journal mustansiriyah of sports science

The sport of boxing is one of the individual games that requires continuous development and effort by the coach and the player, both from the physical aspect, which is represented in developing the basic physical capabilities of muscular strength, speed, and endurance, or the skill aspect, which is represented by the level of performance of sports skills and what is known as (technique), as the physical capabilities Technique is two elements for developing the level of various sporting events, in addition to other elements such as psychological and planning preparation as important elements for raising the sporting level and the scientific curriculum based on scientific foundations in order to achieve positive results in all national, continental and other forums to bring the boxer to the level of ambition and achieve optimal achievement.


The research population consisted of 30 junior players for the clubs of Diyala Province (Diyala Sports Club, Shahraban Sports Club, Baladruz Sports Club), and the sample was deliberately chosen from the junior players of Diyala Club, 7 players, the experimental research sample, and Shahraban Club, 7 players, the control research sample, who were subject to training.

Sitting volleyball is a popular team sport that is widely practiced due to its low costs. The cessation of sports depends on the extent of skill development of sitting volleyball players. Through the researcher's experience in the game and her work with people with disabilities in other studies, she found that there is a weakness in some physical aspects of the upper limbs used in actual performance of matches, which negatively affects skill performance. Therefore, she developed a training program based on resistance with rubber ropes in an attempt to improve the overall performance of players, and skill performance and accuracy in particular. Through the researcher's experience in the game and her work with people with disabilities in other studies, she found that there is a weakness in some physical aspects of the upper limbs used in actual performance of matches, which negatively affects skill performance. Therefore, she developed a training program based on resistance with rubber ropes in an attempt to improve the overall performance of players, and skill performance and accuracy in particular. The research aims at preparing special exercises using elastic ropes for sitting volleyball players. The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences in the accuracy of performing the exercises in volleyball for sitting players between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-test. The human field included players of the sitting volleyball team in Baghdad Governorate in the Iraqi Paralympic Federation in the College of Physical Education - Girls (Al-Waziriya), whose ages ranged between 17-20 years. The researcher conducted the research during the time from 12-18-2024 to 4-16-2025. As for the methodology, the researcher used the experimental method with a single sample before and after the study to suit the nature of the research problem. In terms of statistical methods, the researcher conducted pre- and post-skill tests on sitting volleyball players. The results were statistically analyzed to achieve the research objectives and hypotheses. In light of the experiment conducted by the researcher and the results achieved through the tests and statistical methods, the researcher concluded that training with rubber ropes improves the skill performance of sitting volleyball players in serving. Also training with rubber ropes helps improve the skill performance of sitting volleyball players in receiving serves.


Sitting volleyball is a popular team sport that is widely practiced due to its low costs. The cessation of sports depends on the extent of skill development of sitting volleyball players. Through the researcher's experience in the game and her work with people with disabilities in other studies, she found that there is a weakness in some physical aspects of the upper limbs used in actual performance of matches, which negatively affects skill performance. Therefore, she developed a training program based on resistance with rubber ropes in an attempt to improve the overall performance of players, and skill performance and accuracy in particular. Through the researcher's experience in the game and her work with people with disabilities in other studies, she found that there is a weakness in some physical aspects of the upper limbs used in actual performance of matches, which negatively affects skill performance. Therefore, she developed a training program based on resistance with rubber ropes in an attempt to improve the overall performance of players, and skill performance and accuracy in particular. The research aims at preparing special exercises using elastic ropes for sitting volleyball players. The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences in the accuracy of performing the exercises in volleyball for sitting players between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-test. The human field included players of the sitting volleyball team in Baghdad Governorate in the Iraqi Paralympic Federation in the College of Physical Education - Girls (Al-Waziriya), whose ages ranged between 17-20 years. The researcher conducted the research during the time from 12-18-2024 to 4-16-2025. As for the methodology, the researcher used the experimental method with a single sample before and after the study to suit the nature of the research problem. In terms of statistical methods, the researcher conducted pre- and post-skill tests on sitting volleyball players. The results were statistically analyzed to achieve the research objectives and hypotheses. In light of the experiment conducted by the researcher and the results achieved through the tests and statistical methods, the researcher concluded that training with rubber ropes improves the skill performance of sitting volleyball players in serving. Also training with rubber ropes helps improve the skill performance of sitting volleyball players in receiving serves.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of specialized exercises using variable-camber paddles with an alternating method on developing strength endurance and improving 5000-meter kayaking performance for advanced athletes. Methods: An experimental approach was applied to a sample of 8 elite kayakers from Al-Rusafa Training Center. A 12-week training program (3 sessions/week) was implemented, incorporating high/low-camber paddles in interval and continuous training. Performance was evaluated through four tests: 1-minute maximal paddling, weight pulling, repetition with rest, and 5000-meter race time. Results: Significant improvements (0.05) were observed in all metrics: distance in the maximal paddling test increased from 250 to 255 meters, repetitions in the weight-pulling test rose from 55 to 59, fatigue rate decreased from 12% to 0.7%, and race time improved from 23.41 to 23.32 minutes. Conclusions: The exercises enhanced the activation of slow- and fast-twitch muscle fibers, improved neuromuscular coordination, and optimized energy distribution, supporting long-distance performance.

