Tikrit Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences

The study aims at knowing the nature of the relationship between knowledge management strategies and the innovation capabilities for workers in a group of private banks operating in Iraq. The study tries to achieve the goal on the descriptive analytical approach and four banks were represented in the Middle East Bank for Investment and Finance, the Iraqi Investment Bank, Gulf Bank Al-Tijari, Al-Ahli Iraqi Bank. The study community was represented by (CEO, director's assistant, department heads and consultants, while the study sample was represented by (128) individuals drawn on the basis of the formula (N> 50 + 8 (P) and the questionnaire was distributed using the non-random sampling method, and (117) retrieved a valid questionnaire for the analysis.
The study concluded through its results that there is an effect of knowledge management strategies in developing the innovation capabilities of workers at the macro level of variables. While the effect of expansion and leverage strategies in developing the innovation capabilities of workers at the expense of appropriation and probing strategies overshadowed. Accordingly the study recommended increasing interest in both conversion and verification strategies because it will increase the opportunities for knowledge sharing among workers on the one hand as well as prospecting and verification of the knowledge they have on the other hand .

This study came with the aim of clarifying the contribution of this approach as a regulatory mechanism through which companies can address some of the problems they face. In light of a survey of the opinions of a sample of officials at Zain Communications, about the possibility of using and applying a modern administrative and organizational entrance (WSR approach) to address chronic problems that confuse formulas Work in it. Three variables interacted to form the intellectual framework for this study, namely (WSR approach, knowledge sharing and knowledge Withholding behavior), and the study launched from a problem that was developed through several tracks including reviewing the literature as well as the limitations of relevant studies, in order to know the problems suffered by Zain Communications Company . The sample of the study was identified by (183) officials, departments and units. Used questionnaire as a tool to collect data and information from the sample of the study, and using a set of statistical tools the study came up with conclusions. The most prominent of which was: Clarity of the role of the W.S.R approach as a modern administrative perspective to deal with the problems facing the company and upgrade it in relation to its indicators (characteristics of knowledge, organizational context, individual context) as an attempt to reduce some undesirable behaviors in the work environment as behavior withholding knowledge. The study also presented a number of recommendations, the most important of which was the completion of the current study with other studies. Foremost of which is the development of a plan with specific mechanisms for the possibility of rooting the approach of W.S.R. in Zain Communications, and its implementation development and adoption as a procedural organizational formula field to solve many of the problems facing the company.

The current research aims to identify the nature and type of relationship that links the independent variable "green human resources management practices" with the dependent variable "social responsibility" for service organizations and in particular the General Directorate of Municipalities of the Ministry of Construction, Housing, Municipalities and Public Works. As the descriptive and analytical method has been adopted as the most appropriate in human research, so the questionnaire was used to collect data and information in addition to the official documents available to the researched organization. Whereas, the research population and sample consisted of a random sample that included the individuals working in the researched organization, with a number of 177 working individuals. Available information and data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation, variation coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient, and were statistically treated with the SPSS Ver. 24 statistical software package and Excel. From the research findings. The researched organization deals moderately with green human resource management practices in its administrative and functional dealings and is linked in all its dimensions to a significant correlation with social responsibility and this correlation has reflected moderately positive on social responsibility, given the nature of the work of the Directorate as a social service organization not for profit.

This research aimed to statement the role of Persuasive leadership as independent Variable with its Dimensions-Credibility, Obligation, and Leadership Attraction-on Achieving Organizational rhetoric as a dependent variable with its dimensions-Organizational Reputation, Organizational Image, and Leadership Personality. Then diagnose Correlation and Regression between them. For Achieving Research purposes, designed Questionnaire encompassed (38) Questions, analysis data and investigates hypothesis by (SPSS) Program, The study sample include (55) Managerial Leaders in Al Hayat Company Al Hayat Company for soft and mineral drinks in Erbil City, used: Frequencies, Percentages, Mean, Frequencies, Correlation, Regression, Standard Deviation. The prominent Findings appears that there is moral correlation between variables of research, and there is weak morale impact between Persuasive leadership and Organizational rhetoric.

