iklil for Humanity Studies

Tourism is an important economic sector for many countries, especially those whose economies depend heavily on tourism. This includes Iraq, where religious tourism represents a significant part of the total tourism sector. For its residents, especially Muslims, it represents a religious duty and fulfills a spiritual need. Therefore, religious tourism in Iraq, especially in the holy city of Karbala, where the shrines of Imam Hussein and his brother Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas (peace be upon them) are located. It has geopolitical dimensions such as the economic, tourism, and geopolitical dimensions, in addition to the health, environmental, and social dimensions. Tourism also represents soft power and an ambassador of peace between countries, although it is not without some negatives.

The research aims to classify and assess the suitability of land slope for winter crop cultivation in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, located within the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. To achieve the desired results, a survey and inventory of the topographic surface potentials in the governorate were conducted by deriving elevation characteristics, slope characteristics, and surface sections from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) software and its associated spatial analysis tools, the research results were extracted in the form of spatial suitability maps, which include areas with suitable slopes and areas with unsuitable slopes for winter crop cultivation.
It was found that the area of land with suitable slopes for growing crops such as wheat, barley, and peas is approximately 12,197 km², representing 17.7% of the total area, while the area of land with unsuitable slopes is 4,826 km², accounting for 28.3%. The area of land with suitable slopes for barley cultivation is 11,314 km², which is 66.4% of the total area of the governorate. Conversely, the area of unsuitable land reached 5,709 km², representing 33.6% of the total area. Furthermore, the area of land suitable for cultivating other crops is 12,840 km², which constitutes 75.4% of the total area, while the area unsuitable for these crops is 4,183 km², representing 24.6% of the governorate's area. Therefore, sustainable agricultural development requires the allocation of agricultural crops to lands in accordance with the available surface potentials.

Based on the data provided by the Central Statistical Organization and previous studies, this research examines the qualification of university education (initial university certificate) as a critical element in the empowerment of Iraqi women. This educational qualification has enabled women to enter diverse fields of work, contributing significantly to their independence and societal status. The study highlights the historical context of women's education in Iraq, detailing the various stages of struggle that women have faced in their pursuit of education and equality. Notably, the percentage of women in higher education has increased from 46% in 2018 to 49% in 2023. Furthermore, there has been a remarkable rise in the enrollment of women in graduate studies, with figures rising from 48% during the 2018-2019 academic year to 69% in the 2022-2023 academic year. This ongoing struggle has been pivotal in advancing societal norms and expectations regarding gender roles. The research also analyzes the emergence of the first female graduates from Iraqi universities, noting a significant increase in the ratio of female to male learners, which has now risen to more than half, favoring women. This shift not only reflects changes in educational access but also signifies a broader transformation in societal attitudes towards women's roles, ultimately contributing to the overall development of the community.

Population growth rates are one of the most significant factors that significantly influence the Iraqi economy and society. This means that rapid population growth reflects certain dynamics within society, including changes in its social structure, particularly shifts in labor markets and consumption patterns in Iraq. Population growth also presents a set of challenges and opportunities that require careful study to understand their multiple impacts. Historically, this can provide a comprehensive picture of population growth rates. And the resulting set of pressures on infrastructure and public services. It has been observed that population growth continues to increase with age, and this increase requires significant investments in education, health, and housing. However, these challenges also bring economic opportunities that could improve socioeconomic conditions. Youth represent a significant proportion of the population, according to the 2023 population pyramid, and they could constitute an active workforce capable of supporting and stimulating the economy if utilized effectively. Therefore, policymakers must recognize the impact of population growth on economic resources, improve employment, and access to services. We conclude from the research results that Iraq is facing a population increase and it is necessary to find a way to preserve and support the economy by paying attention to the youth category and working to provide job opportunities in all sectors, which ensures the sustainability of the economy, the advancement of society and the achievement of economic prosperity according to well-thought-out plans that include all Iraqi state ministries. Through these plans, opportunities and a decent living are provided for all segments of society, from the elderly to the young

This research addresses the issue of urban sprawl encroaching upon agricultural land and green spaces in the center of Al-Husseiniya District. The study aims to shed light on the most significant problems associated with urban expansion over green areas within the study region and to propose practical solutions and recommendations to be utilized by relevant authorities and institutions in addressing the issue.The study adopts both analytical and descriptive approaches, analyzing land-use diversity and assessing the current urban reality. In addition, satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology were employed to support the research.The results reveal that the study area suffers from urban residential encroachment at the expense of a small portion of previously cultivated land, which has experienced partial reduction. This phenomenon has had a limited impact on infrastructure but has led to the emergence of opportunistic beneficiaries. The primary causes are population growth, migration, and the lack of governmental planning, particularly following the events of 2003–2004.The study recommends raising awareness among local residents, educating agricultural workers, and encouraging vertical rather than horizontal urban expansion. It also emphasizes the importance of minimizing the use of arable land for housing development, advocating for low-cost housing solutions on non-agricultural lands instead.

