Umays (may God be pleased with her), one of the women who understood both the pre-Islamic era and Islam and endured many difficulties on the way to accepting the new religion and had a great impact on the process of spreading the Islamic call.

Praise be to God, and may blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of God, his family, his companions, and those who follow him. As for what follows:
Deletion is a linguistic, grammatical, morphological, and rhetorical phenomenon that has its own laws and rules in Qur’anic and linguistic studies, ancient and modern, and has its semantic purposes. It is a subtle display of gentle conduct, to the point that some scholars said about it, deletion is the lack of mention, and the lack of mention is more eloquent than the mention.Accordingly, we can say with great confidence that deletion knocked on most of the doors of the language and was widely mentioned in the field of Arabic stricture. It took a path in establishing the pillars of grammatical analogies and was a point of contention for many decades between two of the statures of Arabic grammar, namely Basra and Kufa, until the matter began to spread its roots and penetrate into many jurisprudential issues, and those who stood out at the level of jurisprudence emerged for it and had what was denied as well as what was supported. Fundamental rulings and issues were built upon it and met with opposition. And the permissible Hence, deletion was a double-edged sword in its use or interpretation Accordingly, jurisprudence overlapped with language and united and opposed the jurisprudential and grammatical opinion. Whatever the case, deletion became an arena in which the jurist and the linguist met, and each of them might interact or oppose each other. Among the most prominent scholars of that era was the scholar The Maliki jurist, Imam al-Mahdawi, who was able to leave a clear impact in this field in his book At-Tahsīl, for him the deletion was based on the rational tendency that is translated by the textual context of the verse, taking into account the ancient grammatical tendency that was built on the original Arabic analogy. We presented in our research a picture of that beautiful painting of this phenomenon. In it, he divided the research into several axes, including deletion of the noun, verb, and letter, each of which has its own division appropriate to what the dominance of the research requires. Then we included with it and ambiguity, due to the strong closeness between deletion and ambiguity. We mentioned that in our discussion of the difference between them. In conclusion, we ask God Almighty for good management, ample dialogue, and appreciation for what has been presented in the lines of this research, and from God, success.

Expressionism is an artistic movement primarily based on expressing emotions, feelings, and inner sensations evoked by external objects. It is one of the most subjective art movements, emphasizing that a work of art should be a reflection of its creator's personality. The more personal it is, the more beautiful it becomes. This implies that the absence of personal expression or authenticity in an artwork is a fundamental indicator of its aesthetic failure.
Upon analyzing the poem Batool by poet Bushra Al-Bustani, I found that her poetic expression aligns with the characteristics of Expressionism. Her approach focuses on internal emotions rather than the impressionistic style that mimics external reality. The poet indulges in an extensive outpouring of emotions throughout the poem, maintaining a consistent interplay between the opening and closing sections in a manner that conveys her psychological depths. Additionally, there is a notable correspondence between the poem’s structure and its symbolic significance.

This study explores the capability of artificial intelligence in conducting a pragmatic analysis of poetic texts, given its increasing role in education and research. The significance of this paper lies in shedding light on this emerging aspect of scientific inquiry.
After establishing the theoretical framework of pragmatics and Speech Act Theory, the researcher applied a pragmatic analysis to Walid Al-Sarraf’s poem "Hadbaa" using AI, specifically ChatGPT. The research employed a descriptive-critical approach, analyzing ChatGPT’s interpretation of the poem, then evaluating its strengths and weaknesses.
The study focused on two key pragmatic aspects: Speech Acts, which form the foundation of pragmatics, and Deixis, linguistic elements whose meaning depends on context. These were used to assess AI’s ability to interpret texts within their contextual framework.
Findings revealed that ChatGPT demonstrated a solid grasp of pragmatic analysis and contextual understanding, effectively interpreting the poem’s meanings and themes. However, some methodological inconsistencies and brevity in responses were observed.