The research aims to know the importance of inserting career staff in training courses related to the field of office work from the viewpoint of the research sample and determining a number of bases that are relied upon in choosing the career staff to nominate him to participate in training courses. The most important foundations adopted in the evaluation of training programs during participation of the trainee in terms of the trainer, the training environment, the training material and the trainee. As well as knowing the importance of the library administration’s interest in following up the trainee after the end of his participation in identifying the acquired skills and information and employing them to address the weaknesses of the library. The research relied on collecting the necessary data, not as a result of the questionnaire that was divided into four main axes include: The first axis, the general description of the research sample. The second axis includes evaluation criteria before training. The third axis includes the dimensions of the evaluation phase during training which are (the trainee, trainer, training material, training environment). The fourth axis includes evaluation after training. The research community is represented by faculty members in the Department of Information Technology and Libraries / Institute of Management - Al-Rusafa, they numbered (18) teachers. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is training is one of the most important elements of libraries success in increasing the skills and experiences of their career owners, which provides the opportunity to keep pace with technological developments in the field of office work. That the library departments follow the trainee to encourage him to take care in acquiring information, sharing and applying them in the work environment, which reflects positively on increasing Efficiency of workers and improving the quality of services provided to beneficiaries. As for the most important recommendations that have been put in place, it is necessary to focus on the training courses programs in which the professional staff participate in terms of modernity and keep pace with developments in his field of specialization. Set a number of foundations that must be relied upon to measure the degree of benefit that has been achieved from the participation of the trainee in training programs. Ensure the extent of their suitability for developments technology by requiring the trainee with detailed reports on the training program after his participation has ended, so that he may be evaluated and know the extent of its importance to the trainee.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the activity and development of human resources according to the standards of municipal service quality for the Division of Human Resources Management in the Directorate of Ramadi Municipality and it constitutes a challenge to the Ministry of Housing, Municipalities and Public Works. The reality of the training and development activity has been diagnosed according to quality standards through dimensions (tangible or Physical appearance, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy). The researcher conducted interviews with the staff of the Human Resources Division and the officials of the people and divisions in the researched directorate, in addition to the field coexistence. And approved the checklist that was designed by the researcher to be compatible with the requirements and standards of the measure (SERVPERF) to measure the quality, it was judged by a group of experienced and specialized masters for the purpose of collecting data related to the study. These data were analyzed using the arithmetic mean, the matching percentages and extracting the gap percentage for the main study requirement, which is evaluating the training and development activity according to the standards of municipal service quality. The idea of the current study came as a result of the importance of the training and development activity and its role in improving the performance of individuals and developing their skills. .The researcher concluded that there is a lack of awareness or awareness by the Ramadi Municipality directorate of the importance of evaluating training and development activities for its human resources according to the standards of service quality. The researcher recommended the necessity of emphasizing the evaluation of the activity under discussion according to the quality standards because of its role in pushing individuals to achieve better

The Competition is exerting its effects in all sectors is the entertainment services sector. So the current subject is chosen in order to identify the aspects that the entertainment organizations has to excel it competitors and the aspects that make costumers choose an entertainment organization and not others, adding to that, the reasons for not choosing them, so the basic problem of the current research represented by the following:
1. What is the attractive aspects that provided by the entertainment utilities and achieve competitive advantage through of it?
2. What is the unavailable aspects, which is present a negative component and reduces the importance of the entertainment utilities?
From here the research was derived its importance by creating an intellectual framework that establishes the concept of entertainment services marketing in one hand. Creating another intellectual framework for competitive advantage on the other hand. Through of which it become necessary for organizations to resort to good control of their marketing activities and use it in smart approach to be the first in its activity field.
The research aims to identifying the nature of the relation between the diminution’s and variables of the research by analyzing (82) questionnaire sheets, which is represents the source for obtaining field information, the sample of the research is represented by a number of workers in an entertainment utility in Mosul City.
The research was adopted four hypotheses; the most important one is (The marketing of entertainment services contributes in achieving competitive advantage). The hypotheses were tested by using different statistical tools, the most important one are Sensitivity & Specificity to measure the relation between entertainment services and competitive advantage. The researchers have reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: It turns out that the recreational facilities are constantly studying the services that meet the customer\'s future requirements and expectations