Studying the geography of services and the geography of health and education services gives a clear picture of their reality. Therefore, this study seeks to identify the geography of services and health and education services, their nature and importance, and what is the geography of services and the geography of health and education services Is there a difference in their distribution? The importance of the study revolves around determining the importance of the concept of geography of services and identifying how they vary and how services are distributed, and determining the importance of geography of health services and identifying how they vary and how health services are distributed And to determine the importance of the geography of educational services and to identify how they vary and how educational services are distributed. The research concluded that studying the geography of services has clear importance because it is an important branch of geography The study of the geography of health services gives the geographer a clear idea of an important branch of services geography, which is the geography of health services, and that there is a great variation in the distribution of services geography, health services geography, and educational services geography The importance of understanding how services, health services, and educational services are distributed and varied geographically plays a major role in solving their problems.

Sulaymaniyah Province is one of the most prominent tourist destinations in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, boasting a distinctive natural, cultural, and geographical diversity. Sulaymaniyah combines the beauty of its stunning mountainous landscape with historical and cultural sites that reflect the rich Kurdish heritage. The city is known for its moderate climate in the summer, making it a popular destination for visitors from within and outside Iraq, especially during the summer season.
The province is home to many prominent tourist attractions, such as Mount Azmar, Dukan Park, and Darbandikhan Lake, as well as museums and cultural centers such as the National Museum and Sulaymaniyah Theater. Ecotourism and rural tourism are also flourishing thanks to mountain villages and nature resorts.
Tourism plays an important economic role in supporting the province and is a source of investment incentives in the hotel, service, and transportation sectors. Despite the challenges facing the sector, such as the need to develop infrastructure and enhance tourism promotion, Sulaymaniyah remains a promising destination on the tourism map in Iraq and the region. Chapter One

This research aims to examine the reality of primary education in the Rashid sub-district of Mahmoudiyah District, highlighting the extent to which this vital sector aligns with the requirements of sustainable development. The importance of the research stems from the central role primary education plays in building generations capable of dealing with contemporary environmental, economic, and social challenges. The problem lies in the weak integration between educational policies and sustainable development goals in peripheral areas such as Rashid Sub-district.
The research used a descriptive and analytical approach, relying on field data collected through interviews with employees in the Ministry of Education/Directorate of the Second Karkh Education Directorate/Planning and Follow-up Department. The data were presented using circles, while the number of schools, students, teaching staff, and the number of classes in urban and rural areas were represented using bar charts.
The research addressed three main axes: The first axis included information related to Mahmoudiyah District and its sub-districts, namely Al-Yusufiyah and Al-Rashid Sub-districts. The second axis addressed the geographical distribution of primary schools in Rashid Sub-district. The third axis addressed the obstacles facing primary education in Mahmoudiyah District/Al-Rashid Sub-district. The results revealed significant gaps in the implementation of sustainable education standards, most notably a lack of educational resources, poor ongoing training for educational personnel, and the failure to effectively integrate sustainable development concepts into curricula. The study recommends developing local education policies to align with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, supporting primary schools in Rashid District through training programs, improving infrastructure, and updating curricula to enhance students\' awareness of sustainability issues. The study also recommends updating the curriculum to keep pace with changes in science and reviewing curricula to ensure they are clear, unambiguous, and easy to understand. It also recommends organizing committees to monitor, oversee, and evaluate the quality of education. To ensure the effectiveness of educational programs and ensure the success of the educational process, it is necessary to incorporate advanced technology into the educational process, such as the use of digital media to provide diverse educational resources

This research aims to examine the manifestations of desertification in Baghdad Governorate, analyze its causes, and assess its direct and indirect impacts on the agricultural sector, in addition to anticipating the future of agriculture amid the continued progression of this phenomenon. The descriptive-analytical method was adopted to observe and explain the features of desertification, which revealed a clear fluctuation in the utilization of agricultural lands due to soil degradation, declining vegetation cover, and water scarcity.
The study’s findings indicate that desertification is one of the most serious environmental problems threatening agricultural development in Baghdad. It contributes to reduced agricultural production, increased reliance on imports, and weakened local food security. The research concludes that weak governmental policies, mismanagement of resources, and climate change are among the main factors exacerbating this issue.
The study recommends adopting a comprehensive national strategy to combat desertification, including the rehabilitation of degraded lands, the development of modern irrigation techniques, and the activation of agricultural extension services, in order to ensure the sustainability of the agricultural sector and preserve the remaining arable lands in the governorate.