This study aimed to develop a measure of the duality of emotional expression among Mosul University students, as well as to reveal differences between sample members in the duality of emotional expression based on variables such as gender, academic specialization, and grade. The samples consisted of (815) male and female students who were drawn by the stratified random method, and the authors built the tool based on the theory (King and Emmons, 1990). The final tool consisted of (40) positions in the style of verbal attitudes, where three alternatives were prepared for each position, the first alternative does not measure the trait, the second alternative measures it to an average degree, and the third alternative
The authors followed the fundamentals in formulation of positions, such as the suitability of the situation to the level of the sample members, after presenting it to a group of experts and taking into account the time allotted for the answer. Thus the scale positions were prepared in the initial version. The authors collected the psychometric properties of the scale of duality of emotional expression, honesty, consistency, and discrimination. The results showed that the research sample has an average level of duality of emotional expression.

The research aims to understand the concept of artificial intelligence by taking a historical look at the development of tools and machines and their use for the benefit of human intelligence. It also addresses the human risks resulting from the use of artificial intelligence in hacking, blackmail, and data theft, as well as their repercussions on social reality, their consequences in the form of unemployment, and their effects on economic life in general.

The tremendous strides achieved by artificial intelligence in intervening, controlling, and dominating all possible areas of life have opened the door to unethical uses of this technology, which contravene the law, customs, traditions, and human values, and this is the focus of our research.

References have a great impact on the life of the creator, as he relies on a previous culture that is like the horizon from which he derives his ideas, images and words. No creator can write without relying on his references and various cognitive and intellectual structures. These references are many, including cultural, cognitive, political, literary and religious. Poets and writers in the era of sects were influenced by these references, especially religious ones, which our writer Abu Al-Mutraf bin Umaira (d. 658 AH) relied on. Religious references, in turn, were divided into two sections: the Holy Qur’an and the Noble Prophetic Hadith. Our writer derived most of his texts from the Holy Qur’an, whether through direct or indirect textual employment or through narrative employment. The Noble Prophetic Hadith comes after the Qur’an, which in turn provided our writer with many of his creative texts.
توطئة

"This research aims to examine the slogans and chants of the 1919 Revolution in Egypt. The significance of the study lies in its attempt to highlight the most prominent slogans and chants associated with this revolution, which reflect the views of various segments of the Egyptian population, including the general public, intellectuals, and the working class, in their resistance to British colonial rule. The research covers several topics, starting with a brief overview of the 1919 Revolution and an explanation of the economic and social factors that led to its outbreak. It then discusses the political leadership of the revolution, led by Saad Zaghloul and his party, the Wafd Party. Finally, the research examines the most important slogans and chants that emerged during this revolution."

The Arabic language is known for its richness and complexity, making it one of the significant challenges in the field of natural language processing using artificial intelligence (AI). Despite the considerable advancements in this field, Arabic continues to face difficulties in being recognized and understood by AI systems due to its unique linguistic features. These include its morphological and syntactical complexity, the absence of diacritics in written texts, the variation between Modern Standard Arabic and regional dialects, as well as the lack of annotated linguistic resources.
This article discusses the challenges AI faces in understanding Arabic and explores opportunities to improve its processing through the development of deep learning models tailored for Arabic, enhancing open linguistic data, and expanding collaboration between academia and industry. It highlights the importance of finding solutions to these challenges, such as improving dialectal understanding and developing techniques for processing both standard and colloquial Arabic texts.
The central question that remains is: How can AI overcome these challenges and achieve tangible progress in processing Arabic effectively, especially given the vast differences between Modern Standard Arabic and the various dialects?

The current research aims to build a scale of naive personality among middle school students. The researchers used a sample of (830) male and female students. The researchers prepared (51) scale paragraphs, and each paragraph corresponds to three alternatives that apply to a large degree - medium - small. The psychometric indicators of the scale were verified by extracting the apparent validity after deleting (3) To make the number of paragraphs (48) in addition to extracting the discriminating power and the internal consistency coefficient of the scale paragraphs. The reliability was extracted by the retest method, which reached (88.8) and the Cronbach’s alpha equation. The researchers reached a scale of the naive personality ready for application.

