Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The main aim of this paper is to discuss the grammatical mistakes made by M.A. students when writing their theses in English. The paper shows that most M.A. students make a large number of various types of grammatical mistakes in spite of the fact that they have an English course in their first preparatory year of study. This course is supposed to provide them with sufficient and adequate knowledge in English. The discussion of this issue is not based on the assumption that students may make such mistakes when writing their theses, but it is based on concrete evidence represented by samples of these mistakes found in sentences, clauses, phrases and even words extracted from students\' theses. It is quite necessary to tackle such a problem and to find the causes and remedies for such mistakes.
The paper consists of two sections .The first section exposes the above issue with samples of different grammatical mistakes taken from M.A. theses written by students in the Dept. of Mathematics, College of Education. These mistakes are classified according to their seriousness, importance and frequency of occurrence to illustrate the main areas where students have more troubles. The second section illustrates the reasons behind such mistakes and presents a number of suggestions as remedies for our problem.

The present study aims to answer questions such as: What is the diffusion degree identity crisis amon g adolescents of ages (13, 14, 15, 16, 17)years? Do these two variables possess an evolutionary path within the adolescent progress in a lifetime? What is the nature of this path? Is this evolution continuous or intermittent? Do the variables of age and social gender have an impact on s and identity crisis? In addition, this study aims to identify the significant difference in identity crisis among adolescents according to age and social gender (male, female).
The sample of this study is a stratified random sample chosen from the morning intermediate and preparatory schools of both types of social gender in Baghdad Province/Al-Karkh and Al-Risafa. It includes 500 adolescents.
To achieve the aims of the study two instruments have been adopted. . one is Almnazel self-appraisal scale(1994) for measuring identity crisis. After finding its validity and modifying the scale to suit the Iraqi environment, the scale has been applied on the study sample.
The analysis of data reveals the following findings:
1- Adolescents of ages(13,14,15,16,17) suffer from identity crisis.
2- Identity crisis among adolescents from age 13 to 17 years is not affected by the variables of age and social gender
3- The most psychological-social crises that adolescents suffer from in ages (13,14,15,16,17)years are: proactive versus social guilt, identity against the crisis of identity , and intimacy versus isolation
Accordingly, a number of recommendations and suggestions have been determined.

The present study aims at identifying the learning and thinking styles employed by students at the departments of Geography/ Colleges of Education in Baghdad province.
The study is limited to the gender variable. The sample of the study consists of (100) male and female students selected randomly from the colleges of education at the universities of Baghdad and Al-Mustansryah representing (23.5%) from the whole population which totals (427) male and female students distributed into (32) male students, and (68) females ones. The instrument of the study is a modified version of Kolb and Mcarthy's learning styles checklist (2005), and Sternberg and Wagner's thinking styles checklist (1991) . Results show a variation in students learning styles which are arranged successively as follows: convergent style, comprehensive style, adaptive style, and finally divergent style. In addition learning styles are found to be variant in terms of the gender variable. Regarding thinking styles, it is found out that they are also variant in terms of the gender variable. In the high of the results, the researcher recommends to take care to identifying college students learning and thinking styles for their beneficial effect in selecting the appropriate specialization of study, and the teaching styles that match student's styles as well.

The research aims to identify the extent to which the application of the high school smart, and stand on the most important problems that hinder the application of secondary school smart, adopted descriptive research method suitability with the aims of current research and its problem , the research community is secondary schools in the Baghdad Governorate \ Al- Karkh 1 , as it amounted to ( 171) School distributed over different geographical areas of ( 5911 ), a male and female teachers and , ( 67 484 ) students , (171) male and female manager , was chosen (17) School randomly from among school`s research community , as it included (340) teachers ( male and female ), (3060 ) students , have been prepared in three questionnaires varied, resolution first for exploring the opinion of students and consists of (11) paragraph , the second operational administrative and consists of (9) paragraph , either questionnaire third for exploring the opinion of the school and consists of (26) paragraph, has been verified the face validity of the statistical tools and extracting its reliability and persistence bringing the extraction of a questionnaire teachers ( 0.88 ), and to identify students ( 0.81 ) As managers bringing the resolution ( 0.89 ) treated statistically using data results showed recommends, therefore, the researcher suggests .