The research aims to shed light on the initiatives of the Al - Shaab Municipality Department in two of the seven axes of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Which were defined by its ISO 26000 standard, which is (employee practices) and (beneficiary issues). Where it was observed that (Al-Shaab Municipality) one of the departments of (Baghdad Mayoralty) the subject of this research did not pay sufficient attention to these two axes, despite the great interest that the world\'s organizations attach to them and the other axes of other social responsibility. The descriptive analytical method was used in the research as it fits with the researched case and the data was processed using the statistical tools represented by (weighted arithmetic mean, matching percentage, gap size). The research found that the People\'s Municipality was careful to perform its duties and responsibilities towards its employees, as the percentage of matching towards them reached (69%), which indicates a great interest of the municipality in its workers and its awareness of the importance of the human resource as an important resource from its resources. As for the beneficiaries, the percentage of matching was (63%), which indicates that there is good interest from the municipality with the beneficiaries and its care to provide them with the best services and facilitate the access of information to them and maintains the privacy of their data and is concerned with their complaints and works to deal with

The research aims to study the basic requirements that lead to obtaining academic accreditation in (College of Administration and Economics/ University of Mosul as a model). Relying on a content analysis methodology that includes performance indicators in the eight scientific departments in the College. By analyzing the performance evaluation form of the numbered scientific departments (F0090506) And by including the criteria and trying to measure them in the applied reality in the college, which confirms the contribution of the research in providing a simplified guide and theoretical clarification supported by practical application of each of the academic accreditation standards at the college level. The current research included the eight scientific departments in the college. To find out the most important determinants that limit the achievement of quality in educational services, which represents the ability of the college to provide the criteria approved by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, in terms of (providing scientific research requirements, improving quality and programmatic accreditation, Faculty, and scientific activities). Assuming that the college needs to apply the standards that the ministry has approved to achieve local, regional and international integration and integration in applying those standards in the field of higher education. The results came that the college is not at the level required to achieve academic accreditation according to the criteria established in the ministerial form, which requires scientific and administrative development and training to upgrade educational services in the college towards the required accreditation

Organizations need to revitalize their basic capabilities and competencies to build competitive advantages and counter competitors ’threats not only to build better value for customers but for employees as well. Organizations have understood the value of human resources by considering employees as internal assets and customers being nurtured, as internal marketing and its components contribute to the development of the organization’s employees and motivate them to provide better service quality and external customer satisfaction.
The research aims to diagnose and measure the harmonic relationship between the components of internal marketing for a sample that included (118) male and female teachers from private secondary schools in the city of Mosul. In general, the research attempts to answer three questions, namely, is there a difference in the answers of the respondents about the components of internal marketing?, Is there a consensual relationship between the internal marketing components of organizations?, Are there correlations Among the components of internal marketing in the researched organizations? To answer these questions, two hypotheses were adopted that were tested using the Chi-Square test and the correlation analysis of the data collected through a questionnaire for the answers of the subjects, and the five-point Likert scale was used in all measures. The research found that there is a consensual relationship between the components of internal marketing according to the answers of the respondents, strong positive moral bonds between these components, and the need to provide government material and technical support to the researched organizations and stimulate the private sector in order to improve educational services.