The concept of artificial intelligence has revolutionized the field of education and learning. The application of artificial intelligence in education is based on a set of principles of science and disciplines related to the educational process.
AI applications are capable of generating real creativity and innovation and accomplishing advanced tasks. It is used in educational sciences, psychology, neuroscience, and other disciplines.
AI applications have uses, including in therapeutic sessions for patients and psychological counseling between counselors and clients. It is also used in education, including modern teaching methods and addressing the cognitive needs of learners.
As for its drawbacks and risks, it is difficult for learners to learn it. It represents a significant barrier, and learners must overcome it and practice it continuously to learn it correctly.

The rapid climate changes and the increasing frequency of extreme weather phenomena, such as heavy rainfall and snowmelt, coupled with human activities like unplanned urban expansion, deforestation, and river diversion, have imposed immense pressure on ecosystems and infrastructure in many regions worldwide. With the growing risk of floods and their devastating impacts on communities and economies, there is an urgent need to develop advanced scientific methods to identify flood-prone areas and manage them effectively.
The research problem stems from a central question: Can spatial modeling using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) play a role in identifying areas prone to flooding, and what is the flood probability scenario in the Duhok Basin? In light of this, the research hypothesis posits that spatial modeling using GIS plays a significant role in identifying flood-prone areas. Thus, the research aims to identify potential flood-prone areas and demonstrate how GIS technology can be utilized in this field. The use of this technology opens new avenues for studying water resources and producing flood probability maps. To achieve this goal and validate the hypothesis, a set of factors influencing flood probability was modeled using data from various sources. Natural factors with ordinal scale measurements were integrated to create a modeled flood probability map for the Duhok Basin. The modeled map revealed that flood probability decreases in the steep mountainous areas located in the north, northeast, and west of the basin. This is attributed to their high elevations and steep slopes, which facilitate rapid water drainage and low-density water network systems. Conversely, flood probability increases in flat, low-lying areas, particularly in urban regions in the center of the basin, as well as in some flat areas in the northern part of the basin. This is due to the gentle slopes, very low vegetation density, high-density water network systems, and low lineament density in these areas, all of which contribute to the increased likelihood of flooding.

The current research aims to: build a scale of social interaction patterns among employees of the directorate of agriculture Nineveh, as well as to identify the level of social interaction patterns among employees of the directorate of agriculture Nineveh and the prevailing pattern among them. It also aimed to – know the statistically significant differences in social interaction patterns among employees of the directorate of agriculture Nineveh، according to the variables: A- Gender (males, females) B- Years of service (1-10) and (11-20) (21 and above) C- Educational attainment (preparatory and below) (diploma and bachelor's) (postgraduate studies). The researchers used a sample of (440) male and female employees in the directorate of agriculture Nineveh. The researchers built the scale in its initial form of (72) paragraphs distributed into three patterns (neutral, negative, positive) with five-point alternatives. The validity of the tool was extracted through apparent validity by presenting it to a group of experts in Iraqi universities, and it became (62) paragraphs and modifying some paragraphs in addition to the structural validity and extracting strength The scale's discrimination, as (6) paragraphs were deleted, and thus the scale in its final form became composed of (56) paragraphs, then the reliability was extracted by the retest method, which reached (40) and the Cronbach's alpha method. The results reached – Building the scale of social interaction patterns among employees of the directorate of agriculture Nineveh and ready for application. The results also showed the arithmetic mean of the scores of the research sample on the scale of social interaction patterns among employees of the directorate of agriculture Nineveh is higher than the hypothetical mean and in favor of the achieved value. It also showed the positive pattern in the first place, which obtained a percentage of (74.17%), then the neutral pattern (67.60%), then the negative pattern in the last place (63.17%). The results of the study also showed statistically significant differences between the patterns of social interaction among employees of the directorate of agriculture Nineveh according to the gender variable and in favor of males. The results of the study also showed statistically significant differences between the patterns of social interaction among employees of the directorate of agriculture Nineveh according to the variable of years of service and the difference In favor of (11-20 years). The results of the research also showed that there were no significant differences. Statistics on the patterns of social interaction among employees of the directorate of agriculture Nineveh according to the variable of educational attainment – In light of the results of this research, the necessary recommendations and proposals were presented.