- Develop a scale for aggressive behavior among wrestling practitioners.


- Determine the level of aggressive behavior among wrestling practitioners.


The researchers used the descriptive approach with the survey method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research community included third-year students practicing wrestling in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences at the universities of (Mosul, Hamdaniya, and Al-Nour), with a total of (177) practicing students.


The research sample was determined by the comprehensive enumeration method on (153) practicing students, representing (86.44%) of the original research community after excluding absent students and the questionnaires that were not fully answered. The exploratory experiment sample consisted of (10) practicing students, while the construction sample consisted of (100) practicing students. The stability sample consisted of (30) practicing students. As for the application sample, a questionnaire of (60) practicing students was drawn randomly from the basic research sample to calculate the levels of aggressive behavior. The research tool was the aggressive behavior scale. In order to reach the results, the researchers used the statistical package (Excel, SPSS).


The researchers concluded:



1. The aggressive behavior scale developed by the researchers is effective in wrestling practitioners.

2. The development of standardized levels to determine the levels of aggressive behavior among wrestlers.

Wrestlers exhibit an average level of aggressive behavior.

This study aims to identify the relationship between motor response speed and the accuracy of defensive skills performed by volleyball liberos, such as receiving serves and defending the court.


The researcher used a descriptive correlational approach, and the sample included a group of players specializing in the "libero" position. Specific tests were used to measure motor response speed and others to measure the accuracy of defensive skills. The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between response speed and defensive performance accuracy, indicating that players with high response speed are more accurate and effective in their defensive performance. The researcher recommended the inclusion of specific training exercises to develop response speed within training programs, emphasizing the importance of this trait in improving the defensive performance of liberos.

The research includes the use of hypoxia-style exercises for speed endurance over distances shorter and greater than the race distance, and the completion of the 400m run for youth. It demonstrates a training method for speed endurance training, which is one of the five components of the event’s physical abilities. It is essential for all events, along with the requirements of the other components. Given the specificity of the event and its physical abilities, it is a challenging event, in which speed endurance plays an effective role according to its requirements. The scientific revolution witnessed in the world at the end of the twentieth century saw the use of numerous methods, devices, tools, and inventions in hypoxia-style training within all training methods. The use of breathing masks was also innovated, with the increasing use of atmospheric pressure by increasing the percentage of nitrogen in the surrounding atmosphere and achieving oxygen deficiency to increase the efficiency of vital functional systems. From this, the science of training was developed in accordance with the requirements of the development of sports physiology. Therefore, the researcher used hypoxia-style exercises based on speed endurance over and above the race distance and the achievement of the 400m sprint among young men. This method is a modern training method needed by athletes, especially those who practice athletics, especially the 400m sprint, which leads to an increase in red blood cell counts in the presence of a lack of oxygen in the blood resulting from the use of breathing masks. The researcher concluded that there were statistically significant differences between the research sample in the pre- and post-tests in developing speed endurance over distances greater or lesser than the race distance and the achievement of the sample individuals using this training method for hypoxia-style exercises. The researcher recommended conducting further studies on other samples within the hypoxia training system and other activities.