Climate change is one of the most important challenges facing the world today, as it directly affects climatic and weather characteristics in all parts of the globe. Iraq has witnessed significant changes in temperature rates over the past decades, which calls for in-depth study to understand these changes and their consequences for the local climate. Temperature plays a crucial role in many environmental and economic processes, including agriculture, energy, and public health. Increased temperatures lead to changes in climate patterns, which impact extreme weather phenomena such as storms, floods, and drought. The study relied on analyzing climate data from five stations (Sulaymaniyah, Mosul, Kirkuk, Baghdad, and Basra) for the period 1971-2000, focusing on thermal anomalies, cumulative temperature values, and the general trend in temperature. The study revealed that the frequency values varied between the study stations. The Sulaymaniyah, Mosul, and Kirkuk stations witnessed a significant increase in temperatures during the period 1975-1991, while the Baghdad station experienced an increase in temperature rates during the years 1971-2000. 1971, 2006, by 21.3°C, and in Basra station also the situation was not different as the years 1971 and 2006 recorded an increasing rate compared to the northern region of Iraq by 24.5°C in addition to the thermal anomaly between the study stations and large thermal differences between the northern and southern stations as it was recorded in Sulaymaniyah station by 19.7°C and in Mosul 19.2°C, and in Kirkuk 21.2°C, while in Baghdad station 21.2°C and in Basra station 24.2°C.

In recent decades, the Al-Huwaydir area has experienced rapid urban expansion, leading to a significant reduction in agricultural land, which has negatively impacted agricultural production and environmental balance. This study aims to analyze this phenomenon by employing Geographic Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to track land use changes over the periods (2004-2014-2024), in addition to developing a predictive model to forecast urban expansion trends until 2034.
The study adopts a quantitative analytical approach, utilizing satellite imagery and spatial data analysis, applying mathematical equations such as percentage change and Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), and incorporating machine learning algorithms to build a predictive model for identifying potential future urban expansion areas. The results indicate that urbanized areas increased by 75.85% between 2004 and 2024, while agricultural lands decreased by 8.89%. The predictive model further revealed that urban expansion is projected to continue at an annual compound growth rate of 2.86%, which may result in further loss of agricultural lands by 2034 unless sustainable planning measures are implemented.
The study concludes that unregulated urban expansion poses a significant threat to agricultural land sustainability, highlighting the urgent need for balanced urban policies. Accordingly, it recommends protecting vital agricultural zones, encouraging vertical expansion over horizontal growth, employing GeoAI-based periodic monitoring systems for spatial changes, and enhancing sustainable urban planning to ensure a balance between urban development and natural resource conservation.
This research provides an analytical model applicable to other areas facing similar challenges, contributing to informed decision-making and supporting planners in formulating development strategies based on precise data and reliable future projections.

This research is a study of all types of defects in the narrations of Ishaq bin Sulayman al-Razi in the defects of Ibn Abi Hatim, collecting and studying them. The number of his narrations was nine hadiths, and since the defect was the cause of a hidden defect that casts doubt on the authenticity of the hadith, it was necessary to know the existence of paths that lead to knowing its existence, and this is through collecting the paths of the hadith. Therefore, Ibn al-Madini said: “If the paths of the chapter are not collected in it, its error will not be clear.” It becomes clear through the collection of agreement and disagreement, uniqueness and anomaly, and complete and incomplete follow-ups in the hadith. Therefore, the researcher’s study required it to be like this, in order to know the types of defects in his research with an explanation of their concept, then an explanation of the methods of hadith in them, and their graduation, with an introduction to the translation of some of their narrators to know their condition, whether it was in the margin or in the text. Clarifying the stronger and weaker view based on circumstantial evidence, and ruling on the stronger chain of transmission. The research consists of an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion that includes the most important results and recommendations, with footnotes, and the most important sources and references.

This research addresses the topic of worship in Surat Al-Fatihah through the interpretation of "Tasnim" by Ayatollah Sheikh Abdullah Javadi Amoli, which is considered one of the most important contemporary interpretations. It examines the topic of worship as something God requires of His servants. The only One deserving of worship and reliance is the Lord of Lords, Allah, the Almighty. The research demonstrates Sheikh Javadi Amoli's vision, which explains that worship is not merely a set of rituals and actions performed by the servant, but rather must be an integrated movement across all intellectual, spiritual, and behavioral dimensions. The research includes two sections: The first section is entitled: "The Nature of Worship and Its Levels According to Sheikh Amoli." It contains three topics: The first section: The Meaning of Worship; the second section: The Secret of Prioritizing "You" Over "We Worship"; and the third section: The Levels of Worship. The second section is entitled: "The Goal of Worship and Its Fruits According to Sheikh Amoli." It contains three topics: The first section: Worship is the Goal of Creation; the second section: Worship is the Path to Drawing Closer to God; The third requirement: Worship is the path to certainty.

