AL-Qadisiya Journal

In light of the revolution witnessed by human society in the field of communications and informatics and the tremendous development in the field of technological innovations، artificial intelligence emerges for us as a distinct image of these innovations due to its characteristics represented in independence، self-learning and artificial neural networks that witness a remarkable development every day and their entry into multiple areas of our daily lives.
In the face of this rapid development in artificial intelligence applications، jurisprudence stands confused in determining the legal nature of it، so do we remain within the framework of traditional thinking about it and consider it a material thing to which the legal provisions that apply to things and the application of civil liability provisions resulting from doing things apply? Or is it necessary to move to a wider field in dealing with this technical development، which will exceed all limits and the need to free legal thought from traditional restrictions in looking at these applications and the mechanisms for dealing with them.
Perhaps thinking about granting artificial intelligence legal personality is strange and incompatible with the traditional rules in law that regulate legal personality، but addressing the legal problems that arise at the level of civil liability resulting from its act and ensuring effective protection for it if we prove to it the possibility of acquiring rights and bearing obligations makes this thinking logical given the number of positive results that can be achieved.
But this result by granting artificial intelligence legal personality faces a difficult road marred by many legal difficulties and the extent to which the practical feasibility of assigning this legal personality to him is achieved، and in addition to all that and related to the object-oriented nature of artificial intelligence techniques and the legal rules that govern them known for a long time، settled and developed also with the development of things and the multiplicity of their forms، which some may consider sufficient to regulate all the legal effects that result from their use in addition to the stability and stability in the application after These rules have been applied to machinery، machinery and equipment for a long time.
However, rooting the legal responsibility resulting from the act of artificial intelligence applications and encouraging society groups to benefit from them and formulating legal rules that ensure avoiding the risks resulting from their use and finding appropriate ways to avoid and redress them whenever they occur، in addition to unifying dealing with these innovations and absorbing all forms of progress and innovation that appear in the field of their uses makes granting them legal personality a matter that has many benefits.

The research highlights the most prominent applications of artificial intelligence in the field of subsidies as a form of public expenditures of the state. It takes two models for this purpose, the first from an advanced country, the United States (the Midas Program), and the second from a developing country, Togo (the Togo Program). It attempts to highlight the most important legal, technical and ethical advantages that it provides in reaching the people most deserving of subsidies and at the same time excluding those who are not deserving of them, in addition to identifying the challenges facing the use of these applications, especially their high prices, their incompatibility with current legal systems, and automatic biases and ways to overcome them.

Abstract
The importance of preventive measures has increased after the spread of the Corona pandemic and in implementation of international health regulations, countries have imposed restrictive measures such as isolation, social distancing, quarantine, closure of educational institutions and public shops, and restriction of movement and travel, which has endangered human rights, especially the right to freedom of movement .It is known that rights are final and not absolute, as each right has its own goal that it targets. Therefore, quarantine does not conflict with the individual's right to freedom of movement as long this measure is bound by conditions and limits that should not be exceeded or arbitrarily.

Despite the importance of freedom of expression، which was emphasized by international conventions and embodied in constitutional texts، if the expression of opinion carries within it an incitement or incitement to hatred for any group in society، it constitutes a grave danger that cannot be underestimated or ignored، as it will be reflected on society in a way that cannot be remedied in light of the spread of social media، especially if that act was issued by a person of political، religious or social consideration. Due to the danger of this behavior to society، we decided to shed light on it with some research to clarify the role of criminal law in confronting it.

This research examines the ineffectiveness of Iraq’s Anti-Smoking Law No. 19 of 2012, despite more than a decade since its enactment. The authors attribute this shortfall to both legal and social challenges hindering the law’s enforcement. Legally, the study identifies weak implementation mechanisms, lack of regulatory oversight, administrative corruption, and poor coordination among responsible authorities, which have collectively diluted the law’s intended impact. Additionally, enforcement is inconsistent, with selective application across different locations and institutions failing to comply with the law’s requirements socially, the research emphasizes the role of cultural norms and traditions that view smoking as a normal or even prestigious social behavior. In many regions, smoking is intertwined with hospitality, masculinity, and social bonding, making any legal restrictions socially resisted. Social pressure, especially on youth, further normalizes smoking as a means of inclusion or emulation of influential figures A major obstacle remains the low level of public health awareness. Health illiteracy in rural or underprivileged areas, coupled with insufficient public awareness campaigns and educational content, perpetuates the prevalence of smoking. The lack of comprehensive school curricula addressing smoking hazards has allowed the habit to become normalized across generations .The study concludes with a set of recommendations, including: strict and unbiased enforcement of legal penalties, widespread health education through media and academic curricula, empowering oversight bodies, and establishing specialized clinics to support smoking cessation

There are many problems that the Iraqi society is burdened with, which in turn negatively affect the movement of the wheel of sustainable development that countries are racing in today to achieve leadership, the most prominent of which is the crime of random construction in cities governed by urban planning laws, and some may be surprised at first glance by this scientific proposal?! And believe that it is an unjustified exaggeration!!!, but that surprise quickly disappears when we know that the crime of random construction plays a deadly role in the societies in which it is spread; and how could the description not be so? And the slums are a fertile field and an environment polluted with everything that can serve crime without compensation, as they are a real problem that eats away at the entity of societies that seek to advance the educational, health, service and environmental reality, Not to mention that it is a vital source for providing society with various types of crimes such as drug trafficking, abortion crimes, begging, domestic violence, and even an environment that incubates organized crime, terrorism, and the spread of extremist ideas. Since the real picture of these slums is that description, it was necessary for us to address them and try to find legal and institutional solutions to eliminate their existence or at least limit their effects on society that is trying to catch up with advanced societies in the process of sustainable development.