The research focused on exercises that use repetition in two different ways in performing the accuracy of handling for futsal players, as well as the importance of using various methods to develop it. The research aimed to identify the effect of alternating repetition exercises and successive repetitions on developing the accuracy of handling for the preferred and non-preferred foot for futsal players. Whereas using the preferred and non-preferred sides of the foot is a method for activating motor programs and transferring information between the two lobes of the brain through fibers separating them called the corpus callosum, which allows for performance correction processes. The researcher used the experimental method by designing the two experimental groups to suit the nature of the study problem. The research sample was chosen intentionally from the College of Languages ​​​​football team, numbering 16 players, as it obtained first place at the University of Baghdad. After that, the pre-test was conducted, and the sample was divided into two equal groups in odd and even order according to the results of the pre-test of skill, each group consisting of 8 players. After conducting the experiment, the results were analyzed and discussed. The researcher concluded that there were significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the two experimental samples in favor of the post-tests, in addition to the existence of differences between the post-tests in favor of the successive repetition sample.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of magnesium lactate supplementation, combined with an intensive 8-week training program, on changes in muscle enzyme levels (CpK, LDH) in basketball players. These changes will be compared with a control group following the same training program but without supplementation. The study aims to determine whether magnesium lactate supplementation contributes to improving muscle recovery capacity and affecting the fatigue index. The research objectives were to identify the effect of magnesium lactate supplementation combined with the training program on some biochemical variables and the fatigue index in the experimental research sample. The hypotheses were that there were statistically significant differences between the post-tests in the control and experimental groups. After applying the program for 8 weeks, several conclusions were reached, including that the dietary supplement has a clear effect on delaying fatigue (muscle endurance). The researcher recommended paying attention to nutritional supplements during training units, especially supplements that help produce energy and delay the onset of fatigue

This study aims to investigate the relationship between stroke length, stroke rate, and performance level in freestyle swimming among first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Mustansiriya University. The researcher employed a descriptive correlational methodology, relying on the measurement of total swimming time and the number of arm strokes for each student, with stroke length and stroke rate calculated using simple mathematical formulas. The study seeks to provide a scientific framework that contributes to the development of training and educational programs in freestyle swimming by offering a deeper understanding of the biomechanical factors influencing performance, thus aiding coaches and students in enhancing motor efficiency and achieving better outcomes at early stages of learning.

The research aims to use the mind maps strategy as educational means in learning the skills of rolling and scoring in futsal for fifth-year middle school students and employing educational Aids represented by the use of rubber balls of various weights and sizes and educational posters and using them as a strategy to display mind maps and their role in developing motor learning of research variables among members of the experimental research sample. Therefore, the researcher used the experimental method with the method of two equivalent groups, where the research community consisted of (105) students from the fifth-year middle school students from sections (A, B, C) in Al-Saydiya Secondary School for Boys affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad Al-Karkh II. The research sample amounted to (40) students who were selected randomly, where they were divided into two groups (experimental and control), with (20) students for each group. The educational curriculum, according to the Mind Maps strategy, took (16) educational units for a period of (8) weeks, at a rate of (2) educational units per week, for the period from 11/3/2024 to 12/24/2024. The duration of the educational unit was (45) minutes, as the (experimental group) applied the Mind Maps strategy using educational means with balls of various weights and sizes and educational posters. The control group applied the usual learning method followed by the physical education teacher. When applying the educational unit, the researcher took into account the gradation from ease to difficulty, as the researcher used the educational units included within the educational curriculum. After completing the implementation of the educational curriculum, the post-tests were conducted Tuesday 12/24/2024, after which the results were processed statistically using the statistical package (spss).