The current research aims to identify:
.1.Threr is Emotional Cognitive among university students
2.The variables of gender (male-female), academic year (first-fourth), and field of study (scientific-humanities) significantly influence the Emotional Cognitive among university students. The primary research sample consisted of 1281male and female students selected through proportional random sampling from the colleges of the University of Mosul for the academic year( 2024-2025 ). We distributed the sample equally across 10 colleges, with 5 representing scientific fields and 5 representing the humanities. We developed a Emotional Cognitive scale to achieve the research objectives, and we verified its validity using face validity, construct validity, and intrinsic validity. We calculated reliability using two methods: test-retest and Cronbach's alpha. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistically analyzed the data after applying the tool, yielding the following results:
1. University students enjoy Emotional Cognitive.
2. There is no statistically significant difference in Emotional Cognitive based on gender and academic.
3. There is statistically significant difference in Emotional Cognitive based on the field of study (in favor of humanities

The current research aims to identify (the effect of the Barman model in developing systematic thinking skills among fourth-grade middle school students). The research sample consisted of (62) fourth-grade middle school students who were randomly selected from Andalusia Girls' Secondary School affiliated with the General Directorate of Nineveh Education for the academic year (2024-2025). They were distributed into two groups, one of which was experimental, with (30) students who studied the Holy Quran and Islamic education according to the Barman model, and the second was a control group, with (32) students who studied according to the usual method. The researcher prepared a test for systematic thinking consisting of four skills (system analysis, bridging gaps, understanding relationships, and composing the system).
Each skill had (4) specific-answer essay questions, so the total number of questions became (16) questions. The results showed:
1) There is no statistically significant difference between the average scores of students in the experimental group who study according to the Barman model and the average scores of students in the control group who study according to the usual method in developing System analysis skill
2) There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied using the Barman model and the average scores of the control group students who studied using the usual method in developing the skill of bridging gaps.
3) There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied using the Barman model and the average scores of the control group students who studied using the usual method in developing the skill of perceiving relationships.
4) There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied using the Barman model and the average scores of the control group students who studied using the usual method in developing the skill of system construction.
5) There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students in the pre-post systemic thinking test in favor of applying the post-test with the higher arithmetic mean.
In light of the research results, the researcher reached a number of conclusions, including that the Barman model has a major role in developing systematic thinking for fourth-year middle school students in the Holy Quran and Islamic education. The researcher recommended several recommendations, including: the necessity for teachers of the Holy Quran and Islamic education to pay attention to diversifying the use of modern teaching models, which depend on the learner's positivity and interaction in educational situations.

The phenomenon of urban expansion at the expense of agricultural land is a global issue affecting many countries, particularly those experiencing rapid population growth and facing challenges such as weak governmental oversight and low environmental awareness among residents. The city of Khanaqin is no exception to this trend. Government policies permitting the unrestricted importation of agricultural crops and fruits, coupled with a lack of support for orchard owners, have exacerbated the problem.
In 1990, the municipal boundaries of Khanaqin covered approximately 19.962 km², with 3.168 km² designated for residential use and 3.242 km² allocated to orchards. At that time, the population was approximately 23,500. By mid-2003, the population had risen to 30,371, prompting an official expansion of municipal boundaries in 2010 to a total area of 39.470 km². Despite this expansion, the area of orchards near the city center (within municipal limits) remained unchanged until political and security shifts following the events of October 16, 2017, accelerated urban encroachment on historical orchards.
Utilizing artificial intelligence (AI), remote sensing (RS), and geographic information systems (GIS), analyses revealed that approximately 2.169 km² of the city’s orchards had been converted into residential, industrial, and commercial zones. This transformation underscores the profound impact of unsustainable policies and development practices on the local environment.

We do not know of two countries that have been as closely connected by bonds of friendship and cooperation as Egypt and the Levant. Relations between their peoples have been extremely strong since the earliest periods of history. This is no wonder, as the proximity of their lands facilitated movement between them and unified the customs and natures of their people. Since the dawn of history, Egypt has opened the doors of its homes and institutions to welcome Levantine people, benefiting from their experiences, intelligence, and civilization. Egyptians also flocked to the Levant, finding them friendly, settling in easily, and enjoying what they enjoyed in their own countries. Levantine scholars were very active in teaching and learning in Egyptian cities, especially in Cairo, Alexandria, and other scientific centers in Egypt. Egypt was a suitable and appropriate environment for the presence of many scholars on its land, and many of them were active in writing, teaching, and tutoring. Egypt would not have been this way without the care and patronage of its statesmen and sultans, especially during the Mamluk era, when travels from Levantine scholars to Egypt were active. Many scholars and jurists, especially Levantine judges, were chosen to teach in Islamic schools in Egypt.