The offence of promoting intersex is one of the offences established by the Iraqi legislature in article 8 of Act No. 15 of 2024, the First Amendment Act to the Anti-Prostitution Act No. 8 of 1988, which stipulates that: "The following shall be added to the Act and article 7 shall be repeated: Article 7 (bis): A term of imprisonment of not less than (1) one year and not more than (3) three years or a fine of not less than (5.000.000) 5 million dinars and not more than (10.000.000) 10 million dinars shall be imposed on anyone who commits or promotes the intentional practice of intersex. " and it is important here to point out that the magnitude of this problem appeared to be very serious, which called upon the Iraqi legislature to amend the Anti-Prostitution Act. Perhaps one of the reasons why some perpetrators commit this crime is the phenomenon of tradition of the West. The technological development of the means of communication has led to the emergence of different and new kinds of behaviors that have begun to spread in our Muslim societies, including this crime. and promotion based on several similar acts through which the perpetrator aims to spread intersex in society, The law did not specify a specific way of promoting, as any act by the perpetrator leading to widespread intersex is a promotion. The Iraqi legislature has promised this offence as a misdemeanour, as punishable by a penalty of up to one to three years' imprisonment.
The requirements of scientific research require that it is appropriate to examine this topic on researchers preceded by the introduction of the first research will be to the conceptual framework of the crime of promoting intersex. In the first requirement, we will examine the definition of the crime of promoting intersex. The second requirement will be devoted to the offence of promoting transsexuality.

This research addresses the issue of artificial insemination and surrogacy from both Islamic jurisprudential and legal perspectives. Islamic scholars generally agree on the permissibility of artificial insemination between spouses, with the child's lineage being legally established. However, there is disagreement regarding the permissibility of surrogacy and the determination of the biological mother—whether she is the egg donor or the birth mother. Iraqi law currently lacks explicit provisions regulating these procedures. Nonetheless, general legal principles allow for the establishment of lineage in cases of insemination within marriage, while it is often denied in cases of divorce, death, or procedures conducted outside of wedlock.
The study highlights the urgent need for specific legislation to regulate these practices, especially in light of technological advancements that may lead to lineage confusion—an outcome strongly rejected by both Islamic law and conservative legal systems. Accordingly, the research presents several proposals, including amending nationality and personal status laws, criminalizing surrogacy, and promoting public awareness through media and educational initiatives to protect the child's identity, lineage, and family integrity.

It has become necessary to provide legal treatments for how to implement the contractual obligation after it is disrupted by climate changes resulting from disturbances in the Earth's climate, changes in solar activity, and volcanic eruptions. These potential environmental phenomena may occur during the course of the contractual relationship, especially in time contracts such as lease, contracting, work, supply, and real estate development contracts. Since the principle of the authority of will is considered one of the principles through which contractual security prevails, which determines the extent of the rights and obligations of each party to the contract, but in light of the potential climate changes, there must be mechanisms followed by the will and the judge on how to deal with the contractual relationship that has been affected by these circumstances to achieve a degree of relative stability in the contract by ensuring the minimum stability in transactions by maintaining contracts without demolishing them in light of their exposure to risks from these changes. At the end of our study of this research, we reached a set of recommendations, including that there be legal texts that define the nature of climate variables due to their significant impact on fulfilling contractual obligations at the present time, including that there be an environmental commitment agreed upon by the two parties when concluding the contract, through which How to deal with potential environmental risks and how to confront them in terms of maintaining or modifying the contractual relationship.

The Preservation of heritage buildings plays a vital role in achieving sustainable development by protecting cultural heritage and achieving a balance between development and the preservation of historical monuments. The study highlights the importance of restoring and maintaining heritage buildings and their significance according to the provisions of the Antiquities and Heritage Law No. 55 of 2002, but also as a tool for local economic development by attracting sustainable tourism. Research also shows the need to use environmentally friendly technologies and sustainable building materials in restoration processes to ensure the continuity of the building while reducing negative environmental impacts. Moreover, this study has the importance of involving local communities in environmental conservation efforts, which can help enhance cultural awareness and a sense of national belonging. Overall, the study concluded that the maintenance of heritage buildings can contribute to achieving sustainable development goals by investing in their economic, social, environmental and economic development balance by investing in them in the fields of work, culture and tourism.

There is no doubt that the right to freedom of movement is one of the most fundamental rights for every individual, and indeed a necessary condition to ensure the continuous free development of one’s life. This right is safeguarded by Islamic law even before it was enshrined in most countries' constitutions through the organization of its provisions within their domestic laws, harmonizing with international laws such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, international covenants, and conventions. These efforts ensure that freedom of movement becomes a protected right. Therefore, state laws increasingly guarantee the freedom of their citizens to exercise their rights to travel, reside, and work wherever their interests require, provided such freedoms do not conflict with the internal and international laws, or with the rights and freedoms of other citizens, whether movement occurs within national borders or across international boundaries As for the entry of foreigners, whether it is lawful or unlawful, they must be subject to the domestic laws of the state to enjoy this right. Such laws regulate the mechanisms of their entry, residence, and exit in a way that serves the public and private interests, security, and sovereignty of the state. The question raised here is whether the authority of the state in this matter is absolute or restricted, particularly in light of the increasing movement of people and capital across international borders. To answer this question and others, this study will be divided into three main topics. The first will examine the concept of the right to movement across international borders. The second will explore the individual’s right to movement in accordance with international standards. The third will focus on the restrictions imposed on states regarding the regulation of the right to movement across international borders, without delving into the restrictions imposed on individuals under domestic and international law. Finally, the conclusion will present the most important findings and recommendations.