Through the conclusions, the researcher concluded that the educational curriculum prepared using educational Aids with balls of various weights and sizes according to the mind maps strategy has an effective and positive role in improving and learning the skills of rolling and scoring in futsal. In light of the conclusions, the researcher recommended using the mind maps strategy in similar studies and other skills and activities, and paying attention to futsal skills, and enhancing the use of the mind maps strategy experience among physical education teachers by holding training courses to develop the skills necessary for its application.

Advancement in athletic level through continuous and regular training has a significant impact on raising the activity of the heart and blood circulation and the speed of oxygen transfer to the working muscles. Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the speed of the rhythm of football matches, so it has become necessary for the match referee to have physical capabilities that are no less than what the players have. Also, nutritional supplements have become today one of the means relied upon in the field of sports training, as the study aimed to prepare training for maximum speed accompanied by ginseng supplement and their effect on the CPK enzyme in first-class football referees. The research sample was a group of first-class football referees in Baghdad Governorate. The researcher used the experimental method as it is the closest method to solving his research problem. He used one of the experimental method designs, which is the two-experimental group system, and both groups are under the supervision of the researcher. The research community was determined intentionally, as it represented all first-class referees in Baghdad Governorate (field referees only) accredited by the Iraqi Central Football Association for the sports season (2024-2025), from the total number of first-class field referees, which number (75) referees in various governorates of Iraq. The research sample consisted of (14) Referees (field referees only) who represented 18.6% of the research community and were chosen intentionally. The doses of the American ginseng nutritional supplement were determined according to the instructions of the supplement manufacturer. The ready-made statistical system (SPSS) was used to complete the statistical processing of the research results. The researcher concluded that the maximum speed training, which was prepared by him in a standardized scientific manner and which is compatible with the physical capabilities and abilities of the referees, played a major role in developing this trait in the research sample and for both groups, and that the American ginseng nutritional supplement usage played a role in increasing the activity of the first experimental group according to the results and statistics shown at the expense of the second experimental group. The researcher recommends the necessity of taking the results of this study into account, benefiting from them, and disseminating them.

To do any study or research the first thing we determine the goal of this study, as the current study aimed to prepare exercises for the use of Rayglot theory expansion, identify the exercises for the use of Rayglot theory expansion in learning the skill of defending the canned volleyball for students of the second stage, was using the experimental approach with tight control for the experimental and control groups with pre- and post-tests, and the research community was represented by students of the second stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Diyala, whose number is (80) distributed students On two divisions (f, g), the experimental group was selected in a deliberate way (lottery) represented by division (g) and after the lottery was selected (10) students representing the experimental group, and (10) students were selected from division (f) in the same way representing the control group, and (4) students were selected representing the exploratory group, and after completing the research procedures and obtaining the results, it concluded: The special exercises according to the theory of Reyglot expansion proved effective in improving learning in the research group, and the researcher recommends: The need for diversity in the use of modern educational methods and methods because of their major role in improving the learning process for students.

The importance of this research lies in raising the level of teaching simple attack cases, with the aim of advancing their level and improving it by relying on an appropriate educational model such as the Gagné model. This model is considered one of the successful models, as it includes advanced educational stages and helps students learn the foil attack cases in fencing. The research problem was that the level of learning in simple attack cases does not rise to the level of proper learning, as they are difficult cases and require an advanced educational level, such as the Gagné model, due to its characteristics that facilitate appropriate learning and progress in the attack cases under study. The aim of the research was to identify the effect of teaching according to the Gagné educational model on students' learning of some simple attack cases in fencing with foil. The most important conclusions reached is that Teaching according to the Gagné educational model is important and essential for a quarter of the students' learning level of some simple attacks using foil in fencing. The most important recommendations is that Adopting teaching according to the Gagné educational model is important and essential for a quarter of the students' learning level of some simple attacks using foil in fencing.