This article throws alight ""Reviving the historic city of Mosul and sustainable development through the use of artificial intelligence programs" is a very significant topic in the field of historical and archaeological studies alike, as it provides the city's true heritage environment and achieves significant economic benefits for the people of the province, and helps in using artificial intelligence techniques in restoring old shops registered on the World Heritage List.

يتناول هذا البحث دراسة وتحقيق حاشية الشيخ إبراهيم وحدي على تفسير البيضاوي لسورة يونس من الآية (١9 - ٢٦) إذ تُقدم تحليلاً معمقًا. في هذه الحاشية، وتُناقش قضايا تفسيرية، وتسلط الضوء على مسائل عقدية تتعلق بالإيمان والعقيدة. كما تُبرز الجوانب اللغوية والبلاغية التي تعمق فهم النصوص. وتشمل أيضًا مرورًا على بعض الأحكام الفقهية.
واهتم الإمام إبراهيم وحدي (رحمه الله) بتحليل النصوص وإيضاح المعاني، مستخدماً قواعد اللغة العربية وأساليب البلاغة لتوضيح المعاني بشكل أكثر دقة ووضوح. كما تناول الإمام مسائل عقدية هامة واستعرض العديد من النقاط التي تحتاج إلى تحرير ومناقشة، مما أثرى هذا التفسير بمعلومات قيمة ومفيدة.
This research deals with the study and investigation of Sheikh Ibrahim Wahdi’s commentary on Al-Baydawi’s interpretation of Surah Yunus from verses (19-26), as it provides an in-depth analysis. In this footnote, interpretive issues are discussed, and doctrinal issues related to faith and belief are highlighted. It also highlights the linguistic and rhetorical aspects that deepen understanding of texts. It also includes a review of some jurisprudential rulings.
Imam Ibrahim Wahdi (may God have mercy on him) was interested in analyzing texts and clarifying meanings, using the rules of the Arabic language and rhetorical methods to clarify meanings more accurately and clearly. The Imam also addressed important doctrinal issues and reviewed many points that need editing and discussion, which enriched this interpretation with valuable and useful information.
This study sought to provide a deeper and more accurate understanding of the verses of Surah Yunus, which contributes to enhancing the religious and linguistic understanding of this noble Surah. And from God, success.

إن مصطلح الزمن من المفاهيم الفلسفية التي لازمت الفكر الإنساني في تاريخه الطويل ، فلا شك أن البحث عن حقيقته هي قديمة قدم الإنسان نفسه ، كما لاشك أيضا في صعوبة فهم هذه الحقيقة وتلك الأبعاد
تتجلى لنا أهمية الزمن من وجهة نظر فكريةً وفلسفيةً ، باعتباره وعاءً للوجود والأشياء من وجهة ، ثم أساساً لتمثيلنا المعرفي من وجهة ثانية ، إذ أن الفكر البشري ومنذ توهج الوعي الإنساني وتفكره بالكون والموجودات استطاع أن يقدم تفسيرات متباينة لا حصر لها حول مفهوم الزمن وفي تفسير علاقاته بالموجودات من الفضاء والمكان والحركة والسكون والصيرورة .
ولأنه ظاهرة وحدث كوني مُهم فقد تصدّر منذ البداية المعرفية على مجمل النشاط الثقافي
The concept of time is one of the philosophical notions that has accompanied human thought throughout its long history. Undoubtedly, the quest to understand its essence is as ancient as humanity itself, and comprehending its true nature and dimensions remains a challenge.
The significance of time is evident from both intellectual and philosophical perspectives: first, as a container for existence and entities, and second, as a fundamental framework for our cognitive representation. Since the dawn of human consciousness and its contemplation of the universe and existence, human thought has produced countless interpretations of the concept of time and its relationships with entities such as space, place, motion, stillness, and becoming.
As a significant cosmic phenomenon and event, time has been central to human intellectual endeavors from the outset of knowledge. Its constant and accelerating movement has been a source of concern for humanity, driving scholars to study it in an attempt to uncover its essence. Time is perceived as a fabric woven from events and outcomes, interlacing the past, present, and future. Consequently, its conceptualization has taken on various dimensions in defining its nature and categorization among scholars.
التوطئة