The concept of real freedom not easy, freedom is not an immediate response to every desire, don't automatically surrender all fancy, but in truth, desire and need, within those bounds, simpler and comprehensive, are others in turn to liberty, freedom of the individual reaches their borders and stop at the right of others. Freedom, freedom, freedom takes community then it's supported and backed by, individual freedom, community happiness achieved Sapient irresistibly her in achieving common desires. The urgent need to determine the constitutional protection of rights and freedoms in light of the principle of the rule of law upon which the legal State, relates to the concept of democracy with such protection materialized the constitutional underpinnings of all branches of the law, this legal status is determined in the light of constitutional legitimacy Established by the Constitution. Which requires clarification of the standard that lends this constitutional legitimacy on protection of rights and freedoms, and their impact on criminal legislation regulating these rights and not to override them as constitutional foundations.

The progress that accompanies any field of life affects the human being and the environment in which he lives, and this progress may have negative effects due to the use of the right to it, so the forbidden criminalizes any freedom of cooperation that leads to the waste of rights and interests that are required to be protected by law as a value of the values of society with regard to the legal protection of the important reasons that it performs in human life, therefore the Environmental Protection Law No. (27) was enacted by virtue of 2009, and stipulated in Article (18/Eighth) the prevention of the management of engineering research, including the environment and biology, and Article (34) of the law verified legal research, including the environmental crime and the crime is punishable by law, and the third material crime requires for its establishment and realization there is a component of it, the material and technological component after verifying their realization as a crime and that the implementation of the crime or that the execution is nonexistent, and this resulted in the occurrence of a specific scientific research crime by law, so as a result, a person was convicted of a technical research crime, including responsibility for the environment and biology, which controlled the original penalty under the law of this crime in addition to the physical crime Which is attached to the original penalty.

The public facility is to serve the public, meet their public needs and achieve their public interests, so the continuity of public facilities is an indispensable principle. Providing the necessary services to individuals is not achieved by simply establishing public facilities, but by continuing these services on a regular basis to satisfy the basic needs of the public. Any interruption in their operation leads to harm to their interests, such as water, electricity, security, judiciary, health, education, and others. They depend on the services of these facilities, and any interruption in the services of these vital facilities may lead to great damage to the country, in addition to the extent of confusion resulting from disrupting the operation of one of these facilities. Therefore, countries must strive to maintain the regularity of their facilities, and what affects this continuity is the disruption of official work by the state due to the huge losses incurred by the state, from an economic perspective, it may reach millions of dollars due to the negative impact on the productive capacity of state employees. From an educational perspective, we find that the impact of disrupting work has direct negative repercussions on the educational aspect of the state. A student who is accustomed to holidays has a reduced spirit of diligence, perseverance, and sense of responsibility for work. From the curriculum perspective, it may not be completed in a way that the professor may resort to giving the material intensively to compensate for what he missed on the holiday. This affects the student's comprehension of the material relatively quickly, especially since the curricula in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research are determined according to pre-prepared calendars. In addition, disrupting official work delays the completion of transactions for individuals who cannot tolerate delay, which creates a feeling of frustration for them and their failure to obtain their rights fairly. Therefore, the state must balance, when it wants to disrupt work, between the interest sought from the disruption and the cessation of its facilities from their activities. From this standpoint, we have decided to study the impact of disrupting work on the principle of regular public service.

The right to sustainable development is one of the modern topics that has received great attention during the past twenty years, and the governments of various countries have devoted all their efforts to achieving it. Sustainable development, with its multiple dimensions, is the best option to ensure the implementation of human rights, achieve prosperity and the sustainability of life on the surface of the earth, sovereignty over natural resources, and guarantee the rights of future generations. The right to sustainable development is one of the inalienable human rights, hence the state had to work to create favorable conditions for this right. This right is directly linked to modern democratic principles that have been constitutionally confirmed, as it is linked to human rights guaranteed by constitutional texts, and therefore these texts are an important guarantee for achieving sustainable development. Constitutional rules are usually supplemented by laws related to many aspects such as the economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects, which makes these laws an important guarantee for achieving sustainable development. Despite the importance of the issue of the right to sustainable development and the great interest it receives at the domestic and international levels, as this right focuses on growth and how to maintain the continuity of human life, the Iraqi legislator did not adopt this concept explicitly in the permanent Iraqi Constitution of 2005, although it referred to it indirectly through the texts related to the rights and freedoms contained in the constitutional document, in addition to the other constitutional principles contained therein, which raised the question of the extent to which the constitutional legislator devoted sufficient guarantees that ensure the enforcement of the provisions related to the right to sustainable developm.

This study examines the impact of displacement on political stability in emerging and developed countries. Homelessness in underdeveloped countries often leads to increased instability due to poverty, corruption, and inadequate social services, creating a vicious cycle of insecurity. While the problem of homelessness persists in developed countries, it has been alleviated through a wide range of social welfare systems and housing projects.
The study highlights the importance of addressing homelessness as a multidimensional problem that addresses its underlying social, economic, and political roots. It also highlights global cooperation in sharing resources and solutions. Finally, the study highlights the importance of comprehensive measures to reduce displacement and promote stable and equitable political systems worldwide.

Judicial security is one of the basic guarantees for the protection of human rights and represents the most prominent duties of the state in establishing justice among its citizens. Article (19) of the current Constitution of the Republic of Iraq clearly reflects the concept of judicial security by stipulating the independence of the judiciary and emphasizing the principle of no crime or punishment except by text and considering litigation a right guaranteed to all citizens and considering the right of defense sacred and guaranteed in all stages of investigation and trial and considering the accused innocent until proven guilty and fair treatment in judicial and administrative procedures and making court sessions public and emphasizing the non-retroactivity of laws and the court appointing a lawyer to defend the accused of a felony or misdemeanor. Thus, the constitutional legislator has guaranteed most of the elements of judicial security and the protection of rights and freedoms with the aim of achieving justice and stability in society. Keywords: right، judicial security, legal protection.