The research aims to know impact of joining to kindergarten on study qualification of pupils of first primary school in subject of mathematics
The problem of the research is specified in the following question:
What is the impact of joining kindergarten on study qualification for pupils of first primary school in subject of mathematics ?.
The following hypotheses are divided from the above-mentioned question :
1 ) There is no statistical difference at level ( 0.05 ) between two averages of the pupils' qualifications who joined kindergarten before school , and who did not join kindergarten ( according to test paragraphs to assess qualification in mathematics ) for first primary school ( Engineering & pre-counting )
2 ) There is no statistical difference at level ( 0.05 ) between two averages of the pupils' qualifications who joined the governmental kindergarten before school , and who joined the private kindergarten before school
The sample of the research was chosen from pupils of first primary school in school of Al- Mustansiriyah follows to Baghdad Education \ Rasafa 1 , school of Al- Eqebas follows to Baghdad Education \ Rasafa 3 , where its sample of first school (95 ) with three divisions , number of pupils of second school ( 69 ) with two divisions , and (50 ) pupils who passed kindergarten were chosen and (50) pupils who did not join to kindergarten were chosen in randomly of both schools , and test paragraphs were chosen to assess the qualification in subject of mathematics for first primary school ( Engineering & pre- counting ) of sample of experiment , and the experiment was applied at the beginning of academic year (2011 – 2012 ) for four weeks , for two weeks per school , and the process of test was made by personal interview between the researcher & pupils where the test paragraphs were offered to them , and casting specific question per paragraph , the answer about every test paragraph is made by oral answer with indicating to choose answer , where number of paragraphs are (114 ) test paragraphs , then analyze the results by using suitable statistical means as :
T- test for double comparisons & Mann-Whitney ,U-test ) to two independent groups , and the results were as the following :
1 – The pupils of first test group overtook , who passed kindergarten as comparison to adjustment group who did not pass kindergarten
2 – There is no statistical difference at level ( 0.05 ) between two averages of the pupils' qualifications who joined the governmental kindergarten before school , and who joined the private kindergarten before school
And in the light of the results of the research , the two researchers recommended the following :
1 ) Saving books , art educational references are specialized in the field of education before the school teaching
2 ) Implying period of kindergarten in levels of teaching system , and non- considering it as test level or marginal as regard to its impact and its significance for social raising up of today's children
3 ) Explaining to significance of joining to kindergarten by different mass media
4 ) Solidarity of governmental , private's efforts , and benefit from experiences of developing or advanced states to save replays for small children through expanding to teach of pre- primary , support teaching and educating the family.

All educational institutions subject in Iraq to direct supervision by the Ministry of Education, both at the district level or school administrations. The work of these institutions under the centralized system depends formulation of policies and regulations and laws and the functions and duties of those institutions.
Search goal: know the degree of applicability of decentralized management in schools distinguished from the viewpoint of those schools managers and their assistants).
The research sample: The sample consisted current (89) principals and their assistants, and by (29) principals and (60) aide and assist, was chosen style simple random at a rate (50%) of the current search, the search tool: to achieve the aim of the research, the researcher numbers research tool consisted of 57 items distributed on three areas, namely, the field of administrative and financial affairs and by (20) paragraph, the area of technical and professional by (19), paragraph, and the field of public affairs and community relations by (18) paragraph. Were verified validity and reliability of the tool.
Statistical methods: The researcher used the Pearson correlation coefficient, the weighted average and the weight percentile as a means to achieve the goal of statistical research.
In light of the results show that the degree of potential for the application of decentralized management in schools distinguished from the viewpoint of managers and associates of those schools. Research found a number of recommendations: -
1. Schools grant managers distinguished powers required for the application of decentralized management.
2. Grant managers the confidence to do the performance of administrative tasks assigned to them in the light of the application of decentralized management.
3. The formation of an advisory committee in the General Directorates of Education to oversee the managers of those schools in the application of decentralized management.

The present study aimed to find out the difficulties faced by students in graduate research project and the most common from their point of view . The research sample consisted of 40 students from the fourth stage in the Department of Chemistry / College of Education for Pure Science / Baghdad University for the 2012-2013 academic year , and the rate of ( 14) and students ( 26 ) students . As descriptive analytical method used , the researchers prepared a questionnaire as a tool to collect information search , which included the two areas , one administrative difficulties and the second area of scientific and cognitive difficulties . Where they were checking the veracity of the questionnaire through the presentation of a number of professors in the field of education , chemistry and teaching methods , and its stability has been verified . Questionnaire applied to the sample and the results showed using the weighted equation and the equation of weight percentile and testing Altaúa the following:
1 - that the main difficulties in the administrative area represented in :
A - lack of systematic book explains what the research project and graduation requirements. .
B - the lack of a good library contains adequate sources ( inadequate ) in chemistry in college.
2-that the most difficulties scientific represented in:
A-double the experience in identifying research steps.
B-the lack of writing skill search.
3 - no trace of sex variable on the difficulties faced by students in graduate research project in the area of administrative difficulties in the test as a whole .
The researchers recommended at the end of the search some suggestions to alleviate the difficulties faced by students in preparing for the search to graduate from their point of view