The research aims to identify the possibility of adopting the strategic alignment approach according to the dimensions of the (Luftman) model by diagnosing the reality of the dimensions of the model and the degree of readiness of the college to adopt the strategic alignment. Al-Nour University College was chosen as one of the young private colleges in the city of Mosul as a field of study to learn about the reality of its dimensions in it, and the possibility of adopting the benefits that the alignment brings to the college by providing a stable work environment. Where harmony and teamwork prevail and contribute to eliminating everything that provokes organizational conflicts. Used the questionnaire form as a main tool to obtain data from the research sample that included heads of departments, divisions and administrative units represented by (90) people, and the problem of study was determined by the following main question: How ready is Al-Noor University College to adopt the strategic alignment approach according to the dimensions of the Luftman model?
The research adopted the following main hypothesis (The dimensions of strategic alignment (communications, value, governance, partnership, infrastructure, skills) are available at the college and it has the willingness and readiness to adopt the strategic alignment approach according to the dimensions of the Luftman model). In order to test these hypotheses, an analysis of the obtained data was carried out, depending on many statistical methods, and using ready-made programming (SPSS Ver. 25), and according to that analysis results were extracted, the most important of which (the college is ready to adopt the approach of strategic alignment according to the dimensions of the Luftman model. Based on the results of hypothesis analysis and testing, which indicates that workers agree and harmonize with each other and with their organizations, these organizations can manage change and reduce its resistance and the ability to keep pace with developments required by the renewable work environment

The aim of the current study is to know the role of servant leadership in its seven dimensions (conceptual skills, empowerment, concern for subordinates, assistance to subordinates, concern for subordinates, ethical behavior, emotional healing, and commitment to community development) in reducing the phenomenon of job burnout in private hospitals that are affiliated to the health department Nineveh. And standing at the level of both servant leadership, and job burnout. Hence its importance becomes clear to us. The study expressed the problem through a set of questions centered on whether there is a correlation and influence between the study variables, and in light of this, a hypothetical model was built from which the main and sub-study hypotheses emerged. In order to test the validity of the hypotheses, data were collected through the questionnaire tool, which was prepared for this purpose. A sample was chosen which was the size of (90 individuals) from administrators in some private hospitals (Al-Zahrawi Hospital, Al-Rabeeh Hospital, Nineveh Hospital). The researchers relied in their study on the descriptive and analytical approach. And has a questionnaire consisting of three sections, the first section is concerned with the personal data of the respondents, or the second section is of the dimensions of servant leadership, and the third section consists of paragraphs related to job burnout. Then the researchers processes the data collected using the statistical program (SPSS) to obtain the results and prove Hypotheses. In light of the results, the researcher reached a set of conclusions: A correlation and effect of the two variables (independent and dependent) in some private hospitals, whether at the macro or sub-level. The study recommended several recommendations, the most important of which are: the necessity of strengthening the administrative concepts of workers related to the performance of their duties in general terms and the concepts of leadership styles, preparing for all work pressures and work problems in particular, paying attention to the issue of job burnout among workers in private hospitals. And taking the necessary measures to reduce combustion levels

The aim of this research is to explain the availability of lean management tools in improving competitive advantages. And it was intended to answer them to clarify the intellectual connotations and theoretical philosophy of these variables, and this research falls in two main parts, as the first part included the research methodology and theoretical approaches to research variables and its dimensions, while the second part dealt with The philosophical and analytical framework of research hypotheses, conclusions and recommendations. The aim of the research is to study the role of lean management in improving the competitive advantages of the opinions of a sample of North Oil Company employees. By measuring the impact and testing the relationship between research variables. The descriptive analytical approach has been adopted (130), as well as selecting a sample of the staff of (127) individuals, by adopting a form The questionnaire as a measurement tool, and the results were extracted through the statistical program (SPSS) to validate the research hypotheses related to correlation and influence between the two research variables. The most prominent conclusions reached by the research were in the theoretical and field framework, the most important of which is that lean management tools are today a strategic imperative, and not a decision among a set of strategic decisions facing the company under discussion. Based on the conclusions that the research included, the research made some recommendations Among the most important: spreading the concepts of lean management tools among the employees of the company in question at all administrative levels through periodic bulletins, seminars and billboards for the purpose of consolidating these directives and concepts.