One of the primary responsibilities of the state is to achieve the public interest, a major social function that can only be realized within the framework of the rule of law and institutions. While the traditional role of the state was limited to ensuring stability and security within society, it now requires a variety of tools to fulfill this responsibility, which may be institutional, humanitarian, or legal in nature.
The law grants administrative authorities privileges to issue administrative decisions, whether regulatory or individual, aimed at achieving the law’s objectives within society-namely justice and the public interest of the community. Each administrative decision must meet certain essential elements upon issuance: competence, subject matter, form, reason, and purpose. If any of these elements are lacking, the decision is considered flawed and becomes grounds for its annulment.

Our contemporary world faces modern technologies that have resulted from development in the contemporary artificial, developmental, and social reality. The changes in artificial intelligence - digital - are considered among the most important things that humans have turned to in our present era during the last three decades, especially the last decade of this century. Intelligence data has jumped. Industrialization and its algorithms are at their peak Perhaps the importance of this research lies in its negative - dangerous - effects, not only on a specific society or a specific country, but also on human society as a whole, as it crossed the borders between countries, and was neglected and even ignored by the so-called sovereignty of countries, and it can be said here that its clearest manifestation is war. cybernetics, Not to mention what has entered into societies with raw penetration, especially into our Arab and Islamic societies, which has led to a change in the values and morals of society, and the latter may help in committing crimes in their advanced forms, depending on technological development, and instill a spirit of persistence in social norms and legal and legislative conditions, because they are protected and hidden. We may not know where, when, or where the outcomes of these developments are headed. I mean the many developments in artificial intelligence, and their many risks, as secrecy and economic and scientific monopoly were among the important reasons that made many countries - including Iraq - remain behind in these developments for decades. Then this increased and in reverse after the year 2003, when the sovereignty of countries was then opened. Exploiting its social arenas and its scientific space atmosphere to enter these countries without warning to all levels of what is called social media, until it culminated in Digital developments to reach (deep fake), This requires the international legislator to stand up to the challenges of this digital development, due to the negatives it carries, such as cyber wars, to push them away from human societies, and to identify what is of benefit to bring to his fellow man, in order to spread the spirit of tolerance and familiarity among the peoples of the countries of the world so that they can follow and catch up with the countries that preceded them in this. Much, to enjoy good health, good education, and many other things indicated by the global goals for sustainable development, not what human societies reap from the dangers of cyber wars.

is an international cooperation method that allows the entry of illicit or suspicious shipments of narcotics and psychotropic substances into or through a country's territory with the knowledge, consent, and supervision of the competent authorities. This approach aims to identify and apprehend individuals involved in such crimes, along with their accomplices, through coordination between the specialized agencies in both the transit and target countries. However, this method often encounters various challenges that may hinder its effectiveness, including legal, judicial, technical, and financial obstacles. One critical issue is the conflict of jurisdiction among national courts when a dispute involves a foreign party or element. In such cases, the national judge must determine whether the dispute falls within the jurisdiction of their country’s courts.
The legal foundations of controlled delivery are divided into international and national levels. Internationally, each state party examines each case individually to address it in a way that ensures the desired objectives are met while taking appropriate measures within its capacities. Nationally, Iraq’s legal framework permits the Minister of Interior to implement the controlled delivery method for narcotics, psychotropic substances, and chemical precursors, in coordination with the Ministers of Health and Finance, and based on prior approval from an investigating judge.

The basic legal foundation for the right of the United Nations to intervene is Article 55 of the Charter, which stipulates that every country that has agreed, joined, or ratified the Charter must respect its requirements until they prevail over domestic law in the event of a conflict, because joining it within constitutional procedures is considered a voluntary waiver of sovereignty and crystallizes The right of the international organization to humanitarian intervention through the supremacy of international human rights law over other international agreements and internal legislation, Therefore, the intervention of the United Nations is considered in accordance with international law from the point of view of the United Nations and its Charter, given that the member states have accepted this intervention by joining the Charter.

In recent years, child labor has emerged as a critical challenge facing societies, particularly in developing countries, as a result of worsening economic conditions, rising unemployment rates, and increasing poverty. This phenomenon has had severe negative impacts on children's rights, leading to serious physical and psychological harm, as well as depriving them of a normal childhood. In response to this challenge, the issue of child labor has garnered significant attention from the international community, particularly from the United Nations and the International and Arab Labor Organizations. This attention has been embodied in various conventions and recommendations addressing child labor and protection, incorporating advanced international labor standards on the matter.
This research aims to examine the criminal protection of children under Iraq's Labor Law No. (37) Of 2015, which establishes a minimum working age of 15 years and prohibits the employment of children below this age. The study focuses on safeguarding children's fundamental rights, such as the right to protection from exploitation and the right to a safe and healthy work environment. Additionally, the research highlights the link between protecting children's rights and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 8, which promotes decent work and economic growth, and Goal 16, which focuses on peace, justice, and strong institutions.

With the increasing activity of financial markets in the world, new methods have emerged to reduce the risks resulting from investing in the stock market. Among these methods, the idea of a hedge fund emerged, which relied on merging two standardized methods together, namely leverage and short selling; in order to obtain higher profits.
Hedge funds are also known as the protective portfolio; as this portfolio includes a group of advanced investment tools, which aim to achieve total returns, which should exceed the average market return for a limited number of investors. The contents of hedge funds consist of many different categories of financial assets such as: stocks, futures contracts, and options contracts, in addition to currencies, real estate and various commodities.