Current research aims to: - Detection of students with cognitive style are contemplative and students animate style cognitive rush and any methods is prevalent?
- Learn about the relationship between cognitive style (meditation - rush) collects students of the Institute of Fine Arts for Girls with cash and material analysis. And follow the search descriptive analytical method for suitability with the search procedures, the number of sample (104) fifth-grade students from the Fine Arts Department of the Institute of Fine Arts to study Morning Girls / province of Baghdad, a corresponding test was used familiar shapes (MFFT) as a tool to search The researcher used the statistical percentage of transactions and midterm retail and intermediary arithmetic to classify members of the sample and Pearson's correlation coefficient to calculate the stability of the search tool and Spearman to correct the equation as well as the stability test Altaúa (T-test) for two independent samples. The must important outcomes that the paper has accomplished
- The prevalent of rush cognitive style among female fine art students
- The high success rate of students with cognitive style are contemplative (100%), and decreased success rate among students with style knowledge rush to (66.13%), this confirms that the impact of cognitive style in the collection of the students knowledge in the subjects they teach

This research aimed know the impact of the use of education strategy Almtmazj to acquire educational concepts with students in the Faculty of Education for Girls at the University of Kufa and retain them, but the purpose of verifying the target coined researcher hypotheses Cefreeten , and limited research on students first row in the sections of physics and chemistry , reaching the sample ( 80 students) , The researcher followed the experimental design of a disciple partial ( two experimental and control ) with a post-test , and the groups have been rewarded , and identified the concepts of the article, the researcher computerized educational material according to the procedures of scientific fundamentalism , was the formulation of behavioral objectives and prepared lesson plans for the two groups, was to build a test to gain concepts corrupted ( 30) paragraph of the type of multiple-choice , were verified properties Alsekoumtria , and the data were statistically treated using the bag Statistical social Sciences (SPSS) and the results showed superiority of the experimental control group in the acquisition of educational concepts and retention , and in light of this situation the researcher a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to identify obstacles Which faced the application of electronic administration in the Central Library of the University of Baghdad and the Central Library of the University of Mustansiriya research sample, being the libraries main use electronic technology in the management of some of its work in providing service and they have website on the Internet . The Search adopted the style of the case study to identify constraints by visiting libraries, and interviewed managers and staff responsible for the departments, and to answer inquiries about the obstacles that prevent the application of electronic management in order to identify and find appropriate solutions to overcome these obstacles And among them : the existence of obstacles to the application of electronic management in libraries regulatory and technical obstacles, all obstacles and unrealized human and financial department.

Study seeks to identify the library Iraqi parliament since to be founded established to the present time, and services provided to beneficiaries, and access to the problems they face and try to correct them in the light of the descriptive method (case study) in this study adopted the questionnaire as a tool to collect data and interview with staff in the library.
The study found that the library suffers from lack of space and lack of career staff in general and a specialist in library and information science in particular, also lacks many of the services necessary for the beneficiaries to both old service broadcasting and the selective current awareness service and bibliographic service. The study gives some recommendations and proposals.

The research aims at introducing the concept of total quality management in general and university libraries in particular , has been evaluating the information provided services in the library of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Baghdad, according to measurement service standards adopted in the search . Has been a case study approach to the reality of the
performance of the library in terms of services offered, was used in all the corresponding information with employees in the library, questionnaire distributed to a random sample of the population ( 150) of the professors and graduate students and aid in college
The search found several results including:
1- The level of quality of service offered by the library is weak , which is reflected in the low level of performance
2- the guest beneficiaries of the service were negative because they do not rise to the level of their expectations of service
The main recommendations are
1- Attention to the library workforce through intensive training programs for them being part of the service provided.
2- The need to pay attention to what occurs from defects and defect during the beneficiary of the benefit library services and access to the principle of retaining beneficiary ( client Permanent