The research aims to identify the effect of compound exercises in developing the skill aspect of students, as they are similar to the motor task in competition conditions, and they are one of the most important exercises in the game. The researcher prepared a group of compound exercises on a studied scientific basis to develop passing skills among students. The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the problem in the style of two groups with a pre-test and a post-test. The research community consists of the first intermediate students of (Al-Istiqamah Boys School) affiliated to the First Rusafa Education Directorate. The research sample was chosen intentionally, numbering (80) students, divided into three sections (A, B, C), and the researcher chose section (B) by drawing lots From this section, the research sample was taken, consisting of (20) students divided into experimental and control groups, thus forming a sample percentage of the research community (25%), which is an appropriate percentage to represent the community faithfully, and that compound exercises have a positive and effective impact on learning volleyball passing skills

This research aims to identify the level of psychological differentiation among advanced scouts in middle schools within the educational district of Abu al-Khasib and to attempt to explore the nature of the relationship between this psychological variable and the performance of a set of basic scouting skills. The researcher seeks through this work to highlight the impact of psychological differentiation on the efficiency of field performance, especially in tasks that require high precision and emotional stability, such as using a compass, estimating distances, tying knots, and dealing with maps. This scientific effort comes within the framework of supporting and developing the educational and psychological programs adopted in preparing scouts, by focusing on the psychological factors that affect their performance. As for the results reached by the research, the data showed a statistically significant positive correlation between the level of psychological differentiation and the performance of the scouting skills.

Sports are one of the most important activities invented by man from ancient times to the present day. The objectives of these activities have varied since ancient times. The aim of the researchers is that Provide a comprehensive historical analysis of the inclusion of sports in the Paralympic Games from 1960 to 2024. It also aims to track the chronological evolution of Paralympic sports and identifying the factors affecting the joining of new sports. The researchers used the historical method or the so-called documentary method, taking advantage of the analysis and discussion of all existing documents about the Paralympic Games in books, journals, research, and periodicals, published and unpublished. The researchers concluded that the study illustrated the great historical progress that the Paralympic Games have witnessed since their inception in Rome in 1960. This development is not only limited to an increase in the number of sports included in the Paralympic programme, but also a significant increase in the number of countries and athletes involved. The study also showed the mechanism of the Paralympic programme. While some games maintain their core status, new sports are added periodically in response to technological developments and changing athletes' interests. In contrast, other sports are excluded for various reasons such as low popularity or difficulty adapting them to a variety of disabilities. The researchers recommended that expanding academic research in the field of Paralympic sport, through more comprehensive and focused studies on the history and development of these Games. Also intensively working to raise awareness of the importance of Paralympic sports and its role in empowering people with disabilities and integrating them into society.

This research aimed to develop and apply a measure of the quality of decisions made by scouting officials in the Directorate of Education in Basra Governorate. The study adopted a descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational studies. as they were deemed most suitable for the research objectives and the nature of the problem.


The findings revealed that decision-making significantly influences the level of experience and training among scouting officials. The selected sample consisted of (60) scouting officials from various scout units in Basra’s education sector.


Among the recommendations, the study suggested conducting further research on larger samples or in other provinces to compare results. Additionally, this research sought to examine leadership styles and their relationship with decision-making processes.

In recent years, futsal has witnessed significant development at the global level. This advancement was not a matter of coincidence or emerged from nowhere; rather, it was a natural outcome of relying on scientific foundations in training and planning, as well as benefiting from various fields such as sports training science, in addition to employing modern technology in performance analysis and enhancement. Futsal is considered a game that requires high physical effort and precise technical skills, necessitating comprehensive preparation of players to cope with both defensive and attacking demands, especially given the fast pace and multiple responsibilities within the court. The players of the Baghdad Karkh Second Directorate’s middle school futsal team face the need to improve their physical and technical abilities to maintain high-level performance throughout the match. This highlights the importance of the current study, which aims to design integrated physical and skill-based exercises supported by the Polar Verity Sense device to develop motor speed and physical capacity. These exercises aim to enhance performance by using scientifically accurate methods that combine physical effort with technological analysis. The research further aims to determine the impact of these exercises on improving player’s speed abilities. The hypothesis of the study stems from the existence of a clear positive effect of these exercises in enhancing explosive power and passing skills, with the experimental group showing a significant advantage over the control group in post-test results—indicating the effectiveness of the proposed training program.