Energy has begun, which is the most important and amazing on the international and domestic levels, the founder of a new and modern era, the era of intelligence, efforts that the physicist Albert Einstein was right when he said that nuclear energy is not everything that is fair to our way of thinking, that countries’ efforts to peacefully use energy is one of the For this reason, it contributes to providing services to its requesters, including sufficiency at the low level, active and high level, and supports the emergence of these services, namely the generation of electric power and other uses in the field of industry, medicine, and other subscriptions.
Our focus is on the multiple licenses to organize and organize the work for them, as they represent the basis for safety. It is not everyone’s practice to use and operate a nuclear reactor without a license for that work, and therefore it differs from the importance of the legal construction of nuclear licenses that achieves the success of optimizing energy in all parts of the world. It is He achieves victory As a result of that international state towards strengthening the legal rights of commitment to the agreements of the International Agency for this in order to achieve a sound and secure environment for peaceful energy, therefore, one of the most prominent reasons for our research was the role of the Iraqi legislator in providing a sound and sound record in granting licenses, reason and not that Iraq had previously established the construction of a French nuclear reactor, Jolie, for its peaceful use , therefore we limited our research to defining nuclear licenses, their types, and their legal regulation, with an explanation of the conditions for granting them and the penalty for violating them.

Climate is one of the important and contemporary issues that occupy all countries of the world as a result of its serious effects, such as floods, desertification, rising temperatures above their natural rates, rising sea levels, and threatening food security, in addition to phenomena that have a direct and indirect impact on individuals and their full enjoyment of their rights to live in a healthy and sustainable environment. For the sake of this, the administrative judiciary has become an important and effective role in discussing and solving climate problems, especially in the case of the failure of political action by the executive authorities and the existence of legislative loopholes faced by many countries of the world, especially developing ones, which negatively affects the environment in general and the climate in particular. Hence, the great and important role of the administrative judiciary appears in protecting and preserving the climate environment and confronting climate negligence and environmental neglect through its oversight of administrative decisions and rulings issued by it, which contribute to protecting the rights of future generations and enhancing the principles of environmental protection and combating environmental pollution in all its forms.

Armed conflicts are a tragedy that affects people's lives in every way, and millions of children become innocent victims of wars, terrorist attacks and armed conflicts. Children's basic rights to life are neglected and violated in conflict settings. These violations harm children physically and psychologically, placing them on the line between life and death. In many parts of the world, children are attacked, killed, injured, enslaved, trafficked, abused and exploited. Armed conflict directly and indirectly affects children’s physical, mental and behavioral health. However, these effects have long-term consequences. The immediate effects of conflict include death, physical and psychological trauma, sexual violence and displacement. Indirect effects include malnutrition, infectious diseases, environmental hazards, unaccompanied children, forced Labour, and the destruction of facilities such as education and health. As for Islamic law, especially in Muslim countries, Islamic law includes provisions concerning children in cases of armed conflict, and explains the aspects of integration between Islamic law and international humanitarian law. Therefore, it has played a prominent role in ensuring the rights of children and preserving them, especially during armed conflicts.

The phenomenon of extremism in its various forms, whether religious, ethnic or political..., is a problem that societies have been exposed to in the past and present, which necessitates the necessity of confronting it and addressing its causes to limit its negative impact on the stability of countries and societies. Among the forms of extremism, and perhaps the most dangerous, is political extremism embraced by political parties or organizations that have a direct influence on individuals and their political orientations. We believe that it constitutes the starting point for the collapse of the state and its governing constitutional institutions, and thus the elimination of the features of societal peace and political and security stability of society. Among the means of confrontation، the most important of which within the framework of legal and constitutional legitimacy، are legal means through legislation regulating political work in a manner that is derived from the principles of democracy and constitutional legitimacy. The most important forms of legal treatment lie in criminal legislation that confronts extremist political thought with strict legal effects to control the course of political work and achieve deterrence for those who violate the democratic and constitutional principles governing this field. The first launch of the paths of that treatment or criminal confrontation is in the provisions of the constitution by establishing the general principles of prohibitions represented by forms of political extremism that disturb the democratic atmosphere. And the peaceful transfer of power، and then comes the criminal legislation، whether general or special, which is concerned with criminalization and punishment for forms of violence or extremism of a political nature، and to the extent that it preserves the interests considered by the policy of criminalization and punishment for forms of political extremism.

This research aims to study and analyze the role of administrative control in protecting clean energy in Iraq, highlighting the legal mechanisms employed by administrative control.
The research addressed regulatory decisions, the licensing system between development requirements and administrative penalties, and its role in achieving a balance between economic development requirements and environmental protection. The research also examined judicial oversight of administrative enforcement actions in the field of clean energy.
The role of the Administrative Court in Iraq in adjudicating disputes related to administrative control decisions and procedures. The study also addressed the absence of a specific law regulating renewable energy, the overlapping jurisdictions between administrative bodies, and weak implementation.
The study also addressed the constitutional challenges related to some administrative control procedures. The study demonstrated that Iraq has a solid legal foundation, encompassing constitutional texts and national legislation. However, despite this, we need a specific law on renewable energy, as current laws do not adequately cover all aspects of regulating and encouraging the use of renewable energy.

During his long historical journey, man faces many opponents of varying strength and harm, but the most burdensome of them were poverty, ignorance and backwardness. Poverty still represents one of the most painful wounds of man and a scratch to human dignity. Some social, economic and legal studies explain some forms of crime as a reaction to the distress that has afflicted the poor. This is embodied by observing the direct relationship between the increase in poverty rates and the commission of criminal behavior and the occurrence of crime. Since poverty and need are the cause of many crimes of money, people, honor, begging and deviance as well, as the perpetrator lacks the ability to satisfy his needs for food, clothing and housing, and his circumstances prevent him from satisfying them in a legitimate way, he resorts to illegal means to do so, committing crimes of assault on money.

There is no doubt that the techniques of artificial intelligence have now become the most important output of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, due to its versatility in many areas of human life. The days are the engine of growth, progress and prosperity that will establish a new world that is now a fantasy. For the purpose of declaring what the techniques and types of artificial intelligence are, and the actions that are accompanied by law, are prohibited by tampering with the data and information stored by these technologies or through unauthorized access to them, causing dangers to human rights protected constitutionally and by These rights are his right to protect his privacy when his data, which is fed by AI and AI-powered machines, are robbed, disclosure, publishing, cloning, forgery, for extortion or demeanor in front of others, or their use. In contrast to the law, this study has developed, despite the few available sources on the risks of AI technologies and their impact on the right to privacy. Human rights, including his right to protect his privacy from any risks, abuses, or unauthorized access and in violation of the law. The comparative historical, and the researcher's shortcomings in the current legislation that legalize the work of these techniques, in addition to the conclusions that the researcher has concluded through the research and the proposals that would fill the shortage of current legislation.