This article has been tackled specific subject of how to preserve Iraq's social peace ? And how to fight terrorism , in order to maintaining national unity in this country , especially after 2003 when Iraq has witnessed dramatic changing events in political , social , and economic sides accompanied with it the conversion towards democracy .
Therefore , much challenges have confronted Iraq's state during new democratic political process , some of it has been concerning with establishing institutions of state to be more stronger than the other in the past , to be very an effective by its procedures of fighting terrorism and preserving national unity and eradicating all threats which are being damaged effects in the structure of society and the state at once .
Finally , the article has been shown some of conclusions concerning with take care of scope huge dramatic events which inflicted effects on Arab countries (( after spring events )) and the desire of Arab peoples to make political , social and economic reforms ……… in order to accomplishing a new social development in all sides of the life and to be more flourishing future . Thus , we are needing social peace and unified state ………. To make new reality in Iraq by succeeding democratic process …… during defying all challenges and dangers .

Bourdieu scientists creators who have participated in a number of areas in sociology, and formed theses intellectual framework for clear scientific accumulated on the basis of a lot of other theories, as Bourdieu able to present sociology new and different from the classical heritage for the purpose of overcoming the crisis experienced by the Sociology , where he developed the concepts put forward by Marx and ruled the province issues "situation" presented by Durkheim, and Weber from some theoretical perspectives and put them in a creative way. So the uniqueness of Bourdieu theoretical formulation of new concepts have contributed to the enrichment of social theory, where he had read classical concepts, and gave new dimensions and give them opportunities sociological more breadth and these concepts Habitus , capital and other concepts addressed Bourdieu and that he wanted through which the development of sociology and its launch to the wider horizons, What we attempt here only to sharpen thinking and re-thinking of new issues were hidden and helped Purdue to show a lot of them, and thus form the thought of Bourdieu heritage and a strong pillar of theses sociological unique based on cash and scrutiny and conclusion clear visions about the variables of life and its dimensions .

The current research is a comparative study that deals with the recruitment of the color in the glazing works in the field of contemporary Iraqi pottery and which is titled as :Color technique in the glazing works of the potters Maher Al-Samarrai and Akram Naji (Comparative Study).
Maher al-Samarrai and Akram Naji were selected because of their artistic and important characteristics in the pottery art in Iraqi and Arab lands. In addition, to detect the common traits of color in the artwork of the potters, this showed the depth of the intellectual links between them in their artistic forms. Additionally, discover the different qualities in the idea when employing the color. The researcher needs to collect the required literatures and previous studies on the topic current study, which consists of four chapters:
The first chapter discusses the research problem, importance of the study, boundaries, and determines the terms. The aim of this study is to identify the micro and macro similarities and differences (for color) in the glass that used in the pottery works of Maher al-Samarrai and Akram Naji as an Iraqi potters. The second chapter includes the theoretical framework, which consists of topics: the first is ‘The concept of color in fine arts’, and the second is ‘pottery art techniques to show color in artwork’. The third chapter consists of the research methodology, its community and samples, its tools, and analysis and discussion(the applications). The fourth chapter represents the most important conclusions such as:
The analysis shows that the artwork of the potters has an aesthetic dimension by the employing the material in a modern style in addition to the great beauty that has been achieved by integration of the artwork with the color.
The results also shows that the pottery artwork presented the existence of common factors in terms of their formation represented by the size of the outer block, which are similar in terms of the outward appearance, but differ in terms of the idea and content. This reflects the aim of the potters to make an impact on the audience in terms of the work that contains a social, communicational and / or aesthetic function.
The results discover a sensual impression on the audience that the potters adopted the Islamic heritage by adopting the character in the Arab Quranic verses as in the group (A), or by using the forms of the letters as in the group (B).
The main recommendations in this study are:
1- Provide a concept to the color, which assist it to have more attention in fine arts in general and in pottery in particular. This should be done by teachers, critics, researchers and artists in the field of pottery.
2- Find bridges between semantics sciences and the Fine Arts and pottery.
3- Emphasize on studying the psychological factors of the artist.