This research presents an objective scholarly study of the personality of Alqama ibn Qays ibn Abdullah Al-Nakha'i (d. 62 AH) and his status in the science of Qur'anic exegesis among both Sunni and Imami Shi'a scholars. The study highlights his life and biography, clarifying his lineage, upbringing, social status in Kufa, and his scholarly position among the generation of Tabi'un. It also examines his teachers from among the companions, especially Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, and his prominent students who contributed to transmitting his knowledge to later generations. The research focuses on Alqama's exegetical narrations, reviewing his key interpretations of Qur'anic verses and the instances where major commentators relied on his explanations in authoritative sources recognized by both sects. It explores the characteristics of his interpretative methodology, which was based on narrating from the companions and limiting himself to transmission without delving into personal opinions or extensive interpretations. Additionally, it compares his approach to other exegetical methodologies of his time, highlighting his influence on the Kufan school of exegesis. Furthermore, the study discusses Alqama's position among Sunni scholars, demonstrating their validation of his authority and their reliance on his narrations in major tafsir works and chains of transmission. This is contrasted with the stance of Shi'a scholars, who, despite their relatively lower reliance on his narrations in their fundamental texts, acknowledged his scholarly reliability and praised his loyalty to Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him). Ultimately, the research concludes that Alqama ibn Qays represents a unique scholarly figure, highly regarded by both sects, maintaining an esteemed status in the fields of tafsir (exegesis), hadith, and jurisprudence. His contributions serve as a shared intellectual bridge in Islamic heritage between the Sunni and Shi'a schools.

The Holy Quran warns against committing sins and transgressions, which come in many types and levels and have many effects and consequences in this world and the hereafter. The most dangerous of these sins is associating partners with God, which the Quran places in its warning on one side of the scale, and all other sins on the other side, threatening not to forgive them, even though God's mercy encompasses all things and God has promised to forgive them except for associating partners with God.
One of the types of sins that the Holy Quran warns against is hypocrisy. It warns against this sin and its danger, making it equivalent to polytheism. The similarity between hypocrisy and polytheism is that a person seeks to show off to people through his actions and does not do them purely for God. It is as if he has made people partners with God in worship.
To warn against this sin and its contribution to Paradise, this research was created as an attempt to warn against this habit that destroys the faith of the Muslim, and the reader can never avoid it when this act occurs.

The Creator, the Almighty, is creative in the sequential and miraculous system of Surat Al-Kahf, encompassing its many miracles and its explanation to the Noble Messenger (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace), as well as the hidden secrets of the affairs of previous nations, those who were united under God Almighty and those who were not, and what happened to them.
The miracle of the Holy Quran in and of itself cannot be denied or diminished at any time. The Quranic miraculousness will not cease to be a source of miracles until the Day of Judgment, including laws, rulings, stories, and parables. The greatest miracle is the language and its Quranic context. In this research, we have mentioned the miracles of the people of Surat Al-Kahf, the miracle of the Prophet of God, Moses, Al-Khidr (peace be upon them), Dhul-Qarnayn, and the owner of the two gardens, which are considered by the Muslim or non-Muslim to be among the greatest miracles, but for the Creator, glory be to Him, they are a small part of the thousands of miracles that He created in this worldly life, and with the evidence of the Qur’an, as God Almighty said: (Or do you think that the companions of the cave and the inscription were, among Our signs, a wonder?) (). This divine reassurance that our noble Messenger conveyed is a clear indication of the greatness of the miracles that God Almighty created in this life, and it also contains an indication of the steadfastness of faith among Muslims and not to despair of God Almighty, so we discussed the stories mentioned in Surat Al-Kahf, which are expressive and in which the scientific level of the person who believes in God Almighty is raised, for the previous kings who put their trust in God Almighty, and the prophets and righteous saints who Knowledge was bestowed upon them by His grace.
The story of Surat Al-Kahf demonstrates the similarities between the events of t People of the Cave and the events of our noble Messenger at the beginning of the Islamic call. The story of the People of the Cave and the Messenger of God's companions, who experienced their renunciation of polytheism and disbelief, sought refuge in the cave, far from people and polytheists, and their refusal to respond to the truth revealed by God Almighty, is also evident in the story of Surat Al-Kahf.