The environment represents the general framework in which humans and other living beings exist. Forests are an integral part of the environment, with their trees and shrubs that must be protected for the resources they provide to humans. Therefore, legislation has aimed to protect forests from all threats they face as an element of the environment. International agreements and national laws have sought to protect forests and reserves. National approaches to forest protection vary; some have imposed strict, deterrent penalties, while others have reduced them. For instance, France and Algeria have strengthened penalties, while Iraq has reduced protection, not meeting the required level.

Disputes arising from oil contracts are complex issues that directly impact economic and political stability between oil-producing countries and global companies. Arbitration serves as an effective means for resolving these disputes due to its advantages, including speed, confidentiality, neutrality, and flexibility compared to traditional judicial systems. This research aims to study the effectiveness of arbitration in resolving disputes related to oil contracts by analyzing its advantages and the challenges that may arise in its application, as well as the role of international and national laws in regulating it. The study also reviews successful international experiences with arbitration and offers recommendations for improving its effectiveness in this field. It is expected that this research will highlight the importance of arbitration as an optimal method for resolving oil-related disputes and will help build trust among contracting parties.

Threatening crimes are considered one of the most important crimes that occur in society, because they are used for many purposes, for example, to get something, leave something, or to do something that is against the law. Also, because of the different forms of criminal behavior in threatening crimes, they occur once in action, sometimes verbally, and sometimes by pointing or writing. One of these crimes is the crime of threatening a university professor by a student. This crime is considered one of the most widespread crimes at the present time, as it directly affects educational life. It is also one of the crimes that is a felony or misdemeanor, depending on whether Her criminal behavior is punishable by criminal penalties under the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969. These penalties are followed by a disciplinary penalty imposed on the student once the criminal ruling is proven, whenever the elements of the crime are present, including the material and moral elements of it, and the special intent, if it exists. The victim is not in and of himself, but in his capacity. A university professor, regardless of his academic title, whether he is an assistant lecturer or otherwise, or whether he is in a university, college, or institute, whether private or governmental. It is one of the crimes committed against a public employee.

The crime of threatening through social media sites is a form of cybercrime that exploits technology and means of communication to harm or psychologically pressure individuals. This crime is embodied in directing direct or indirect threats to a person or group using text messages, photo posts, or video clips. The threat includes the use of words calling for murder, physical harm, defamation, or any act aimed at destabilizing the victim. This crime is characterized by its ease of commission due to the concealment of the identity of the perpetrator through fake accounts or encrypted means. The motive behind it may be revenge, blackmail, intimidation, or even tampering. Its psychological and social impact is often dangerous, as it causes anxiety, fear, and sometimes psychological collapse for the victim. Laws and legislation in many countries have begun to produce it towards combating these crimes strictly, by specifying legal penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment, with the adoption of advanced technical means to track down their perpetrators. However, prevention remains a shared responsibility between individuals, families, and institutions to avoid falling into the trap of these crimes, such as raising awareness of account privacy and not interacting with suspicious accounts. Therefore, we find that artificial intelligence is a double-edged sword. It helps enhance digital security, but it is also used badly to develop new methods of threat. Therefore, it is important to regulate the use of artificial intelligence and develop legislation that ensures the safe and sustainable use of technology.

The study addressed the issue of criminal liability for incitement via the Internet، which is the most widespread and dangerous crime recently, especially since it threatens the security and stability of countries, as the digital environment has contributed to the ease of spreading such behaviors and circulating them, which carry within them incitement and motivation for hatred and the resulting dire effects such as violence, discrimination and other harms to society, which may lead to coups and internal wars or affect society from a moral standpoint. Therefore, this study comes as a serious attempt to present the issue of incitement via the Internet from a legal standpoint in terms of explaining its concept and the legal basis for criminalizing it, and then explaining the objective provisions of how to commit it and how to confront it in Iraqi law.

The legal regulation of renewable energy and sustainable development is a fundamental part of global efforts to address environmental, social, and economic challenges. This regulation aims to promote the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, as sustainable alternatives to traditional energy, thereby contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change.
International legal frameworks include a set of important agreements, such as the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals, which emphasize the importance of achieving a balance between economic, social, and environmental dimensions.
However, these efforts face multiple challenges, including gaps in economic and technological capacities between countries, and the need for effective monitoring and implementation mechanisms. Nevertheless, these challenges also provide opportunities to enhance innovation and international cooperation in the fields of energy and development.

Philosophers and thinkers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries fought a great struggle to define and give an accurate concept of justice, considering that this concept creates in the human soul a feeling of equality among the different members of the same people and gives each person his right. The law stipulates achieving the public interest by protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals, in addition to achieving the common interests of the components of society, whether they are natural or legal persons. The legislator must achieve this stability with regard to legal standards. Therefore, this places us under an absolute rule, constantly accepting changes and amendments according to the needs of the state and society, and there is no meaning in applying laws.
The old in the presence of new procedures and transactions, so legal security undertakes the task of coordinating law with law on the one hand, and on the other hand the agreement between the sources of different legal rules. The idea of legal and judicial security is very important in ensuring the stability of individual rights, and the principle enshrined in the constitutional document plays an effective role in respecting the content itself as well as the stability of human legal relations. The constitution has established a very important and pivotal position for the judiciary, considering that the latter is the body responsible for resolving disputes and disputes between individuals in society, as the latter plays a major role in achieving justice between individuals and the stability of transactions between them through an authority exercised by the state and which exercises everything related to it, called the judicial authority, which constitutes the pillar of the state of law and justice and the guarantor of the protection of rights and freedoms and the achievement of what is called judicial security. There is no doubt that any politically organized society needs to achieve security, as no area of the state becomes or is established except by providing security so that things are set right in all areas, so the need for legal and judicial security has become urgent and indispensable, as it has become a right for the citizen and a title for the state of law and institutions..