Abu Alma`aly Nasrallah Almnche is the first of translated the book of Kalila and Dimna from Arabic to Persian language with beautiful prose style called with (Kalila and Dimna Bahram Shahi) which getting on a wide fame for his special style which show its high ability to reaching the intended target to the reader in simple and smooth style.
My research which called (translation style of Kalila and Dimna for Abu Alma`aly Nasrallah Almnche) contains three chapters, the first chapter included talking about Abu Alma`alys` life and extent his skill, the second chapter dealt with the book of Kalila and Dimna from side its origin and rise also Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa`s life and his Arabic translation to the book which is originally to the translations which its followed, including the translation of Abu Alma`aly also included the most prominent Arabic and Farsi translations of the book and its doors which began with five doors and ending with eighteen as a result of additions made by the translators. The third chapter show the change and added that made by Abu Alma`aly on the Arabic text of Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa.
Abu Alma`aly characterized by his translation of Kalila and Dimna by addition Koranic verses, prophetic sayings, verses of poetry, proverbs and aphorisms to the translated text. Abu Alma`aly s showed his ability to Arabic and Persian languages through use of repetition, metaphor and simile in his translation where as he combine these two cultures in his translation which has added to it beauty it is no secret to anyone reads.

This paper is about the Noun as a most productive of speech part in all Languages it entered in the structure of other lands of parts such as the structure of in affinitive, the constriction of adverbials noun, try forget more then parts of speech derivation al affrays in its activities.
To try to reveal Noun in two chapters we study Noun the first chapter as morphological level. Stating the structure of simple kind of noun, Compound Noun, Complex noun, haw it gets derivation a fries, in the second chapter we investigate the phonological features of noun, syllables, we ended our research by the conclusion.

There is no doubt that colour, whose source is nature,with all its types is always before the eyes of humans.In our daily life,it has been treated in terms of vision and sight.Among thr languages,according to their iteraction and features,colours have been represented in different ways.Or they have been nemed according to their images.types of formation.That is why colour is considered as one of the semantic domains of lanuages
These effects, visions and semantic images have made humans deal with colour and be affected with it and make use of it in speaking ,view points and different dimentions.Poetry is litrary subject expressed using language and colour has its own semantic domain in the language consequently,colour has its own status in literature-poetry.Among the Kurdish poets,we can see that Goran,as an outs banding poet of Kurdish literature whose poems are equal to the worlds famous poems,is a rare figure who could enrich the Kurdish lexicon with new words and vocabulary i.e pure Kurdish words.
He also formed the unity of form and content.Despite those invention, critivity and innoration of Kurdish poetry, Goran also made another contriution to develop Kurdish literature which was his way of treating colour and its utilizing in his poems. Unlike his predecessors,he used colour for description.This invention led to write this research whose content is mainly ageneral statistic of the colour used in Gorans' poems,types and styles of colours .This research is also about utilizing of all colours and their effects on the poet and the way of treating it.No doubt,Goran has used colour about (306)times each one in its appropriate place and presented their beauty within poetic images.

Idioms are specific expressions or phrases whose meaning cannot be predicted easily from literal interpretation. The translator should be aware of the cultural norms and social attitudes of both source and target language. However, idioms range in opacity from literal, semi-opaque to complete opaque expressions. The last two categories are very dangerous in interpretation because the translator had to be acquainted with the social competence of the two cultures. The present study focuses upon one important field of knowledge i.e. the translatability of food idioms because they are culturally bound and need much concentration from the translator. The present paper attempts to find out the suitable strategies involved in translating food idioms from English into Arabic. It proposes a number of equivalences for the investigated food idioms taking into account all perspectives and shades of meaning in these two cultures.

In this paper we attempts to generalize Golomb's method which include constructing a linear equations system from output of a single shift register. The proposed method represented by constructing a linear equations system of complement linear model, where the effects of the combining function of shift registers is obvious. The attack kind applied in this work is a probable word attack. Before solving the linear equations system by using the known classical method, it must test the existence and uniqueness of the solution to obtain the initial values of the combined shift registers.

The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a dominant mode of variability in the Tropical atmosphere with characteristic period of 30 – 60 days , and its discovered in 1971 by Roland Madden and Paul Julian researchers , Madden-Julian Oscillation is a Tropical atmosphere phenomenon in the form of wave occurs mainly in the Indian And pacific oceans , Madden-Julian Oscillation effected atmosphere cycle in the Tropical area , northern pacific ocean and west North America , also Madden-Julian Oscillation effected in the tropical cyclone activity in the pacific and Atlantic ocean , And there's a strong relationship between Madden-Julian Oscillation and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) , Many studies show there's a direct link between Madden-Julian Oscillation and monsoon in Asia and Australia .