The study aimed to find out the effect of the critical success factors represented in (supporting senior management, information and communication technology, education and training, and teamwork) in developing the lean supply chain.
In order for companies to survive and grow, especially in light of increased competition, they must develop or change their production systems in a way that is compatible with contemporary systems. Especially the lean supply chain, as it leads companies to a better competitive position by achieving efficiency in the proper use of their resources to come out with products that have value and it is free from waste at the same time and has the ability to compete with similar goods. This can be achieved by taking advantage of the critical success factors of (supporting senior management, information and communications technology, education and training, and teamwork) after its development and activation, and then investing it towards achieving the aspirations of the purposeful organization. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive and analytical approach was used, and through it the questionnaire was designed as a main tool in collecting data, as (100) questionnaires were distributed to the employees of the companies of study sample. Were (90) questionnaires retrieved from them showing the valid ones for analysis (78) A questionnaire. After collecting data and treating them statistically, the study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: The companies of study sample, if they use critical success factors, will lead to the development of the lean supply chain used

The research aims to show the customer\'s satisfaction with the transportation of the gas oil product, which is represented in some of its dimensions (cost, time, reliability, response, quality).
An analysis was made of the data obtained from the researched field, which is the Challenge Association for Generators in the city of Mosul. The sample community was (2600) civil generators distributed across all areas of the city of Mosul. Using the questionnaire form that is the main tool and was distributed to (80) respondents (Representatives of private generators in the city of Mosul), out of (80), depending on what the statistical program (SPSS) provides for statistical methods to test the main hypotheses, which states that there is satisfaction among customers about the logistical transport of the gas oil product. Several conclusions have been reached that confirmed In the presence of customer satisfaction with the logistical transport, and there are differences of satisfaction on the dimension of the study, and in light of this, the researchers sought to provide recommendations and proposals related to research in order to achieve the greatest benefit to the research field.

The continuation of educational organizations in the performance of their activities (the teaching process, scientific research, community service) depends on their ability to adapt to changes in the external environment, in order to keep pace with these developments. So they represent a goal by knowing the goal that the strategic readiness of educational organizations plays in order to reduce Indicators of strategic erosion, and for the purpose of achieving the objectives of the study and answering its questions, a descriptive analytical approach was used. In light of that, the questionnaire was designed as a main tool in data collection. As (191) questionnaires were distributed to a sample of academic leaders in the research field, and (176) questionnaires were retrieved from them, valid for analysis (166) questionnaires, and after data collection and statistical processing, the study reached a number among the most important conclusions: There is an effect of strategic readiness on strategic drift

The current research attempts to determine some of sustainable manufacturing strategies including (recycling, remanufacturing, reuse) in achieving competitive superiority at the level in the state Company for Leather and Textile Industries/Baghdad. The objective of the research is to provide a conceptual framework of strategies sustainable manufacturing in achieving Competitive Superiority and the test of the correlation and influence among them. Fifty one questionnaires were distribution and analyzed using the SPSS program. A number of conclusions were reached the most important: There is a significant relationship between the two research variables at the macro level, as well as a significant effect of sustainable manufacturing strategies in achieving competitive superiority. The research presented a number of suggestions. The most important spreading the concepts of sustainable manufacturing strategies and dimensions of competitive superiority among the individuals working in the researched company at all administrative levels through the establishment of training courses, pamphlets and advertisements in order to consolidate and promote sustainable manufacturing strategies and competitive superiority it can contribute to the sustainability of the company\'s business