This study aims to reveal the mechanism of the work of the deliberative process within the legal discourse system, as It is a discourse that Is distinct from other discourses. Based on what the deliberative approach has brought and Its dimensions In the social and legal context In understanding legal texts, their purposes, decisions, and their actual application based on the authority granted to It by the state and Its functional usage aspect, we have tried to research the concept of legal discourse, which is an effective discourse In social life, Institutions, and official bodies, as It is the organizational and official nucleus. This is based on addressing deliberative processes and researching the references of the concept of legal discourse. Keywords: Legal discourse, deliberative processes, speech.

The research examines the concept of "computer programs," also referred to as "software," which is technically known as the "logical entity," to distinguish it from the "physical entity" of the computer, commonly known as "hardware," representing the tangible components of the computer. For decades, these programs have posed legal challenges in terms of their definition, classification, and addressing crimes or damages arising from them.
This study explores the linguistic and technical definitions of these programs, their jurisprudential and legislative concepts, as well as their international perspective. It also delves into the two primary understandings of software-the "broad" and "narrow" concepts-and concludes with the legal classification of these programs. The study affirms that software is considered a protected work under copyright and intellectual property laws, granting the creator, or "programmer," the status of an "author" with financial and moral rightsL Since these programs are classified as "works" rather than "patents," the research focuses on the key Arab copyright legislations, including the laws of Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Morocco, Kuwait, Algeria, Lebanon, Sudan, Tunisia, and Jordan. It also references some international legislations related to works, intellectual property protection, and copyright. The study adopts both analytical and comparative methodologies.

Most Arab countries have adopted the concepts of digitization, its spread and the extent of benefiting from its capabilities in building society and developing the work of the state on the one hand, and keeping pace with international development and the strategic dimension of advanced countries on the other hand. Work began on employing women and benefiting from their capabilities in order to facilitate state services and provide them to citizens without the need to interact with the administrative authorities. These countries varied in the speed of digital transformation and the adoption of the automation system. This transformation was accompanied by some problems faced by users of both sexes. It had a major impact on the state on the one hand, such as data hacking operations and confidential official correspondence, and a personal impact represented in personal exploitation and threats. This topic took up a large space in the political, economic, cultural and social aspects based on the speed of access to available information and the speed of receiving information to be spread, which was reflected in breaking many of the restrictions facing Arab women in order to reach the world

This research aims to study the behavior of an impoverished debtor who issued fraudulently to cause his insolvency or reduce his financial liability to contribute to his inability to repay a previous debt he owed to his creditor, which exposes the latter to financial harm, and in order to address that and so that the debtor does not exploit his right to dispose of his money as he pleases by emptying his financial liability. In order to evade paying his due debt, civil legislation has been keen to take a specific stance towards the debtor performing in bad faith some actions that would harm his creditor, contrary to the principles of justice and good faith in implementing obligations.

Spending on children has found its legitimacy in the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet, as many verses indicate its obligation. Some laws have dealt with spending on children, some of which are influenced by Islamic law, and some have not addressed the issue of spending on children in cross-border relationships, as well as stateless children. We find that some legislation has addressed these problems by seeking help from the debtor’s domicile, if the debtor has a fixed domicile or his place of residence. The legislation has unanimously agreed that the maintenance of children must be borne by the fathers when they are present, and when they are not present, the maintenance is transferred to the persons in charge after the father. Islamic law has dealt with the issue of child support in a comprehensive manner, and that is Because Islamic law was not restricted to a specific time or place, it was not limited by boundaries or breaks, while legislation, including Arab legislation, dealt with the maintenance of children by applying the law of the nationality of the person convicted of it, and did not address the issue of stateless people or those who lost their nationality for any reason, as well as those of unknown parentage.

The development of smart, controlled weapons and their use in the future, whether by the developers themselves or others, may lead to a violation of human rights, and among the most prominent of these rights are the right to life and the right to human dignity, which are of course rights recognized mainly in treaties related to human rights, as well. In most cases that form part of customary international law, the rules and principles of international human rights law indicate that if force cannot be used lawfully, we must exercise self-control and act in a manner appropriate to achieving any legitimate goal, and make the greatest possible effort to preserve human life. The United Nations Human Rights Council has been the first to study the effects of new technologies on cases of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. Philip Alston states that “although robotic or unmanned weapon technology has developed with astonishing speed, public debate on the legal, ethical and moral issues arising from their use is still at a very early stage, and very little consideration has been given to the legal framework.” international needs to deal with the resulting issues.

Arab societies face significant challenges in combating ideological extremism and violence against women, driven by various social and cultural factors that contribute to their persistence. One of the most prominent factors is the dominance of traditional cultural norms that confine women’s roles to the domestic sphere, limiting their ability to actively participate in society. These practices may also justify violence against women, whether physical or psychological, thus exacerbating the spread of these phenomena in some communities.
Additionally, certain misconceptions propagated by some religious institutions contribute to reinforcing extremist ideologies that control women in the name of religion or honor. This deepens the gap between the rights women should enjoy and the reality they often face.
Economic challenges also play a significant role, as poverty and unemployment increase tensions within families, leading to more violence. In this context, women become more vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.
To address this reality, efforts from governments and civil society must come together to enhance education, shift cultural perceptions, and implement laws that protect women's rights from violence and extremism.