The findings revealed that the compound exercises supported by the Polar Verity Sense device had a direct impact on improving the indicators of explosive strength and passing skill among the players in the experimental group. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends the use of modern technological devices to support physical and technical exercises, particularly in futsal. Emphasis should also be placed on the role of the Polar Verity Sense in accurately regulating training intensity and rest intervals, which positively reflects on performance development and the achievement of better results

tools that sports clubs can rely on to enhance athletic performance, manage teams, and improve fan experiences. This study explores the future vision of utilizing AI applications in sports clubs, highlighting the expected benefits and the challenges associated with implementing these technologies.


The research examines how AI can be used to analyze athletic performance by collecting player data through wearable sensors and advanced cameras. It also discusses AI’s role in training planning and injury analysis, enabling coaches to identify strengths and weaknesses and make data-driven decisions.

contracting with the gradual resistors of weightlifting, and to identify the effect of rehabilitation exercises in the strength of the muscles of the spiral line and the moving balance and reduce the level of lower back pain for weightlifting. It was premeditatedly (100 %) from the Special Nursing Hospital/Physiotherapy Division in the Medicine City in Baghdad, as the measurements were identified under the supervision of the consulting doctors for the tests of this research, and the preparation of rehabilitation exercises with fixed and moving contracting with the graduation of resistors and their application to the injured of the experimental group, by (3) rehabilitation sessions per week, applied between one day and another of the days of the week, by (4) exercises at the session One, and the sessions continued for a period of (6) consecutive weeks, The total of the application of rehabilitation exercises in rehabilitation sessions reached (18) rehabilitation sessions that can be increased, and the period of the total research procedures for the period from (10/11/2024) continued to (26/12/2024), and after tackling the results (SPSS), the conclusions and recommendations were that the rehabilitation exercises with the gradual resistors are appropriate for the therapeutic sessions of the Rafei Weightlifting, and the application of rehabilitation exercises in the gradients of resistors is a positive impact on the level of the strength of the imbalance of the muscles of the spiral line for the weightlifters, and to apply the rehabilitation exercises in the graduation of resistors a positive impact in reducing the level of the degree of lower back pain (V.A.S) in weightlifting, and it is necessary to increase interest in investing the experiences of sports rehabilitation academics when developing the capabilities of therapists working in the physiotherapy people In hospitals in a way that suits the modernity of preparing and applying rehabilitation exercises by graduating resistors by adopting a continuous mechanism of cooperation between the Ministry of Health and the Environment and Faculties of Physical Education and Sports Science,.It is necessary that the physiotherapy people in hospitals be concerned with developing the expertise of therapists working in it on how to apply rehabilitation exercises by graduating resistors by adopting the results of the current research from the rehabilitation of the muscles of the spiral line and alleviating the level of lower back pain for weightlifting.

The importance of the current research lies on studying the effect of Rondo exercises in developing several physical abilities and special performance of young futsal players in the city of Mosul in the experimental group. The research problem emerged for the researcher in answering the following question: What is the effect of using Rondo exercises in developing a number of physical abilities and special performance of futsal players? The youth futsal players in Mosul presented their performance in the experimental group. The current study aimed to reveal the effect of Rondo exercises on several physical abilities and special performances among young futsal players in Mosul. The researcher hypothesized the existence of significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group in a number of physical abilities. The special performance of young futsal players in Mosul city. The researcher used the experimental method with the method of experimental and control groups to suit the nature of the current research. The researcher prepared the (Rondo) exercise program and applied it to the research sample. The dependent variables (physical abilities and special performance) were identified. The researcher concluded that the experimental group of futsal players developed the research examined the physical abilities and performance of young futsal players using the Rondo exercise method. The experimental group also outperformed the control group in terms of physical abilities and performance. The researcher recommends the use of Rondo exercises in training programs for futsal coaches for all groups ages because of its impact on developing the physical abilities and special performance of futsal players.

The research aims to explore the role of innovation in managing sports institutions, including clubs, sub-sports federations, and youth and sports forums in Anbar Governorate, and its impact on institutional performance in these institutions from the perspective of the heads of these clubs, federations, and forum directors, by studying the extent of application of administrative innovation practices and their impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of performance within these institutions, the researcher seeks to provide new insights that enhance the effectiveness of management in these institutions and help achieve their strategic objectives, the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach, and data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of three domains that measure: administrative innovation, institutional performance, and the relationship between them.