Praise be to Allah, and may peace and blessings be upon the Messenger of Allah, his family, companions, and those who follow him.In this research, I addressed the obligatory ruling according to Al-San'ani, as stated in his book Subul al-Salam, in the chapter on Khula. I divided this research into an introduction and three sections.The first section includes a definition of obligatory rulings.
The second section covers the biography of Al-San'ani. The third section discusses the obligatory ruling mentioned by Al-San'ani in the chapter on Khula.I explained this as follows: I presented the title of the issue, followed by the relevant hadith, the context of the issue, and an analysis of the issue under the title "The Obligatory Ruling According to Al-San'ani." I also mentioned those among scholars who agreed with his view. Finally, the research concludes with a conclusion and a list of sources and references.

The wooden furniture industry is one of the branches of the manufacturing industry. Its importance is highlighted across Iraq in general, and Nineveh Governorate in particular, due to its significant role in supporting the national economy and attracting diverse production requirements.
The study aims to reveal the importance of the wooden furniture industry in terms of its geographical distribution, identify the most significant problems facing the wooden furniture industry, their impact on the ecosystem, and their repercussions. It also aims to identify the solutions required to mitigate the health and environmental problems resulting from these industries in the study area.
To achieve this, a descriptive and analytical approach was adopted. Data was tabulated into statistical tables and converted to percentages for comparison across administrative units. Maps and graphs were also used. The study relied on official publications from the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Information Technology Department, and municipal departments located in the study area, as well as field studies for the years 2024 and 2025.
The study concluded that the most important of which was the presence of spatial variation within the study area at the administrative unit level in the number of factories for the year 2025.

The United States of America is spearheading an extensive and multifaceted campaign aimed at maintaining its near-total dominance over regions of strategic importance، particularly in the Greater Middle East and، more specifically، the Arab world. This campaign encompasses objectives such as combating terrorism، preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction، and toppling authoritarian regimes in certain states. This emerging trend of American unilateralism has profound implications for Arab national security، particularly with the recurring discussions of a "New Middle East" map formulated by strategic think tanks. This map envisions securing a permanent American presence in Iraq، reinforcing American protection for the Gulf states، and advancing a Zionist vision for resolving the Palestinian issue—most notably through the Judaization of Jerusalem and the majority of the West Bank. Such geopolitical maneuvers are consistent with the broader implementation of U.S. global strategies.
The central issue addressed in this research is the divergence between the stated and the geopolitically executed aspects of American foreign policy، and the corresponding impact on countries such as Iraq.
The research contends that the ambiguity surrounding American policy trends، particularly in the realm of geopolitics، poses challenges for countries in terms of their reception and response to U.S. strategies While some American policies، driven by geographical determinism and the interests of decision-makers، directly influence the geopolitical behavior of states، this study aims to explore the dimensions and nature of American foreign policy، analyzing both the American perspective on international relations and the practical execution of these strategies.
The research will provide insights into the consequences of U.S. strategies on the international geopolitical landscape، with a particular focus on Iraq’s position. It will also assess the declared and practical aspects of these strategies، and their broader geopolitical implications.

This study includes the analytical interpretation of verse (43) of Surat An-Nisa, with a comparison between Imam Al-Razi and Ibn Ashour, and a statement of the places where they agreed and differed, as the analytical interpretation is intended to interpret the verses according to their order in their surahs, interpreting the verse, individually and in combination, and revealing what is in it of multiple values, doctrinal, legislative, and social rulings. This research is divided into an introduction that includes a definition of analytical interpretation and a translation of Imam Al-Razi and Ibn Ashur_may Allah be pleased with them, and a section that includes an analytical interpretation of the verse, explaining what the noble verse included in terms of the reason for revelation, the consistency between the verses, Quranic readings, the lexical meaning, grammatical issues, rhetorical styles (rhetorical issues), jurisprudential issues, and fundamentalist issues, as they were interpreted by the interpreters Imam Al-Razi and Ibn Ashur_may Allah be pleased with them. The study has proven that analytical interpretation helps to highlight the overall objective of the surah, because it works to interpret it in multiple contexts, and each context addresses a specific Quranic objective related to what precedes it, and what follows it of objectives within the same surah, and as a result we obtain the basic objective of the surah as a whole.