Brothers Grimm produced over two hundred fairytales that survived history to reach us in the twenty – first century. These tales, although condemned by most critics of Children’s literature, are still widely read and are competing with modern fairytales. For many years these tales have been subject to scrutiny due to the vast amount of violence, cruelty, cannibalism and other horrific elements in them. It was not until recently that very few critics, namely Maria Tatar and Jack Zipes, discovered a new horrific theme, the theme of Child Abuse, in many of The Brothers Tales.
Maria Tatar has translated thirty – six of Brothers Grimm’s tales from German into English. In this research, the researcher studied all tales to trace Child Abuse theme. At the beginning the term Child abuse is defined as well as a brief clarification of the four types of child abuse are stated. There are four types of child abuse; neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse and sexual abuse and in this collection of tales twenty – one out of thirty – six tales have one or more types of abuse.
Many tales are about children who suffer from neglect like Hansel and Gretel. Their parents abandon them in the woods because they couldn’t afford to feed them anymore. Emotional abuse is another type of child abuse that prevails in the Brothers Grimm Tales. Cinderella, for instance, goes through emotional abuse the moment her mother dies and a stepmother and stepsisters enslaved her. She was abused for many years as long as it takes a branch to turn into a tree.
Most of the tales have a physical abuse theme like Snow White in which her stepmother attempts to kill her stepdaughter out of jealousy, in Rumpelstilskin a father threatens his daughter’s life by telling the king that she can spin strew into gold. Some tales have one hero/heroin that is abused by more than one person for example the same girl in this tale is physically abused by the king who locks her up in a room filled with strew and she is condemned to death if she doesn’t spin it into gold. Some tales, like The Juniper Tree, physical abuse develop to the murder of the child, in which a stepmother chopped her stepson up and cooked him into a stew. To make things even more horrific, the mother fed the stew to the boy’s father. Although Brothers Grimm removed all sexual elements from the tales; yet some tales like Little Red Riding Hood and Furreypelt tackle the theme of child’s sexual abuse. In Furreypelt a father lusts for his own daughter and decides to marry her.
The researcher concluded that the theme of child abuse prevailed in the tales simply because they prevailed in the time the Brothers Grimm collected the tales. The tales portrayed the reality of children’s abuse during that period of time thus they managed to live through many historical times and still capture the attention of the twenty first century reader for their realistic themes.

The process of compounding is very creative in modern life as it is circulated in different fields including technology, internet, computer, and politics due to the persistent need to new words which should cope with the running technological invention, new products, language development, unexpected situations that need maneuver and justifications for launching wars. Compounding a new word must follow an appropriate syntactic pattern which makes its meaning easily predictable. Morphologically, sculpturing any compound takes either simple or complex frame which is occasionally encapsulated with ephemeral metaphoric implications where the reader should dig out in order to excogitate its intended meaning. Hiring certain colors and parts of the human body in Sylvia Plath's compounding to incorporate certain concepts and ideas is her prime hallmark. This paper seeks to cast Sylvia Plath's compounds into appropriate syntactic patterns by adopting Plag's Model (2003) of categorizing compound words. Plath's method of configurating any compound is judicative shown up in the exocentric device which led to high fertility of compound words in her poems–especially the five selected poems taken for the purpose of analysis.