Iraqi economy is affected by a number of factors that have changed the form of the activities of this economy from time to time. It has become generally accepted that there is a wide and growing range of activities outside the formal economy in Iraq has been already exist. As such, activities are not recorded through the system of national income accounts, which has become the accepted and important standard in all countries of the world. The existence and increase of the hidden economy raises a number of fundamental concerns that represent the economic crises of the country, especially if the economic and social conditions of individuals and households are evaluated in a biased and inconsistent manner with official statistics. Therefore, the official number of the unemployed may mask the fact that part of them are actually working and receiving an adequate income while registering as unemployed. As a result, macroeconomic policies are likely to be overly expansionary, and social policy will be very excessive. The shadow or hidden economy expresses the loss of tax revenue, because covert activities circumvent in many ways the tax laws. This is an indication of an unhealthy condition between citizens, the government and the economy as a whole. In this paper, we define the concept, forms and stages of crises, and how to deal with them. In addition to the effect of the hidden economy in these crises in the form of treatment at other times, and another economic problem at other times. Taking into consideration the specificity of the Iraqi economic situation, based on a number of appropriate economic indicators

The University administration deals with a huge variety of activities that generate solid waste, dealing with it requires sound management through the tools of management derived from environmental policy and environmental sustainability of resources, to preserve the natural environment, which is reflected on the health and safety of society. From these activities (teaching and research laboratories, Student housing in internal departments, buildings and restaurants) that adversely affect the environment if not managed properly. Thus, solid waste management (SWM) came as one of those tools to support decision-making through the indicator (Moreira, et al., 2018). In the context of this study aimed at the reality of the application of the indicator at the University of Mosul. According to which the field is divided according to four groups depending on the division The University of Mosul has (Humanitarian, Scientific, Medical, and Engineering). Then the data collection tool was distributed to the members of the councils in colleges in their capacity as the study community by (198) and the response came at (80.303%) which represents the study sample, and the statistically obtained data was analyzed using a program (SPSS Ver. 23). In light of this, a set of conclusions was pointed out, most notably the variation in the application of the index (Moreira, et al., 2018) between the groups of the University of Mosul

The research aims to measure the impact of macroeconomic variables on the growth of the total productivity of companies for the Iraq Stock Exchange during the period 2009-2017. It was relied on the application of standard methods is the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and using tablet data based on the annual data of (75) companies for a period of (9) years by applying the SAF-Panel approach.
The results of applied approach to the variables affecting the productivity of market companies showed that public debt, gross domestic product, and the price of policy have a significant adverse effect on corporate productivity. While inflation and money supply have a direct significant effect, while public spending and the exchange rate has no significant impact on the productivity of market companies.

This research aims to study the role of government investment spending in economic growth, including an outlook for using sectoral growth elasticities in Iraq for the year 2020. The researchers adopted the simplistic approach for the purpose of reaching this goal, as it derives the provisions from the components of economic theory after studying the extent of its applicability to the reality of the Iraqi economy or not. This required the use of a descriptive and analytical method of time series with forecasting by building various scenarios to enable those interested to follow the economic developments of what will lead to economic growth for this year. The researchers found the role of investment spending in achieving economic growth in Iraq, Thus, we propose to increase the investment allocations to the productive sectors at a rate that exceeds the minimum development effort 25-25% for the purpose of diversifying the economy and achieving the targeted economic growth.