This study examines trauma in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire. The study highlights the causes of trauma and how they control the characters’ behaviors in the play. The focus of the study will be on three interrelated causes of trauma. First, negative events and their relative impact upon the characters’ psyches will be elaborated in terms of their feelings and emotions. Second, the characters’ neurotic demeanors will be explicated as a symptoms of their trauma as a result of bad events. Third, depression will be also pursued as a definitive feature of the characters’ trauma because they have nasty experience, especially when they are set in undesired relationship with other people. Therefore, the study’s methodology concentrates on two literary components of the selected play. The first one will be the thematic manifestation of trauma depicted in the plot. The characters’ feelings and emotions will be the second component that will be analyzed as reflections of their traumatic psychic states.

A declining and disordered society inevitably subjects its people to deep uncertainty and profound suffering. Timberlake Wertenbaker’s play The Grace of Mary Traverse reflects this societal collapse by portraying the decline of moral and social values in a world dominated by self-interest, power struggles, and corruption. Although this play has been analyzed through various critical lenses, it remains understudied within the framework of Broken Windows Theory. Therefore, this research examines Wertenbaker’s The Grace of Mary Traverse (1985) through the concepts proposed by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling in their (1982) Broken Windows Theory. The study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach, guided by core principles of the theory such as social decay, unchecked disorder, and the societal response to minor signs of corruption. By investigating how neglected transgressions contribute to escalating chaos and exploitation, the analysis sheds light on Mary’s journey through an increasingly disintegrating social environment. The study concludes that Mary endures significant suffering due to the unchecked decay in her surroundings. As these overlooked signs of disorder accumulate, they give rise to widespread corruption, chaos, and moral decline, that profoundly shape Mary’s suffering and experience throughout the play.

The impact of gender on Iraqi EFL learners' reactions toward the violation of Grice’s maxims is what this study seeks to investigate. Particularly, it explores male and female learners' reactions towards violations of the quantity maxim. In the current study, the pragmatic hypothesis is adopted as the model for analyzing the empirical data collected from one hundred Iraqi EFL male and female learners' responses to two types of sentence judgment tasks: binary and ternary. The tasks included conversational contexts that involved violations of the quantity maxim. The current study problem consists of two parts: (1) understanding how male and female EFL learners differ in their reaction towards pragmatically inappropriate language and (2) investigating such a subject it tries to fill the gap of knowledge concerning the difference between male and female learners’ behavior in such situation. It is hypothesized that female learners are more pragmatically flexible than male learners. Due to the numerical nature of the data, data analysis required a quantitative approach, namely, a statistical analysis using SPSS software. The results of the data analysis revealed that gender impacts pragmatic flexibility. The female learners were more pragmatically flexible than the male learners. Additionally, the results of the study indicated that a reverse relationship exists between pragmatic competence and pragmatic flexibility.

This study aims to assess the level of sociolinguistic competence among EFL college students using self-reported questionnaire. The study draws its problem from the phenomenon of sociolinguistic competence as integral part of appropriateness in communication and aims to understand the reasons for language learning difficulties related to sociolinguistic competence in Iraqi EFL students. The study provides a theoretical background about sociolinguistics, including the concept of sociolinguistic competence, its evolution, Speech Act Theory, and its connection to the speech act of request. The study presents the methods and tools used for data collection and analysis, the population and sample of the study, and the statistical means used for data analysis. The study is essential as it seeks to understand the reasons for the language learning difficulties experienced by foreign national students, which are related to sociolinguistic competence, motivation, and cultural factors. The study hopes that the findings of the study will contribute to the development of effective language teaching methods and materials that address the sociolinguistic competence of EFL college students.