In this study, the researchers tried to explain the method of rational reasoning to prove the belief of Islam through the study of Surah Al-Ahqaf. This can be done by following the relevant verses on intellectual evidence that proves the existence of Allah, proves monotheism, and rejects the doubts of unbelievers between rational reasoning and the guidance of faith. The study begins with the basic concepts of “reason”, “curriculum” and “inference”, followed by a preliminary study of Surah Al-Ahqaf according to its name, context and contractual objectives. Then the solution to the two Qur'anic prayers that relies on rational evidence to substantiate Islamic beliefs, centered on three types of monotheism: Lord, divinity, names and attributes, and their unity in the context of the Qur'an. By following the method of analysis, based on the words of commentators and theologians, to articulate the details of Qur'anic discourse in the context of human reason and instinct. The result of this research represented an example of its application in presenting Islamic doctrine through rational justice, that is, its verses were distinguished by stating the similarity between reason and revelation, proof of testimony and strengthening of faith against opponents. As the Surah reveals, the elements of monotheism are based on beliefs, reflecting the Holy Qur'an's approach to the promotion of faith. Therefore, this study is an extension of the study of intellectual methods to show the remainder of the Holy Qur'an, and include it in the curriculum of doctrinal and preaching education, without the influence of adults.

This study aims to explore the impact of Islamic creed (ʿAqīdah) on the promotion of communal ethics, emphasizing that faith in Islam is not limited to theoretical beliefs but is manifested through individual behavior and social interactions. The research focuses on how creed contributes to fostering values such as solidarity and compassion, combating corruption and moral deviance, and building a social culture based on justice, consultation (shūrā), and tolerance. Employing a descriptive analytical approach, the study draws upon practical examples from the early Islamic society to demonstrate the lived ethical implications of Islamic creed. The findings indicate that revitalizing the faith-based dimension in social structures is crucial for the moral renewal of contemporary Muslim societies and for strengthening their ethical resilience in the face of modern challenges.

This research deals with studying the provisions of loans and the role played by Islamic banks and financial institutions in terms of social solidarity, and its impact in helping the needy. Then I talked about the loan In general, this study has addressed the concept of the good loan, and this research aims to study the ruling on the loan and its importance in Islamic law and to reveal The various effects of the loan, explaining the benefits and harms therein, explaining the pillars and conditions of the loan, and the means of documenting it that guarantee the rights of people. The researcher used the descriptive and analytical method, and reached A number of results, the most prominent of which is that loans are considered one of the important things to facilitate people’s lives and businesses. Loans existed before Islam, and when Islam came, it emphasized what contradicted it and prohibited what was consistent with its teachings. It requires In the case of a loan, one should not bring benefit through the loan, because the Prophet, may God bless him and his family, forbade it. Therefore, it is not permissible to lend him on the condition that he returns the sound for the broken, the good for the bad, and does not increase the amount in the case of usury One of the most important recommendations is to encourage Islamic banks to expand the scope of their good loan programmes.

Drinking is a great divine blessing. God Almighty has called upon man to consider it in many verses of the Qur’an, so that he may consider it and consider its value and thank the Generous Provider. Drinking is like food; indeed, it is more necessary and more dangerous. A person may be patient with crowds, but he cannot be patient with thirst. God Almighty says: “And We made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?” (Al-Anbiya’: 30). God has blessed His servants in many of His verses with the process of sending down water from the sky and the miracles that it entails. God Almighty says: “Have you seen the water that you drink? Is it you who send it down from the clouds, or are We the sender?” (Al-Waqi’ah: 69). He also says: “And We send the winds to strike, and We send down from the sky Water, and We have given you plenty of it, and it is not for it that you are recompensed. Al-Hijr, verse 22 I
The believer eats and drinks from God’s provision, and in all of this he feels that he is at God’s table, in need of His grace, unable to express his gratitude, and constantly remembering His generosity and kindness: ((He who created me and it is He who guides me, and it is He who feeds me and gives me drink, and when I am ill, it is He who cures me, and He who by my right hand will not give me life, and it is He who I do that He will forgive me my sin on the Day of Judgment, 82)) Surah Ash-Shu’ar

In order to achieve justice and equality in any society and strengthen the democratic process, women's participation is an indicator of political maturity and the link it represents between political participation on the one hand and political development efforts on the other. The topic of Algerian women's political participation represents an attempt to examine the reality of their participation in political life in the legislative and executive authorities and to identify the obstacles surrounding it as a challenge that seeks to deprive Algerian women of what international and local laws have granted them.

This research explores the impact of the “Al-Aqsa Flood” operation launched by Hamas on October 7, 2023—on the international system, focusing on the political and diplomatic reactions it triggered, shifts in the positions of global powers, and the broader implications for regional and international alliances. The findings reveal that the operation had significant repercussions on global political discourse, challenged the credibility of international organizations—particularly the United Nations—and exposed inconsistencies in the stance of major powers regarding international law and human rights Additionally, it influenced the trajectory of normalization efforts and reshaped certain regional policies,The study recommends the need for a strategic reassessment of international engagement with the Palestinian issue, calling for more balanced and just positions that reflect the evolving realities on the ground.