The basic function of the civil judge is to adjudicate the disputes brought before him, and in order to resolve these disputes, he has sovereign and discretionary powers granted to him by law, but these powers are sometimes not sufficient to reach a fair judgment or to achieve the indirect goals of the law, which are to achieve stability, progress and prosperity for society, because there are behaviors carried out by the parties to the lawsuit that do not go beyond the scope of the law, but may go beyond the scope of etiquette, morals, religion and the necessities of harmony and stability in social and family relations. It is not hidden from the intelligent person that these principles play an important role in preserving the entity of society and protecting it from cracking, so the judge must contribute to deterring such actions by using the method of guidance, advice and guidance for the opponents and urging them to avoid actions that may achieve material gain for them, but certainly reflect negatively on their morals, religion and social and family relations.

Administrative control is closely related to the protection of biological diversity, whether for traditional or non-traditional purposes that have emerged to the legal medium due to life developments, and aims to show biodiversity in particular and biodiversity in general as a modern entrant to legal sciences and its basis and legal nature to protect it at the internal level, and reveals the extent of the influence of preventive or curative administrative mechanisms adopted to protect various living organisms, which serve as guarantees for the protection of biodiversity and then unique varieties to achieve sustainable development. Biodiversity has imposed itself at the present time as a legal issue transformed from being a scientific issue to protect and maintain it as it is the basis of the balance of the ecosystem that achieves its sustainable development and represents the framework of life and well-being for humanity. The importance of its existence, development and sustainability must be remedied, but it faces serious challenges that threaten its survival as a result of the damage it is exposed to, including excessive human exploitation of habitats that are habitats of unique varieties, which led to the migration and disappearance of these organisms, as well as poaching, acts of terrorism, wars and others, and administrative control is one of the oldest and most important duties of the state at the internal level, and according to the previous reasons, biodiversity has been and still is one of the most important priorities and concerns of environmental defenders as a result of what it is exposed to. Of threats and dangers that ended with the extinction of many unique species of living organisms, and therefore unique varieties by protecting biodiversity have received the attention of international and domestic legislators through the signing of agreements, holding conferences and legislating domestic laws.

The child is the pillar of the family and the reason for its existence and purpose, and he also represents the future of society, so all members of society, starting from the family and reaching the highest state institutions, seek to have the child surrounded by the necessary care that protects and preserves him, and there are international agreements concerned with protecting the rights of the child, but in this study we saw the Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989, because it has international standards that are a tremendous mark in establishing the rights of the child, as it includes basic principles aimed at protecting the child as a human being, in addition to its superiority over other international agreements because it contains general and special rights. At the same time, the rights of the child were manifested in the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005, as it stipulates the provision of an appropriate atmosphere that helps develop the child's personal capabilities and potential, in addition to his right to care and education and the prevention of economic exploitation and any harm that affects his rights and other rights enjoyed by the child. Also, the constitutions prior to the Constitution of 2005 stipulated social, economic, political and cultural protection and came in general not specific to the child. Also, the civil law and the personal status law seek to protect the child in his financial transactions and loss or neglect such as his right to breastfeeding, alimony and other rights. Therefore, we will divide this topic into three demands. As for the first demand, we will discuss the concept of children's rights between reality and ambition. As for the second demand, it will be to study the provisions of children's rights in reality, international law. Finally, in the second demand, we will study children's rights in reality, Iraqi law.

Social policies play a crucial role in addressing ideological extremism and safeguarding women from all forms of violence. These policies focus on fostering peaceful coexistence and promoting women’s rights through educational, legal, and awareness-raising measures, helping to create a safer, more stable society. By reforming educational curricula, social policies encourage tolerance and critical thinking, which reduce the spread of extremist ideas and promote gender equality.
In terms of legislation, social policies aim to enforce strict laws against domestic violence and provide effective protection mechanisms for women at risk, encouraging victims to report abuse and enhancing their sense of security. Media also plays a pivotal role in raising awareness about the dangers of extremism and violence against women, with public campaigns that challenge traditional views often used to justify violence.
Furthermore, civil society organizations serve as key partners in implementing these policies by providing legal and psychological support for women, empowering them to participate more fully in society. Together, these combined efforts work to confront the challenges posed by extremist ideas and support women’s rights, paving the way for a society that upholds justice and equality.

Sustainable development represents a complex path that reflects the ability of societies to achieve continuous growth of their resources without harming the environment. Despite the relatively late international attention to environmental issues, this growing concern has driven individuals and communities to study the impacts of human activities on the natural environment. In response to these challenges, the international community has worked to establish laws that ensure the protection of the environment from the damages caused by human interference.
Consequently, calls have emerged for adopting a comprehensive international legal framework to address environmental issues, alongside the necessity of establishing effective judicial institutions to implement these agreements. This would transform legal provisions from theoretical rules to practical application. This need has led to demands for the creation of an international court specialized in environmental cases, tasked with resolving international environmental disputes and achieving future justice that ensures a balance between environmental protection and sustainable development.

Technological development has become part of all areas of life at the present time, it has entered the fields of health, education, media and even security, which has led to the emergence of several problems that accompanied the development in technology, such as the occurrence of cases of privacy violations and the absence of some work due to the spread of artificial intelligence technologies, in addition to another problem that has caused a state of anxiety in the world, which is deep forgery or what is known as (deep fake). This technology depends on artificial intelligence in a way that can make images, audio recordings or video clips of characters Real, she does things or says things that she did not say in reality.
Despite the positives that may accompany this technology in the fields of education or entertainment, it poses a danger. Really not only on internal peace but even on the international community level for its ability to Manipulating public opinion, defaming reputations and incitement, which made the international community sound the alarm. This is what we will show in the research by reviewing the most important ethical challenges of using intelligence. Artificial intelligence with deep fake case studies and then discusses legal and policy frameworks. Adopted by some countries and a statement of international efforts to provide recommendations to enhance international protection against these Risks.