Интерес к разным языкам, родственным и неродственным, привел к тому, что наряду с классической семитской филологией возникают новые отрасли знаний о языке, составляются словари и грамматики многих индоевропейских и неиндоевропейских языков.
Новый фактический материал, новые идеи и новая методика его обработки – все это привело к обособлению лингвистики как науки сравнительно-исторической, имеющей свои философские основания и научно-исследовательский метод.
С увеличением объема фактического материала, кроме греческого и латинского, были изучены языки германские, иранские и славянские – и установлением родства изученных языков с санскритом сравнительно-историческое изучение языков сделало значительный шаг вперед и уточнило свой предмет и метод. Таким образом, было преодолено разобщение европейского и азиатского языкознания и поставлен вопрос о единстве лингвистики (3,стр.35).
Непосредственным толчком к возникновению славистики, науки о языке, культуре и истории славянских народов, послужило изучение памятников старославянского языка и сравнение с ним языков других славянских народов. Славянское языкознание своими успехами обязано, прежде всего, трудам Й. Добровского, А.Х. Востокова и Ф. Миклошича (6, стр.25-32).
Сравнение как научный прием очень широко используется при экспериментальном и теоретическом познании, в том числе в лингвистике, а также в методике преподавания родного и неродного языков. При помощи сравнения устанавливаются общие и специфические черты сходных явлений одного или разных языков.
В методике лингвистических исследований различают внутриязыковое и межъязыковое сравнение. При внутриязыковом сравнении изучаются категории и явления одного и того же языка, при межъязыковом сравнении – разных языков. Поэтому сравнительный метод противопоставляется описательному методу, при котором данные других языков и факты истории языка могут исключаться из исследования (4, стр.65).
На сравнении языков основано два вида сравнительного метода – сравнительно-исторический и сравнительно-сопоставительный. Они существенно отличаются друг от друга – по целям и назначению, по материалу исследования и границам применения, по приемам и методике научного анализа. Сравнительно-исторический метод имеет целью не только сравнение языков и их явлений, но и обнаружение развития родственных языков; цель сравнительно-сопоставительного метода – охарактеризовать сопоставляемые явления двух или нескольких языков, установить общее и различное в аналогичных явлениях, отвлекаясь от истории происхождения. Сравнительно-исторический метод основывается на понятии генетической общности, а сравнительно-сопоставительный метод – на понятии сопоставляемых явлений двух языков (9, стр.43).
Сравнительно-исторический метод, в свою очередь, подразделяется на сравнительно-историческое изучение родственных языков, а также исторических вариантов одного и того же языка.
В основе всех видов сравнительного метода – сравнение языков, но сравнительно-исторический, историко-сравнительный и сравнительно-сопоставительный методы отличаются по тому, какие языки сравниваются и с какой целью осуществляется сравнение; это ведет к различию приемов и методики исследования.
Сравнительно-исторический метод основывается на понятии генетической общности и наличии семей и групп родственных языков. Сравнительно-историческое языкознание изучает родственные языки, их классификацию, историю и распространение. Проблематика сравнительно-исторического языкознания и сравнительно-исторического метода не совпадают, однако общими для них являются понятия генетического тождества и различия (6, стр.56).

This study is a comparative one since it tackles one of the sentential functions in English and Arabic. This function is sentential subject. In both languages, the subject function is usually realized by a single word or phrase. Still, a clause may also realize that function.
The study aims at finding out whether sentential subject (and henceforth SS) is restricted in both languages or not. Also, the role of predicate in this assumed restriction is being investigated. The procedure followed in English is explaining: the structure of SS, which complement clauses may realize it and which predicates may select these clauses to be a subject. In Arabic, the procedure includes presenting Arab grammarians' views on SS and the conditions under which it is allowed.
It is concluded that SS in English is well acknowledged and less restricted in comparison with that of Arabic. Also, in both languages the predicate plays an essential role in allowing or non-allowing SS.

"I want everybody to be smart, as smart as they can be. A world full of ignorant people is too dangerous to live in" (Kanin; 210). This quote from Born Yesterday seems to be Kanin’s personal philosophy instilled during his early childhood and explored through his canon of work. In many of his plays, kanin explores highly controversial themes; these themes reflect his outspoken political and social views.
A clearly influential figure in the 20th century theatre, Kanin was able to draw a portrait of America post-WWII through his satirical play Born Yesterday. The play, actually, depicts the transformation of a former chorus girl from an ignorant young "lady" into an educated and cultured "woman". Revolving around the characters of Billie Dawn, her boyfriend Harry Brock, and her tutor Paul Verrall, the play conveys the 1940s era looking for luxurious life, power and money.
The present paper is basically a political and social commentary on Kanin's Born Yesterday. The study focuses on the discussion of three axes: women’s education rights, gender roles, and post-war politics. Analyzing these issues within the scope of the play, the research paper explores how they intermingle with each others to present various colours in depicting a portrait to exhibit some features of post-WWII America. The paper ends with a conclusion which states briefly the main findings of the study.

Metaphor is an eloquent figure of speech that exists in Arabic and English languages. It is related to rhetorical knowledge. It originally comes from a Latin word that means “carrying over”, since it carries over characteristics of something to give it to another thing. In Arabic metaphor الاستعارة comes from “borrowing” (a loan).
Metaphor has different kinds in Arabic & English: the main ones in both languages are the explicit and the implicit metaphors. As metaphor is considered an important figure of speech, so it offers a challenge in translation. Thus, there are kinds of metaphor in terms of translation field. These are lexicalized, non-lexicalized, and phrasal metaphors.
In addition, let alone that Quran’s language is above human beings’ conceivable minds, it has a unique language that is untranslatable. However, translators in general tried to render meanings of the Holy Quran’s words, and metaphor is one of these figurative devices to express meanings.
The translator could be able to translate a metaphor in the source language (the Arabic) into a metaphor into the target language (the English), but sometimes he could not do that. However, the translated metaphor in English language is not as beautiful and effective as in its original Quranic language.
All in all, the researcher has concluded that is to translate metaphor is something possible when relying on meaning-based translation, but to render it as the same as the original is something impossible. The reason behind this is that when translating metaphor the translator is not rendering a picture from one language to another only, but he/she carries an idea from one culture to a different one.