The research sample consisted of (50) club and sub-union presidents and forum directors, the data were processed using SPSS, the results showed a statistically significant correlation between administrative innovation and improved institutional performance, the results also showed that sports leaders who apply administrative innovation achieve higher levels of institutional performance than others, in addition, innovation contributes significantly to enhancing institutional performance in sports institutions, as those who implement innovative strategies witness a significant improvement in efficiency and effectiveness.


The researcher recommended the importance of promoting a culture of innovation in the management of sports institutions, providing training programs, and

The research includes the introduction and significance of the requirements of handball performance and its training method based on cross-training, and the extent of its impact on the development of explosive strength and strength endurance of the arms, lactic acid concentration, and shooting accuracy while jumping among the sample participants. The study also aims to improve the performance level of this skill. The researcher sought to utilize a new training method in handball—cross-training—and to identify its effect on developing explosive strength and strength endurance of the arms. Therefore, the researcher decided to diversify the use of modern technologies, tools, equipment, and various exercises in training, due to the connection between the physical and functional variables under investigation and the concentration of lactic acid in the blood, which is linked to the accuracy of jump shooting among the participants.


The researcher used the experimental method with a two-group design (control and experimental). The sample consisted of 16 players, with 2 excluded for a pilot study and 2 as goalkeepers, resulting in 12 players. These were divided into a control group and an experimental group, with 6 players in each group, selected from youth handball clubs in Baghdad. The cross-training exercises targeting jump shot accuracy in handball were applied over a training program lasting 8 weeks, with 2 training sessions per week (on Sundays and Wednesdays), and each session lasting 40 to 60 minutes.


The results indicated significant improvement in the tests measuring arm strength among the handball players and in the lactic acid concentration linked to the accuracy of jump shots in the sample group. The researcher recommends the use of cross-training due to its positive impact on developing explosive strength, strength endurance of the arms, and physiological variables related to lactic acid concentration in young handball players.

The importance of the research comes from raising the level of reaction speed of the limbs for advanced volleyball players after using plyometric exercises and regulating the load according to the difficulty of the training unit. Thus, we may show that plyometric exercises help in developing other qualities and not just muscle strength, as it deals with additional weight exercises and can be applied in exercises that depend on speed and response speed. The research problem was: The response speed of volleyball players is important and essential in performing skills in attack and defense, which requires developing it or developing the working muscles of the limbs by building the required strength and speed and according to sudden situations that work to raise the response speed using the correct exercises and the regulated load according to the difficulty of the training units. The most important objectives were: To know the effect of plyometric exercises according to the difficulty of the training unit to develop the reaction speed of the limbs and the skill performance of the applicants. The most important conclusions were: Plyometric exercises according to the difficulty of the training unit helped in developing the reaction speed of the limbs and some basic skills of the applicants. The researcher recommended: Adopting plyometric exercises according to the difficulty of the training unit because they helped in developing the reaction speed of the limbs and the skill performance of the applicants.

Scout camps receive great and wide attention in many peoples because of their great role in the process of psychological discharge and mental, physical and social development of different age groups, and to achieve the goal of the scout movement in the development of its members to achieve the maximum upgrading of their physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual abilities by providing them with various activities that are enjoyable and a basis for fun and training in scout camps, and not to address programs that require violent movements and focus on time to practice sports to give them positive results.

The study aimed to identify the level of accuracy of air pistol shooting in different positions and to identify the amount of differences in the test between the different positions in the research sample. the importance of the this study is finding the extent of the impact of the different positions on the accuracy of performance. The sample representing the real community, which is the national air pistol team players in the junior category, numbering 6 players. The researcher concluded that there was a discrepancy in the accuracy level of the 10-meter air pistol shooting between the front and side positions of junior players. It also appeared that shooting from the side position was better than shooting from the front position in terms of 10-meter air pistol shooting accuracy.