The research aims to estimate the output and inflation gaps and measure their impact on interest rates by estimating the expected output and its effect on the output and inflation gap and its impact on the inflation gap by applying to the Iraqi economy for the period (1989-2018). Using the Hodrick-Prescott filter method to find all of the expected output and the target inflation. And clarify the changes taking place in both the inflation gap and the output gap during the study period, and measure their effects on interest rates by relying on the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL). To reach the form of the relationship between the variables included in the study model. It was reached during the study that both the output gap and the inflation gap have gone through multiple stages according to the monetary policies followed. And that monetary authorities in Iraq rely on targeting the inflation gap more than targeting the output gap, and it was found that there is a long-term balance relationship between the nominal interest rate as a dependent variable on the one hand and the resulting output and inflation as independent variables on the other hand

The exchange rate policy is a crucial tool in linking the national economy to the global economy. The importance of proposed research comes from identifying the variables that are affected by the exchange rate in Iraq. Moreover, identify the most influencing variables in. The research was launched from the hypothesis that there are economic factors that vary in their impact on exchange rates in Iraqi economy during the period of research.
Furthermore, the research included analyzing and measuring the parallel exchange rate determinants in Iraqi economy by relying on data from its primary sources and using modern standard methods in studying the relationship between the parallel exchange rate and some of the variables specified for it. And identifying the characteristics of the time series of these variables, stability test has been applied, as well as using Some tests have the validity of the proposed standard model such as the LM Test, Heterogeneity (Unsteadiness), and the Normality Test. The research came out with a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the direct relationship between the parallel exchange rate and each of (foreign assets, the general budget, imports) and the research provides proposals to the decision-maker by analyzing the results

The problem of global warming considered due to increasing industrial growth in the modern era. Which depends entirely on the energy of fossil fuel (Oil, Cal, Gas), a contemporary environmental problem. There is a strong relation between the increase of industrial activities and the increase in energy consumption from one hand, and the aggravation of global warming on the other hand, through the increase of Co2 emissions and methane. The research starts out according to hypothesis that the expiation of industrial activities which depend on the energy of fossil fuel as a main source leads to concentrating of global warming gases and then making maladjustment of Earth nature, and other environmental problems, one of them is global warming problem and its consequences on climate. Spiny considered as a model for this research for the period (1990-2015). Using quantitative standard model, least squares method, of two stages, the impact of the indicators are identified through the power of relationship between these indicators and industrial growth indicator (the respondent indicator) for the first model. Then identifying the effect of explanatory indicators by using the power of relation between the explanatory indicators and global warming indicators(the respondent indicators), through the increase in quantity of C02 and CH4 emissions for the second and third model, the study concluded that there is a causal and explanatory relation between the explanatory indicators and respondent indicators, and the explanatory indicators (economic activities) had a negative impact on the environment

This research aims to measure the inflation rates in the city of Erbil for the period (2005-2016), and to analyze the reasons for the changes that took place in the real prices of consumer goods in that period, and to interpret it by measuring its levels. By relying on the inductive method and comparative analysis. And the importance of the research is evident in the economic aspects through maintenance of the general level of prices and achievement of economic and social stability by maintaining the purchasing power of individuals, which enables them to live in dignity and reduces the harmful social effects of inflation. Since the research problem lies in the failure of achieving economic stability by means of decreasing the purchasing power of individuals due to inflation on one hand, and the economic recession due to negative inflation on the other, which leads to failure in achieving political stability through the dissatisfaction of the individuals with the economic situation and increases the harmful social effects of inflation. and negative inflation is an unbalanced economic state and a significant decline in economic activity until it reaches a state of recession, therefore leading to a great decline in the price of commodity and services and inflation receding to less than zero. And since the governorate of Erbil has suffered from both of these issues during the past 20 years due to two shocks; the first was the regime change in 2003, and the second was the terrorist armed invasion of the middle Iraqi cities and the oil price crash in 2014, both of which affected the sustenance level of individuals therefore the research topic has been specified as study of measuring and analyzing of inflation rates in the city of Erbil for the period (2005-2016). The research has concluded that the first shock lead to the rising of general price level to a record height reaching (446.23%) during (2005-2007). It turns out that there is a consensus between the level of changes in prices (inflation rates) of commodity groups and the importance of commodities and services that are included in the commodity basket where the necessary commodities such as fuels and rentals and food articles showed high rates of inflation and in order each of luxury goods and electrical appliances and household goods and articles of clothing and fabrics witnessed slight increase in prices respectively. And the second shock lead to a decline in economic activity which reflected through the negative inflation and the economic recession. And therefore a great decline in the price of commodity and services and inflation receding to become less than zero, where the annual change to the general level of prices in 2016 reached (-90.90%) in comparison to the previous year (2015), and a negative inflation rate (-5.76%) in comparison to the base year 2007