Since 2020, Iraq has faced a severe water security crisis due to a combination of external and internal factors, including climate change, unfair upstream water policies, and poor domestic resource management. This has led to a significant decline in the levels of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, deterioration in water quality, and increasing environmental, social, and economic risks. This research analyzes these challenges and offers a strategic vision for solutions, focusing on improving water management, strengthening regional water diplomacy, and adopting modern irrigation and conservation technologies to ensure long-term water sustainability.

This research examines the impact of international and regional variables on the Palestinian issue after 2011, up to Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa in 2023. The regional and international arena witnessed numerous transformations that affected the Palestinian issue in one way or another, which made the Palestinian issue take a downward trend towards a peaceful settlement at the expense of the Palestinian side.
After the shifts in the international balance of power in favor of the United States of America in 1991 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, through the events of September 11, 2001 and the war on terrorism, these international shifts greatly affected the Palestinian issue in favor of the Israeli side. Then came the shifts in the international balance of power with the emergence of the Russian and Chinese roles in the Middle East region. The Arab popular movement and its repercussions also had a significant impact on the Arab regional system. The process of Arab change after 2011 also impacted the Palestinian issue and the national priorities of Arab regimes, weakening the centrality of the Palestinian cause in favor of the national issues of Arab regimes. Passing through the Arab-Israeli normalization agreements known as the Abraham Accords of 2020, and their impact on the Palestinian issue and the process of integrating Israel into the regional system at the expense of the Palestinian issue, arriving at Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa 2023 and its internal and regional repercussions. Its impact on the return of the Palestinian issue to the center of international and regional attention, and its regional and international repercussions that portend the drawing of new maps in the Middle East, the consequences of which will be reflected on all countries of the region.

The Middle East has witnessed profound qualitative transformations in the structure of political and economic societies in recent decades, particularly with regard to women's rights and their participation in the political process and the accompanying requirements. The year 2003 witnessed a new and pivotal transformation in the political and social history of the Iraqi state, as the form of government and the system of government were changed from a centralized, totalitarian, authoritarian regime to a pluralistic democratic system. This beginning produced a new transitional phase in the reconstruction of state institutions entirely anew, especially after the vote on the new constitution in a general referendum in 2005. This transformation led to the participation of women at the political level. After the exclusion and marginalization that women were subjected to by governments prior to 2003, the constitutional and legal horizon came to guarantee women's right to decision-making and their participation and political partnership, by adopting the principle of the "women's legislative quota system," through which the presence of women within the parliament is regulated and the parliamentary role is fully exercised. When the Iraqi constitution was approved after a referendum in 2005, Kurdish women began a new and different phase in their political participation within the official institutions of the Kurdistan Region. This shift in the constitution provided a legal framework through which women's rights in Kurdistan were strengthened, ensuring they had the greatest opportunities to participate in various aspects of life, especially political and economic ones. Thanks to the provisions in the constitution that guarantee equality between men and women in opportunities and rights, Kurdish women were able to enter the political arena on a wide scale, as they played a more important role in the government, parliament, and official bodies. The women's quota, included in the electoral system, is the most prominent tool that contributed to greater women's representation within the regional parliament, which helped open the way for women to assume leadership positions in the legislative and executive authorities.

The current research aims to identify the impact of the probing thinking model on developing the administrative skills of kindergarten principals. To achieve the research objectives, the following hypotheses were formulated:
1. There are no statistically significant differences between the experimental group's pre- and post-test scores on the probing thinking scale among kindergarten principals.
2-There were no statistically significant differences between the scores of the control group on the pre-post test on the probing thinking scale among kindergarten principals.
3- There were no statistically significant differences between the scores of the experimental group and the control group on the pre-post test on the probing thinking scale among kindergarten principals.
The research sample consisted of (30) female kindergarten directors who were tested on the administrative skills scale and the level of response was low, as the researcher divided the sample into two groups, the first control group which included (15) female directors and the second experimental group which included (15) female directors, and the following statistical methods were used: ☹ arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Mann-Whitney and Cronbach’s alpha test.
After extracting the results and achieving the objectives, the conclusions are explained as follows:
1. Probing thinking had a clear impact on the skills of the female managers who underwent the experimental program.
2. No change was observed in the skills of the female managers in the control group due to their not being subjected to the program.
3. The differences between the experimental and control groups were very clear and highly in favor of the experimental group.
4-The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the program used in developing the administrative skills of kindergarten principals.
Recommendations
1. Activate critical thinking training courses for kindergarten teachers.
2. Provide new principals with intensive courses in management and critical thinking skills.
3. Carefully select kindergarten principals who possess leadership and critical thinking skills.
Suggestions
1. Conduct a similar study on kindergarten teachers and other variables.
2. Incorporate critical thinking and critical thinking, particularly in the kindergarten curriculum.