The research compare between the parts of speech in English and German . It discuss the similarities an differences between them. The both of languages belong to the same family. the parts of speech divide to reflexive and nonreflexive parts. The target of this research is make teaching the English and German language mor easier for the Arabian students and for the native English speaker students. The research comprise many important results the the English linguistics do not divide the parts of speech in English into reflexive and nonreflexive parts. While the German linguistics divide the German language into reflexive and nonreflexive parts . The German grammer is more complex than the English grammer. The compare in this research is not noly important for the learning of English and German but it also important for the translationfrom German to English or to Arabic and vice – versa.

Gerund, Verbal noun, and deverbal noun are grammatical terms related to nouns formed from verbs. They are different kinds of nominalization and the choice of these nouns for certain structure is not easily predictable and it causes a problem for EFL learners.
This study is designed to investigate Iraqi EFL learners' errors in using gerund, verbal noun , and deverbal noun.
The sample of the study is randomly chosen from the fourth year EFL students of the College of Arts , University of Baghdad , for the academic year 2012-2013.
The theoretical background of the terms under investigation is mentioned with reference to Chomsky 's Remarks on Nominalization (1970) and Quirk et al ' s A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (1985).
The subject's performance indicates that the grammatical terms gerund, verbal noun, deverbal noun are problematic in certain points and difficult to master.
The results of both tests indicate that Iraqi EFL learners cannot distinguish between a gerund and a verbal noun, but they can identify a deverbal noun .

Cloud computing is an expression for distributed computing over a network and also means the ability to run a program on many connected computers at the same time. It offers users the ability to connect to computing resources and access IT managed services. A user believes that a cloud has become wide ground of a new generation of products and services. Cloud computing have given rise to the popularityand success. However, while outsourcing the data and business application to a third party causes the security and privacy issues to become a major concern. Throughout the study at hand, this paper obtains a common goal to provide a comprehensive review of the existing security and privacy issues in cloud environments. It could be identified five most representative security and privacy attributes (i.e., confidentiality, integrity, availability, accountability, and privacy-preservability). From these attributes, it can present the relationships among them, the vulnerabilities that may be exploited by attackers, the threat models, as well as existing defence strategies in a cloud scenario.

This research paper deals with Henrik Ibsen's treatment of women's suffering in the male-dominated society in the nineteenth century in which men have most of the power and influence over women. In his masterpiece A Doll's House, Ibsen presents a loving and devoted wife who has been abused by her husband for exerting much effort to save but his life. Thus, the audiences and readers are indirectly asked to use their mental faculties to estimate how certain issues such as Women's Rights are significant while watching or reading with their physical eyes the events of the play.
Ibsen's presentation of the women's agony in his drama may stem from his moral responsibility as a dramatist conscious of the main ingredients conducive to peace, dignity, freedom, and all signs of happiness to prevail among his people.

This study explains the role of idiomatic expressions in improving the comprehension of the foreign language learners as these expressions are cultural specifics and can affect the understanding of the foreign language learners. Therefore, it is important that these expressions should be introduced in foreign language textbooks and taught by the teachers of the foreign language. Idiomatic expressions should be taught in context and not in isolation because their figurative meaning is not clear from the literal meaning of their individual constituents.

Measuring the skill of time management and its relationship to academic achievement motivated the students of the Faculty of Fine Arts , the current research aims to reveal the time management skills of students of the Faculty of Fine Arts and its relationship to academic achievement and motivated in order to verify this goal put the researcher the following sub- objectives :( Measurement of time-management skills of students of the Faculty of Fine Arts ,- Measurement of achievement motivation among the students of the Faculty of Fine Arts ,- Know the relationship between time anagement skills and academic achievement motive) ,Follow the researcher descriptive approach in building his action researcher has prepared a scale to measure the skill of time management as a tool for research and adopted a measure of academic achievement motivation , prepared ( Anzi ) 2001 to measure the academic achievement motivation ,Been applied tow tools search on a sample of students ( the ranks third in the College of Fine Arts ) after it has been emptied data and calculate frequencies for answers to students about the scale were then processed statistically to identify the intended results of the application process based on the results that have emerged in the two tables
(6_7) concludes researcher the following: -
There is a relationship between the measure of regulation time when student and academic motivation accomplished