In this paper, the robust estimate of the parameters of the non-linear regression model (Two-Dimensional Chirp Signal Model) was found. This is by employing the restriction ( ) estimates method. Which is briefly known as (CM) estimates. For the purpose of knowing how efficient this method is to find the robust estimate of model parameters, Compared to the least squares method (LS) by using the simulation technique, by assuming both the normal and Cauchy distribution of the error. Use default parameter values, different levels of standard deviation, and sample size thus, compare the methods of estimation using a statistical measure mean square error (MSE). It was found that the (CM) estimates were close to the smaller least square estimates (LS) if the error is normally distributed. As for Cauchy’s error distribution, the least squares method collapsed in finding the estimate of parameters for this model. While the (CM) method has proven to be a robust to finding parameter estimation, giving the results of parameter estimates close to the actual values, and (MSE) values to estimate parameters. As well as the model is too small compared to (MSE) values to estimate parameters and the model when (LS) is used in estimation.

Some phenomena suffer from the presence of chaos and instability in its data as a result of the great development in information technology, which led to the existence of many patterns inherent in that data, and the process of identifying those patterns is considered a major and important problem, given its importance in the prediction process. So the need arose to know and identify those patterns, and to use these patterns in the prediction process.
On this basis, recourse was made to the use of some modern and flexible technologies in that field, namely The Artificial Neural Networks and the genetic algorithm, and the use of that algorithm to update (train) the weights of The Artificial Neural Network.
Through the results produced by the applied side, and after a set of models of Artificial Neural Networks were built with different displacements in variables and different nodes in the hidden layer. it was concluded that the best model for the purpose of prediction is the model NN(1,2,12;10). As that model had the lowest values for statistical measures, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and (SBC) Criterion. In addition, the time taken by that model in the training process is less than the rest of the models, as it reached the number of times that model was trained is (57) repetitions

This paper introduces the Marshall-Olkin Topp Leone Flexible Weibull distribution as an extension of the flexible Weibull distribution. Its numerous statistical properties are established including the quintal function, moments, the generating function, order statistics and obtained while the unknown model parameters are estimation by using the method of maximum likelihood estimating. Simulation studies were also conducted and the behaviour of the Marshall-Olkin Topp Leone flexible Weibull parameters were investigated. The application of Marshall-Olkin Topp Leone Flexible Weibull distribution is illustrated by making use of real engineering data for strength and stress for 63 samples, this is done to demonstrate its potentials over some other important distributions like the Beta Flexible Weibull, Kumaraswamy Flexible Weibull, Exponentiated Generalized Flexible Weibull, Weibull Flexible Weibull, and Flexible Weibull, distributions. It shows the new distribution very fit for the dataset compared with others known distributions. Based on statistical standards, one of these criteria is the:
- Akaike information criterion (AIC).
- Corrected Akaike information criterion (CAIC).
- Bayesian information criterion (BIC).
- Hannan- Quinn information criterion (HQIC).

The research aims mainly to statement the effect that the value chain of knowledge marketing can play in achieving added value for strategic performance. Karwanchi Company has been chosen as a field of research, and this research was applied to a sample consisting of two parts, the first research sample included individuals working in the research organization it reached (41) individuals, and the second research sample from customers included the Karwanchi Company with (56) customers. The questionnaire was adopted as a basic tool to collect data and information related to the research. The forefront there is a significant effect of the value chain of knowledge marketing in achieving added value for strategic performance, then the research concluded with a set of recommendations related to the research variables