This study explores the role of interactive learning in fostering social integration among university students, while simultaneously enhancing their intellectual abilities and psychological readiness. The research investigates how modern interactive teaching methods—centered on active participation, dialogue, and collaboration—can improve academic performance and strengthen social relationships within the learning environment. Adopting a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study employed a structured questionnaire consisting of 30 items, administered to a sample of 200 undergraduate students from both public and private universities in Iraq during the academic year 2024–2025.
Findings revealed that interactive learning plays a significant role in promoting social integration, developing intellectual capacities, and supporting psychological well-being. Moreover, statistical analyses indicated no significant differences in students’ responses with respect to university type or gender, suggesting that the impact of interactive learning is broad and inclusive across demographic variables. The study concludes that implementing interactive learning strategies provides a practical pathway to enrich the university learning experience. It further recommends the integration of participatory activities and digital interactive tools to enhance students’ motivation, engagement, and sense of belonging.

The study aimed to determine the extent to which the use of the swom approach affects the oral reading fluency of students with learning disabilities. Since the research sample consisted of sixteen male and female students with learning disabilities in the fourth grade of primary school, majoring in special education, the researcher developed a study specifically to achieve this goal. A 100-word story from the fourth-grade reading book was chosen as the reading subject for the test, which was designed to measure oral reading fluency. After verifying the face validity of the test, the researcher used the test-retest method to determine its reliability. The researcher then developed study designs for the experimental and control groups. The researcher used the experimental design, also known as the equivalent groups design. Both the experimental and control groups underwent two tests: one before and one after the experiment was implemented. The researcher then awarded the two groups rewards for certain factors, and the data were analyzed using a range of statistical methods, including the Kuder-Richardson-20 equation, the chi-square test, the Mann-Whitney test, and the Yates correction test. The results of the study showed that the students in the control group, who followed the standard study methodology, outperformed the experimental group, which followed the SWOM approach, by a statistically significant margin. In light of this, a number of recommendations and proposals were made to complement the research findings.
1-Assembly of the correctly positioned assembly to the most accurate experimental assembly (swom) for development Algerian reading for students in the cities of education.
2-Conducting the current course of literacy skills
3- Implementation of the current process to target the next process steps.

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of the successful intelligence strategy in acquiring the rules of the Arabic language for the second intermediate grade and developing their linguistic fluency. The descriptive approach was adopted to collect information and the experimental approach was adopted to apply the experiment on a group of students (66) students who were distributed equally between two groups: an experimental group that studied based on the successful intelligence strategy, and a control group that studied in the usual way. An achievement test was adopted that consisted of 40 multiple-choice paragraphs, and a linguistic fluency test that consisted of 40 essay paragraphs. The validity, reliability and psychometric properties of each test were found, and the results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the achievement and linguistic fluency tests.

The current research has prompted to find out the degree of availability of analytical thinking skills in the content of literature and texts for the fifth grade scientific literature on poetic topics contained in literature and texts and used In order to achieve the research goal, the researcher reviewed literature and studies that dealt with the analysis of books and analytical thinking skills , and the research was limited to The researcher prepared a list that included analytical thinking skills and presented it to some experts and specialists in the field of Arabic language curricula in order to express their opinions in it, until the tool was completed The research reached its final version and then the researcher began to analyze the poetic topics in the book of literature and texts for the fifth grade Scientific on According to analytical computational means: (holsti equation, percentag

The present study aimed to explore the psychological and social problems among children residing in social care institutions, focusing on two key variables: **gender** and **communication with their parents**. The research sample comprised (100) children (both males and females), selected through random sampling. To achieve the study's objectives, the researchers constructed a **Psychological and Social Problems Scale** consisting of (26) items. Following the statistical analysis of the scale, the results revealed significant findings related to the psychological and social challenges faced by children in these institutions.

The research sample consists of (60) students for the experimental group, (30) students of the group control group from the fifth grade students in the academic year ( 2024-2025) from Fifth scientific female students of schools related Erbil education Department. The research tools were represented by the wisdom intelligence scale prepared by (Sultan, 2019) consisting of (30) paragraphs in its final form, and the educational program (prepared by the researcher). The research results revealed that there is a low level of wisdom intelligence among the sample members, and it was shown that there is an effect of the educational program in developing wisdom intelligence among female students. The researcher recommended using the educational program to develop wisdom intelligence among female students.

This research aims to highlight and raise awareness among university students of behavioral extremism and borderline personality, and the researcher built a scale of behavioral extremism according to the theory (Barbara 2018) and the apparent validity of the scale was extracted and presented to (24) scholars from educational and psychological sciences. The validity coefficient reached (0.80) and the stability was extracted in two ways. The first was the stability coefficient by the retest method (0.83) and the stability coefficient by the Cronbach's alpha method reached (0.80). The researcher adopted the borderline personality scale (Hamad, 2022) and the apparent validity of the scale was extracted and presented to (24) scholars from educational and psychological sciences. The validity coefficient reached (100%) and the stability was extracted in two ways. The first was the stability coefficient by the retest method (0.80) and the stability coefficient by the Cronbach's alpha method reached (0.84). The rest of the psychometric properties were extracted, and the scale was applied to (400) male and female students at the University of Diyala. The research reached a set of results, recommendations and proposals.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between academic achievement and psychological frustration among students with reading difficulties at the elementary stage. A field study was conducted on a sample of 60 students from the fourth and fifth grades in public schools in the city of Babylon. Three instruments were used to measure the variables: a reading difficulties test, a psychological frustration scale, and academic achievement records obtained from school files. The results revealed a statistically significant inverse relationship between academic achievement and levels of frustration. It was also found that students with moderate reading difficulties are more likely to experience frustration compared to their peers with mild or severe difficulties. Moreover, the study showed no statistically significant differences in frustration levels based on gender or grade level. The study concludes with several recommendations, most notably the need to provide early psychological and educational support for students with reading difficulties to reduce frustration and enhance academic success.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in reducing levels of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) among female students at the University of Babylon. The sample consisted of (10) female students aged between 18 and 25 years, selected using a simple random sampling method based on the results of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale. The study included students who scored higher than (10) on the scale. The treatment program lasted for three months and included (9) treatment sessions, each lasting (60) minutes. These sessions were provided individually and in groups under the supervision of cognitive behavioral therapy specialists. The GAD-7 scale was used before and after the intervention, in addition to collecting qualitative data from directed interviews to evaluate the participants' experience. The results showed a significant decrease in average anxiety scores from (13.5) before the intervention to (6.4) after, with statistically significant differences according to the t-test for correlated samples (t = 8.99, p < 0.05). The qualitative data also showed an improvement in stress management and increased cognitive awareness among the students. These findings indicate that CBT is an effective intervention for managing GAD in a university setting and is recommended for wider implementation within university mental health programs

The current research aims to identify the level of idolization (personality cult tendencies) and conformity to the group among students of the Open Educational College. To address this issue practically and achieve the main and sub-objectives of the research, the researcher adopted two scales:
1. Idolization Scale (Eidi, 2014): Consisting of 19 items.
2. Individual Conformity to Group Scale (Shakheer, 2014): Consisting of 47 items.
The psychometric properties of both scales were verified. The validity of the scales was confirmed through face validity and construct validity. The reliability coefficient using Cronbach's Alpha for the Idolization Scale was 0.78, and for the Conformity Scale, the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.76.
The scales were applied to a randomly selected sample of 400 students from the college, comprising 176 males and 224 females.
The study reached several conclusions, including:
1. The sample shows a high level of idolization.
2. There is a statistically significant difference in idolization based on specialization (scientific vs. humanities), in favor of the humanities specialization.
3. There is a statistically significant difference in idolization based on gender, in favor of males.
4. The sample also demonstrates a tendency to conform to the group.
5. There is no statistically significant difference in conformity based on specialization (scientific vs. humanities).
6. There is no statistically significant difference in conformity based on gender (males vs. females).
7. There is a positive correlation between the two study variables (idolization and conformity).

This study explores the topic of social perception among university students, as one of the key psychological and cognitive aspects that directly impact a student’s ability to effectively interact with their social and academic environment. At the university stage, students face new challenges that require advanced skills in understanding and communicating with others. Social perception is defined as the individual’s ability to interpret and understand others’ behaviors, emotions, and intentions. It is a fundamental component in building successful relationships and achieving adjustment within the university environment.
The findings of the research indicate that several factors influence the level of social perception among students. One of the most prominent is the use of social media platforms, which can either enhance or hinder this perception depending on the nature of usage. Universities also play a crucial role in developing this aspect by providing a supportive educational and interactive environment. In addition, students’ previous social experiences—such as volunteering or participating in extracurricular activities—significantly contribute to the development of their social perception. The research also suggests a potential link between students’ level of social perception and their academic performance, as a better understanding of social relationships may lead to improved classroom interaction and academic success.

The study focused on the role of the educational counselor in schools, as an integral part of the educational system that faces multiple challenges and difficulties. In this context, the counselor’s role becomes crucial in attempting to reduce or eliminate such difficulties, in addition to guiding students in an appropriate manner.
Methodes: The study employed a descriptive field approach, using interviews and direct observation as tools to examine the actual role performed by school counselors.
Results: The study concluded with several key findings, most notably the numerous challenges faced by counselors, including students’ negative behaviors, school dropouts, and the limited administrative support for counselors’ work. Furthermore, the study highlighted that cultural and social contexts restrict the mechanisms of counseling practices, necessitating the use of anthropological, scientific, and social tools to better understand students’ behaviors and problems.